Reverse Mapping Research Articles

The “menstruating” Muslim Brotherhood: taboo metaphor, face attack, and gender in Egyptian culture

ABSTRACT Euphemisms for menstruation and menstruation as a metaphor target have gained much attention in social cognition or communication studies. What is far less explored is the reverse mapping, that is, the use of menstruation as a metaphor source domain (to describe or reason about politics). The present study, using data from the Egyptian press and social media, aims to rectify this. This data will be approached with the literature on impoliteness in mind. As will be seen in this article, metaphorical descriptions of an opposition movement (the Muslim Brotherhood) as a menstruating woman may instill relevant negative emotions such as anger, not only among out-group members but among pro-government fanatics. As sexist insults, menstrual metaphors involve social identity face. Clearly, the menstrual taboo relates to gender (social group membership) and hence to things people often have much face invested in (i.e. to core identity claims). However, it can also instill positive emotional reactions such as laughter. It is then argued that the enjoyment of a taboo metaphor as such relies not on gender, but on ideological beliefs. One can be simultaneously a radical feminist and a pro-government activist. People, men and women, may thus accept or resist metaphors for different reasons.

Machine learning-based framework to cover optimal Pareto-front in many-objective optimization

One of the crucial challenges of solving many-objective optimization problems is uniformly well covering of the Pareto-front (PF). However, many the state-of-the-art optimization algorithms are capable of approximating the shape of many-objective PF by generating a limited number of non-dominated solutions. The exponential increase of the population size is an inefficient strategy that increases the computational complexity of the algorithm dramatically—especially when solving many-objective problems. In this paper, we introduce a machine learning-based framework to cover sparse PF surface which is initially generated by many-objective optimization algorithms; either by classical or meta-heuristic methods. The proposed method, called many-objective reverse mapping (MORM), is based on constructing a learning model on the initial PF set as the training data to reversely map the objective values to corresponding decision variables. Using the trained model, a set of candidate solutions can be generated by a variety of inexpensive generative techniques such as Opposition-based Learning and Latin Hypercube Sampling in both objective and decision spaces. Iteratively generated non-dominated candidate solutions cover the initial PF efficiently with no further need to utilize any optimization algorithm. We validate the proposed framework using a set of well-known many-objective optimization benchmarks and two well-known real-world problems. The coverage of PF is illustrated and numerically compared with the state-of-the-art many-objective algorithms. The statistical tests conducted on comparison measures such as HV, IGD, and the contribution ratio on the built PF reveal that the proposed collaborative framework surpasses the competitors on most of the problems. In addition, MORM covers the PF effectively compared to other methods even with the aid of large population size.

Application of Fluorescence Dye in Combination with Methylene Blue for Axillary Reverse Mapping in Patients with Modified Radical Mastectomy for Breast Cancer.

Background Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) is a novel intraoperative technique developed in recent years. This study was aimed at determining the effect of combined use of fluorescence dye and methylene blue, as well as its feasibility of ARM in patients with breast cancers who undergo modified radical mastectomy. Method From January 2016 to June 2017, 46 patients with primary breast cancer at stage I-IV (Tis-T3, N0-N3, and M0) who received modified radical mastectomy were enrolled in this study. The exclusion criteria included preoperative radiotherapy/chemotherapy or bilateral disease. Patients were divided into 2 groups: methylene blue group (22 patients, 47.8%) and methylene blue+indocyanine green (ICG) group (24 patients, 52.2%). ARM was performed before surgery. Results The overall visualization rate of ARM nodes was 80.4% (37/46). The visualization rate was significantly increased in methylene blue+ICG group (91.67%, 22/24) than that in methylene blue group (63.64%, 14/22) (P = 0.032). There was a statistical difference of visualization rate between clinical groups of N0-N1 and N3-N4 (t = 2.431, P = 0.19 < 0.05). Although there was no significant difference found in the total drainage volume and arm perimeter of patients between the two groups (P > 0.05), the harden diameter of the injection site in methylene blue+ICG group was significantly longer than that in methylene blue group (P < 0.05). Among the 44 patients with different molecular profiling of breast cancer, there was no significant difference of visualization rate of ARM nodes in luminal A group (100%,5/5), luminal B group (75.0%, 18/24, P = 0.21), HER2 group (75.0%, 6/8, P = 0.22), and basal-like group (85.7%, 6/7, P = 0.37). Conclusions ARM using methylene blue+ICG presented greater identification rate than that with methylene blue alone, especially in patients with more invasive breast cancer. Our finding offers support for the improvement of ARM in future breast cancer management.

