Reversal Errors Research Articles

Novel conservative reversible error control circuits based on molecular QCA

Quantum-dot cellular automata are a prominent part of the nanoscale regime. They use a quantum cellular based architecture which enables rapid information process with high device density. This paper targets the two kinds of novel error control circuits such as Hamming code, parity generator and checker. To design the HG-PP (HG = Hamming gate, PP = parity preserving), NG-PP (NG = new gate) are proposed for optimising the circuits. Based on the proposed gates and a few existing gates, the Hamming code and parity generator and checker circuits are constructed. The proposed gates have been framed and verified in QCA. The simulation outcomes signify that their framed circuits are faultless. In addition to verification, physical reversible is done. The reversible major metrics such as gate count, quantum cost, unit delay, and garbage outputs, uses best optimisation results compared to counterparts. They can be utilised as a low power error control circuit applied in future communication systems.

Offline simulation of path deviation due to joint compliance and hysteresis for robot machining

Industrial robots offer a cost-effective and flexible machining alternative to the classic machining centers. One disadvantage is the significantly reduced working accuracy that results in considerable path deviation, particularly under load. To maximize the effectiveness of the robot and to derive suitable machining strategies, knowledge of the effects on the working accuracy is required. In this study, a model is presented in joint space that predicts the path deviation on the basis of joint stiffness and reversal error with high accuracy, with respect to the kinematic model and path planning. The identification of the model parameters of individual joints is carried out without disassembling the robot. The model is validated against the hysteresis occurring at the Tool Center Point and through the milling of circular contours. It is shown that the reversal error is mainly caused by hysteresis and not by backlash at zero crossing. The subsequent offline compensation strategy allows a considerable reduction of dimension and form deviations.

Childhood-Diagnosed ADHD, Symptom Progression, and Reversal Learning in Adulthood

Objective: ADHD persists in up to 60% into adulthood, and the reasons for persistence are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to characterize the neurofunctional basis of decision making in those with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD with either persistent or remitted symptoms in adulthood versus healthy control participants. Method: Thirty-two adults diagnosed with ADHD as children were split into persistent (n = 18) or remitted (n = 14) ADHD groups. Their neural activity and neurofunctional connectivity during a probabilistic reversal learning task were compared with 32 healthy controls. Results: Remitters showed significantly higher neural connectivity in final reversal error and probabilistic error conditions, and persisters depict higher neural connectivity in reversal errors than controls at a family-wise error (FWE) corrected whole-brain corrected threshold. Conclusion: Remitters may have utilized higher neural connectivity than controls to make successful decisions. Also, remitters may have utilized compensatory strategies to override any potential underlying ADHD deficits.

Reverse Transcription Errors and RNA-DNA Differences at Short Tandem Repeats.

Transcript variation has important implications for organismal function in health and disease. Most transcriptome studies focus on assessing variation in gene expression levels and isoform representation. Variation at the level of transcript sequence is caused by RNA editing and transcription errors, and leads to nongenetically encoded transcript variants, or RNA–DNA differences (RDDs). Such variation has been understudied, in part because its detection is obscured by reverse transcription (RT) and sequencing errors. It has only been evaluated for intertranscript base substitution differences. Here, we investigated transcript sequence variation for short tandem repeats (STRs). We developed the first maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) to infer RT error and RDD rates, taking next generation sequencing error rates into account. Using the MLE, we empirically evaluated RT error and RDD rates for STRs in a large-scale DNA and RNA replicated sequencing experiment conducted in a primate species. The RT error rates increased exponentially with STR length and were biased toward expansions. The RDD rates were approximately 1 order of magnitude lower than the RT error rates. The RT error rates estimated with the MLE from a primate data set were concordant with those estimated with an independent method, barcoded RNA sequencing, from a Caenorhabditis elegans data set. Our results have important implications for medical genomics, as STR allelic variation is associated with >40 diseases. STR nonallelic transcript variation can also contribute to disease phenotype. The MLE and empirical rates presented here can be used to evaluate the probability of disease-associated transcripts arising due to RDD.