Lympha for primary prevention of breast cancer related lymphedema -- Prospective observational study

Introduction: Breast Cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) remains a potentially life-altering sequela of breast cancer treatment. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and Axillary reverse mapping (AR) has reduced the incidence & severity of BCRL. Lymphatic Microsurgical Preventive Healing Approach -- (LY.M.P.H.A.) is a surgical technique requiring consisting of lymphatico-venous anastamosis (LVA) between arm lymphatic identified by injecting blue dye or ICG in the arm and an axillary vein branch.

Landmark-guided region-based spatial normalization for functional magnetic resonance imaging.

As the size of the neuroimaging cohorts being increased to address key questions in the field of cognitive neuroscience, cognitive aging, and neurodegenerative diseases, the accuracy of the spatial normalization as an essential preprocessing step becomes extremely important. Existing spatial normalization methods have poor accuracy particularly when dealing with the highly convoluted human cerebral cortex and when brain morphology is severely altered (e.g., aging populations). To address this shortcoming, we propose a novel spatial normalization technique that takes advantage of the existing surface‐based human brain parcellation to automatically identify and match regional landmarks. To simplify the nonlinear whole brain registration, the identified landmarks of each region and its counterpart are registered independently with topology‐preserving deformation. Next, the regional warping fields are combined by an inverse distance weighted interpolation technique to have a global warping field for the whole brain. To ensure that the final warping field is topology‐preserving, we used simultaneously forward and reverse maps with certain symmetric constraints to yield bijectivity. We have evaluated our proposed solution using both simulated and real (structural and functional) human brain images. Our evaluation shows that our solution can enhance structural correspondence compared to the existing methods. Such improvement also increases the sensitivity and specificity of the functional imaging studies, reducing the required number of subjects and subsequent study costs. We conclude that our proposed solution can effectively substitute existing substandard spatial normalization methods to deal with the demand of large cohorts which is now common in clinical and aging studies.

P117. DUAL FLUORESCENT TRACERS FOR REVERSE LYMPHATIC MAPPING AND SURGICAL GUIDANCE: PREVENTING DONOR SITE ASSOCIATED LYMPHEDEMA IN VASCULARIZED LYMPH NODE TRANSPLANT SURGERY

PURPOSE: Vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) helps to restore physiological lymphatic function. Although effective, postoperative impairment of donor-site lymphatic function and iatrogenic lymphedema following lymph node transfer from the groin remains a concern. METHODS: Prospective analysis of VLNT patients that had undergone radioisotope-free dual fluorescent tracer assisted harvest was performed from September 2013 to August 2020. Reverse lymphatic mapping of the lower extremity was performed with indocyanine green (ICG). RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included. Median age was 52.9 years (34 to 77 years) with a BMI of 29.1 kg/m2 (22.2 to 36.9 kg/m2) and mean follow-up of 2 years and 5 months (6 months to 5.6 years). Lymphedema stage ranged from Campisi 2 to 4. Inguinal VLNT was performed in 13 patients, and 12 patients received VLNT combined with free-flap breast reconstruction. No patients required change in lymph node donor site intraoperatively. All ICG stained nodes were preserved in situ. No signs of iatrogenic lower extremity lymphedema were observed during the follow-up period. The donor site of the lymph node flap healed appropriately in 22 patients (88%). Methylene blue-induced skin necrosis occurred in one patient and required surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: Reverse lymphatic mapping and surgical guidance with dual ICG and blue dye fluorescent tracers is a safe, effective innovation for VLNT harvest. This technique promotes a favorable donor site morbidity profile and prevents iatrogenic donor site-associated lymphedema.

Reverse Lymphatic Mapping and Immediate Microsurgical Lymphatic Reconstruction Reduces Early Risk of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema.

Breast cancer-related lymphedema is a progressive disease that poses tremendous physical, psychosocial, and financial burden on patients. Immediate lymphaticovenular anastomosis at the time of axillary lymph node dissection is emerging as a potential therapeutic paradigm to decrease the incidence of breast cancer-related lymphedema in high-risk patients. Eighty-one consecutive patients underwent reverse lymphatic mapping and, when feasible, supermicrosurgical immediate lymphaticovenular anastomosis at the time of axillary lymph node dissection at a tertiary care cancer center. Patients were followed prospectively in a multidisciplinary lymphedema clinic (plastic surgery, certified lymphatic therapy, dietary, case management) at 3-month intervals with clinical examination, circumferential limb girth measurements, and bioimpedance spectroscopy. An institutional control cohort was assessed for the presence of objectively diagnosed and treated breast cancer-related lymphedema. Data were analyzed by a university statistician. Seventy-eight patients met inclusion, and 66 underwent immediate lymphaticovenular anastomosis. Mean follow-up was 250 days. When compared to a retrospective control group, the rate of lymphedema in patients who underwent immediate lymphaticovenular anastomosis was significantly lower (6 percent versus 44 percent; p < 0.0001). Patients with 6-month follow-up treated with combined adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy had significantly greater risk of developing breast cancer-related lymphedema (p = 0.04) compared to those without combined adjuvant therapy. Arborized anastomotic technique had a statistically shorter operative time than end-to-end anastomosis (p = 0.005). This series of consecutive patients demonstrate a 6 percent incidence of early-onset breast cancer-related lymphedema with immediate lymphaticovenular anastomosis and an increased risk in those undergoing combined adjuvant treatment. These early data represent an encouraging and substantial decrease of breast cancer-related lymphedema in high-risk patients. Therapeutic, III.

Discussion: Reverse Lymphatic Mapping and Immediate Microsurgical Lymphatic Reconstruction Reduces Early Risk of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema.

Zion, Ill. From the Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Chicago. Disclosure:The author has no commercial association or financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this Discussion or of the associated article. No funding was received for the work presented in this Discussion. Daniel Z. Liu, M.D., Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Chicago, 2520 Elisha Avenue, Zion, Ill. 60099, [email protected], Twitter: @danielzliu

Methylene blue and carbon nanoparticles had no significant adverse effects on the survival and function of lymph nodes after non-vascularized transplantation in a mouse model

BackgroundLymph node transfer has been known as a physiologic approach for “curing” lymphedema. The transplantation of methylene blue and carbon nanoparticles stained lymph nodes aims to investigate their impact on the survival of transplanted lymph nodes. MethodsFour weeks after transplantation, the survival condition of transplanted lymph nodes was detected by the reconnection with lymphatics, reconnected lymphatic function, HE staining, and distribution of B-cells and T-cells. Also, the number of lymphatics (LYVE-1) and blood vessels (CD31) of transplanted lymph nodes was investigated. ResultsReconnected lymphatic function, the number of transplanted lymph nodes of achieving lymphatic reconstruction, and the surviving and potentially surviving ones were close. Besides, the control group (n = 11, CD31: mean = 9.527 ± 1.017, LYVE-1: mean = 21.45 ± 1.780), the methylene blue group (n = 12, CD31: mean = 9.73 ± 0.8998, LYVE-1: mean = 20.67 ± 1.601) and the carbon nanoparticles group (n = 11, CD31:mean = 8.709 ± 1.435, LYVE-1: mean = 19.60 ± 2.268). After calculation, both CD31 and LYVE-1 showed no significant difference statistically among the three groups. ConclusionsOur findings justify the use of methylene blue and carbon nanoparticles in reverse lymphatic mapping, as they can increase the efficiency of collecting “target lymph nodes” and minimize the iatrogenic injury in the donor area while having no significant adverse effects on the survival condition of transplanted lymph nodes. And this approach is easy to operate and worthy of clinical application and popularization.

Utility of Axillary Reverse Mapping (ARM) and Incidence of Metastasis in Arm Draining Lymph Nodes in Patients with Breast Cancer.

Objective Lymphedema of the upper limb is the most common complication in patients with breast cancer, who require axillary lymph node (LN) dissection. Proposition of identifying upper limb draining LN and preserving it, during axillary dissection can reduce significant postoperative morbidity, but it has the risk of inadequate oncological resection. This study was planned to find out metastatic rate in axillary reverse mapping (ARM) nodes in our population. Materials and Methods Lymphoscintigraphy (LSG) was performed using intradermal injection of 99m Tc Sulfur Colloid into ipsilateral second and third interdigital web spaces of hand in patients with breast cancer. Planar, single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography images were acquired followed by intraoperative localization of arm draining LNs using Gamma Probe. All identified ARM nodes were dissected and sent for histopathological examination to confirm metastatic involvement. Results Twenty eligible patients were prospectively analyzed. The identification rate of arm draining LN with LSG was 90% (18/20). Among 14 eligible patients included in the study, ARM node metastasis was seen in two patients. A total of 64 ARM nodes were dissected from 14 patients, 4/64 nodes (2 patients) were positive for metastases (6.25%). Of the six patients excluded from the study, in 1 patient ARM node could not be identified on Gamma Probe, in two cases, it could not be retrieved surgically, in next two cases ARM could not be identified on LSG and remaining one case was removed because of previous surgical intervention. Conclusion In the current study, LSG showed the identification rate of 90% for ARM nodes in patients with carcinoma breast and metastatic involvement was seen in 6.25% (4/64) of these nodes in 2/14 (14.2%) patients, which is in agreement with previously published data. Oncological safety of preserving ARM nodes needs to be evaluated in the larger population.

Base drag estimation in suddenly expanded supersonic flows using backpropagation genetic and recurrent neural networks

In recent years, base pressure management has gained a lot of industrial importance due to its applications in missiles and projectiles. For certain aerodynamic vehicles, the base pressure becomes a critical factor in regulating the base drag. That prompted the current work to develop input–output relationships for a suddenly expanded flow process using experiments and neural network-based forward and reverse mapping. The objective of forward mapping (FM) is to predict the responses, namely base pressure (β), base pressure with cavity (βcav), and base pressure with rib (βrib), for a known combination of flow and geometric parameters, namely Mach number (M), nozzle pressure ratio (η), area ratio (α), and length to diameter ratio (ψ). On the other hand, an effort is made to decide the optimal set of flow and geometric parameters for achieving the desired base pressure by reverse mapping (RM). Neural network-controlled backpropagation and recurrent and genetic algorithms have been employed to carry out the forward and reverse mapping trials. A batch mode of training was employed to conduct a parametric study for adjusting and optimizing the neural network parameters. Due to the requirement of massive data for batch mode training, the data required for training was achieved using the response equations developed through response surface methodology. Further, the forecasting performances of the neural network algorithms are compared with the regression models (FM) and among themselves (RM) through random test cases. The findings indicate that all evolved neural network (NN) models could make accurate predictions in both forward and reverse mappings. The results obtained would help aerodynamic engineers control various parameters and their values that affect base drag.

Abstract P1-01-02: Pathologic nodal status is a predictor for metastatic disease in lymph nodes identified by axillary reverse mapping

Abstract Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer in female patients worldwide. Although axillary management in breast cancer has been de-escalated to reduce untoward effects, breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is still not uncommon. Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) emerges as a novel technique that identifies the lymphatic system draining the upper extremities. Preservation of this system and associated lymph nodes theoretically reduces the chance of BCRL. However, concerns regarding oncologic safety have limited the adoption of the technique. Objective To identify factors associated with metastatic disease in lymph nodes identified by ARM in breast cancer patients. Materials and methods Breast cancer patients treated at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital from October 2018 to January 2021 who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) underwent concurrent ARM whereby five milliliters of 1% isosulfan blue dye was injected at the medial aspect of the arm as previously described elsewhere. Patient demographics and clinical data such as clinical staging, pathological staging, cancer subtype, and whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered were collected and analyzed. Result Thirty-six patients with a median age of 57 were included in this prospective study. ARM lymph node identification success rate was 83% (30 of 36 patients) with a median of 2 identified ARM lymph nodes (range 0-11 nodes). Metastatic disease in ARM nodes was present in 30% of patients. ARM success rate did not depend on whether preoperative chemotherapy had been given (ARM lymph nodes identified in 7 out of 8 patients without preoperative chemotherapy and 23 out of 28 in patients with preoperative chemotherapy; p=0.36). There was no statistically significant difference in metastatic disease in ARM-identified nodes and clinical stage (stage II=13.3%, stage III=33.3%, and stage IV=50.0%; p=0.18). However, higher pathologic N stage was associated with finding metastasis in ARM-identified lymph nodes (N0=0%, N1=15.8%, N2=33.3%, and N3=80%; p=0.005). Conclusions ARM is a novel technique which can potentially reduce BCRL. However, a significant number of ARM lymph nodes were found to have pathologically-proven metastatic disease, especially in higher pathologic N stages (pN2 and pN3). Therefore, for oncologic safety, consideration should be given to removal of all ARM lymph nodes in breast cancer patients undergoing formal axillary dissection. Keywords: Axillary Reverse Mapping, Axillar dissection, Lymphedema, Breast Cancer Citation Format: Rak Saengphongchawan, Sopark Manasnayakorn. Pathologic nodal status is a predictor for metastatic disease in lymph nodes identified by axillary reverse mapping [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-01-02.

FPGA implementation of high-fidelity hybrid reversible watermarking algorithm

In the digitally dominated world, to enhance the data security of digital images, this paper proposes a hybrid algorithm. The algorithm enhances quality metrics and simultaneously eliminates irreversibility and underflow-overflow errors. To enhance the important evaluation parameters, PSNR and embedding bit rate, distance between neighboring pixels is reduced by employing modified enhanced normalized mean interpolation (MENMI) in the first stage. In the second stage, improved reversible contrast mapping (IRCM) provides reversibility and error elimination by contrast improvement. The robustness of the proposed algorithm against different types of attacks is also checked and verified using MATLAB. To further validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in terms of power, hardware resources, and simulation time, the proposed architecture has been implemented and tested on Zynq SoC FPGA platforms. The findings demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides an average of 20% and 18% improvements in PSNR over ENMI and ENMI-HM algorithms. The hardware implementation results signify that the proposed algorithm has low timing complexity and less power consumption at high simulation frequency than existing reversible watermarking (RW) algorithms.

Outcomes and technical modifications of vascularized lymph node transplantation from the lateral thoracic region for treatment of lymphedema.

This study evaluates clinical outcomes of vascularized lymph node transplantation (VLNT) from the lateral thoracic region and technical modifications. Consecutive patients that underwent lateral thoracic VLNT to treat extremity lymphedema were included. Demographic and treatment data were recorded, and outcomes data including limb volume, LDex score, and Lymphedema Life Impact Scale (LLIS), QuickDASH, and LEFS questionnaires, were collected prospectively. Consecutive patients that underwent single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) lymphoscintigraphy axillary reverse lymphatic mapping (RLM) were analyzed to characterize the physiological drainage of the normal upper extremity. A consecutive series of 32 flaps were included. At 24 months postoperatively mean reduction in limb volume excess was 47.2% (±11.6; p = 0.0085), LDex score was 63.1% (±8.5; p < 0.001), and LLIS score was 65.1% (±7.4; p < 0.001). Preoperatively 14/31 patients (45.2%) reported cellulitis, and postoperatively there were no episodes at up to 24 months (p < 0.001). No patient developed donor extremity lymphedema at mean 18.6 (±8.3) months follow-up. SPECT/CT-RLM of 182 normal axillae demonstrated that the sentinel lymph node(s) of the upper extremity was consistently anatomically located in the upper outer quadrant of the axilla (97%). VLNT from the lateral thoracic region is effective and versatile for the treatment of lymphedema with a low donor site complication rate.

Reverse Axillary Mapping in Breast Cancer using Double Dye: A Tertiary Cancer Center Experience

Background: Among the various methods in minimizing Limb Lymphoedema following ALND in Breast cancer, Axillary reverse mapping is a novel approach. Attempt to preserve the ARM node without threatening Oncological safety is a further step. Aim: To identify Blue ARM Node, intra operatively whether harbors metastases or not, defined by Radioactivity comparing with Histo pathological Examination. Materials and Method: The 30 cases of Breast cancer patients undergoing surgery along with Axillary dissection were considered for Double dye technique of ARM study with Radio colloid injection in subareolar region and 3ml of 5% methylene blue to the Arm,1 hour before starting surgery. At Axillary dissection, level I and level II nodal clearance done and the blue thin, tortuous lymphatics entering axilla are identified are followed medially, where blue nodes are usually identified below inferior to Axillary vein. The Blue nodes are considered belonging to upper limb called ARM node, whose radioactivity is recorded invivo, are dissected and sent for Histo pathological Examination. Results: The identification rate of blue lymphatics is about 77% (26 cases out of 30), the location of blue ARM node (70% identification rate, 21 out of 30 cases) were within 2cms inferior to Axillary vein lateral to Latissimus dorsi pedicle. The Radioactivity of the Blue ARM node more the 10% of the count at Subareolar region considered as Cross over Node (Blue+Hot) is observed among 2 patients, which confirmed with histopathologicaly positive for metastases, but rest of 19 (95.3%) Blue ARM node with less than 10% radioactivity (Blue +Cold), were Histopathologicaly Negative for metastases. Among 21 Blue ARM nodes, 2 nodes were metastatic amounting to 9.4% cases having cross over Lymphatics, identified by radioactivity. Conclusion: The Double dye Axillary Reverse Mapping study is a valuable armamentarium for the surgeons, during Breast Cancer surgery undergoing Axillary Lymphnode dissection to preserve uninvolved ARM Lymph node, thereby avoid Limb lymphedema without compromising Oncological safety.1

Evaluation of Relative Abundance of Lymphedema after Reverse Axillary Mapping in Patients with Breast Cancer.

Background:The axillary reverse mapping (ARM) technique identifies and preserves arm nodes during sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Here, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of lymphedema following ARM.Materials and Methods:This is a clinical trial that was performed in 2019-2020 in Isfahan on patients with breast cancer in the early stages. Demographic and initial information of all cases including age and body mass index (BMI) was collected. Patients were then underwent SLNB ± ALND associated with ARM and were followed up for lymphedema every 6 months to a year. The occurrence of lymphedema was assessed.Results:By evaluating data of 102 patients, we found that 10 patients (9.8%) had lymphedema and patients with lymphedema had significantly higher age (P = 0.004), higher BMI (P = 0.001), larger tumor size (P = 0.018), and longer surgery duration (P < 0.001). The frequency of menopausal women was higher in patients with lymphedema compared to other cases (P = 0.001).Conclusion:The prevalence of lymphedema was high among patients undergoing ARM that was associated with factors including higher age, higher BMI, prolonged surgery duration, larger tumor size, and menopause. We believe that further comparative studies should be conducted on this issue.

Identity-based secure data aggregation in big data wireless sensor networks

Secure data aggregation (SDA) is an inherent paradigm in big data wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to reduce data transmissions, maximise the network lifetime and provide security. However, SDA protocols that use elliptic curve suffer from mapping and reverse mapping functions. Currently, there is no known mapping function which is both homomorphic and effective in reverse mapping. In addition, SDA protocols that use public key infrastructure incurs high computation and communication cost. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a novel identity-based secure data aggregation (ISDA) protocol for big data wireless sensor networks. This protocol is based on bilinear pairing and combines identity-based homomorphic encryption scheme with identity-based signature to achieve end-to-end security. In WSNs, this is the first SDA protocol that employs both identity-based encryption and identity-based signature scheme. ISDA shares the same public/private keys during encryption and signature generation, which significantly reduces the complexity of the protocol. Security analysis reveals that ISDA is secure against various internal and external attacks and proves the correctness of the proposed protocol. Performance evaluation shows that ISDA incurs less overhead than state-of-the-art bilinear pairing-based SDA schemes, thereby it minimises the energy consumption and increases the lifetime of wireless sensor networks.

Homoclinic Orbits and Localized Solutions in Discrete Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation with Long-Range Interaction

In this paper, we use the homoclinic orbit approach without using small perturbations to prove the existence of soliton solutions of the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equations with long-range interaction by employing the properties of the symmetries of reversible planar maps. Moreover, the long-range interaction by a potential proportional to $1/l^{1+alpha} $ with fractional $alpha < 1 $ and $l $ as natural number.

The Impact of Temporal Variation in ICG Administration on Axillary Node Identification During Reverse Mapping Procedures.

ICG with other tracers can be injected pre and/or per operatively to identify the axillary Lymph Nodes (LN) draining the breast cancer (the SLN nodes) and/or the ipsilateral arm (the ARM nodes). to evaluate the impact on this temporal variable-variation on the identification of these ARM LN. Material and methods: One hundred and nine women, who were scheduled to undergo, either lumpectomy with selective lymphadenectomy (SLN), or mammary surgery (either lumpectomy, or mastectomy) with complete axillary node dissection (CALND) for a histologically proven mammary tumor, had administered the day before the surgery one subcutaneous injection of ICG in the first interdigital space of the ipsilateral hand (pre-op subgroup (SLN=28 and CALND=15), or the same day as the surgery (per op subgroup (SLN=26 and CALND= 20). The fluorescent characteristics of the SLN and/or axillary LN were then analyzed and compared between the two subgroups. Results: Basic characteristics were not significantly different between the pre and per op subgroups. The percentage of patients found with fluorescent SLN (28%), the percentage of patients with fluorescent LN in CALND (74.5%), or the percentage of LN fluorescent in CALND (38.5%) did not differ significantly too. Conclusion: Injection of ICG in the first interdigital space of the hand of operated side performed one day before the surgery or the same day as the surgery has no significant influence in our study on detection of the arm nodes. The timing of ICG injection is an independent variable with no effect on the results; this allows the injection to be performed either the day before the surgery or the day of the surgery.

Generic Reversible Visible Watermarking via Regularized Graph Fourier Transform Coding.

Reversible visible watermarking (RVW) is an active copyright protection mechanism. It not only transparently superimposes copyright patterns on specific positions of digital images or video frames to declare the copyright ownership information, but also completely erases the visible watermark image and thus enables restoring the original host image without any distortion. However, existing RVW algorithms mostly construct the reversible mapping mechanism for a specific visible watermarking scheme, which is not versatile. Hence, we propose a generic RVW framework to accommodate various visible watermarking schemes. In particular, we obtain a reconstruction data packet-the compressed difference image between the watermarked image and the original host image, which is embedded into the watermarked image via any conventional reversible data hiding method to facilitate the blind recovery of the host image. The key is to achieve compact compression of the difference image for efficient embedding of the reconstruction data packet. To this end, we propose regularized Graph Fourier Transform (GFT) coding, where the difference image is smoothed via the graph Laplacian regularizer for more efficient compression and then encoded by multi-resolution GFTs in an approximately optimal manner. Experimental results show that the proposed framework has much better versatility than state-of-the-art methods. Due to the small amount of auxiliary information to be embedded, the visual quality of the watermarked image is also higher.