Resolution of Specific Nucleotide Mismatches by Wild-Type and AZT-Resistant Reverse Transcriptases during HIV-1 Replication

A key contributor to HIV-1 genetic variation is reverse transcriptase errors. Some mutations result because reverse transcriptase (RT) lacks 3′ to 5′ proofreading exonuclease and can extend mismatches. However, RT also excises terminal nucleotides to a limited extent, and this activity contributes to AZT resistance. Because HIV-1 mismatch resolution has been studied in vitro but only indirectly during replication, we developed a novel system to study mismatched base pair resolution during HIV-1 replication in cultured cells using vectors that force template switching at defined locations. These vectors generated mismatched reverse transcription intermediates, with proviral products diagnostic of mismatch resolution mechanisms. Outcomes for wild-type (WT) RT and an AZT-resistant (AZTR) RT containing a thymidine analog mutation set—D67N, K70R, D215F, and K219Q—were compared. AZTR RT did not excise terminal nucleotides more frequently than WT, and for the majority of tested mismatches, both WT and AZTR RTs extended mismatches in more than 90% of proviruses. However, striking enzyme-specific differences were observed for one mispair, with WT RT preferentially resolving dC–rC pairs either by excising the mismatched base or switching templates prematurely, while AZTR RT primarily misaligned the primer strand, causing deletions via dislocation mutagenesis. Overall, the results confirmed HIV-1 RT’s high capacity for mismatch extension during virus replication and revealed dramatic differences in aberrant intermediate resolution repertoires between WT and AZTR RTs on one mismatched replication intermediate. Correlating mismatch extension frequencies observed here with reported viral mutation rates suggests a complex interplay of nucleotide discrimination and mismatch extension drives HIV-1 mutagenesis.

Role of Reversal Learning Impairment in Social Disinhibition following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

The current study aimed to determine whether reversal learning impairments and feedback-related negativity (FRN), reflecting reward prediction error signals generated by negative feedback during the reversal learning tasks, were associated with social disinhibition in a group of participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Number of reversal errors on a social and a non-social reversal learning task and FRN were examined for 21 participants with TBI and 21 control participants matched for age. Participants with TBI were also divided into low and high disinhibition groups based on rated videotaped interviews. Participants with TBI made more reversal errors and produced smaller amplitude FRNs than controls. Furthermore, participants with TBI high on social disinhibition made more reversal errors on the social reversal learning task than did those low on social disinhibition. FRN amplitude was not related to disinhibition. These results suggest that impairment in the ability to update behavior when social reinforcement contingencies change plays a role in social disinhibition after TBI. Furthermore, the social reversal learning task used in this study may be a useful neuropsychological tool for detecting susceptibility to acquired social disinhibition following TBI. Finally, that the FRN amplitude was not associated with social disinhibition suggests that reward prediction error signals are not critical for behavioral adaptation in the social domain.

Focus on test, measurement, and materials

Focus on test, measurement, and materials

Fidelity and reversibility in the restricted three body problem

We use the Reversibility Error Method and the Fidelity to analyze the global effects of a small perturbation in a non-integrable system. Both methods have already been proposed and used in the literature but the aim of this paper is to compare them in a physically significant example adding some considerations on the equivalence, observed in this case, between round-off and random perturbations.As a paradigmatic example we adopt the restricted planar circular three body problem. The cumulative effect of random perturbations or round-off leads to a divergence of the perturbed orbit from the reference one. Rather than computing the distance of the perturbed orbit from the reference one, after a given number n of iterations, a procedure we name the Forward Error Method (FEM), we measure the distance of the reversed orbit (n periods forward and backward) from the initial point. This approach, that we name Reversibility Error Method (REM), does not require the computation of the unperturbed map. The loss of memory of the perturbed map is quantified by the Fidelity decay rate whose computation requires a statistical average over an invariant region. Two distinct definitions of Fidelity are given. The asymptotic equivalence of REM and FEM is analytically proved for linear symplectic maps with random perturbations. For a given map, the REM plot provides a picture of the dynamic stability regions in the phase space, very easy to obtain for any kind of perturbation and very simple to implement numerically. The REM and FEM for linear symplectic maps are proved to be asymptotically equivalent. The global error growth follows a power law in the regions of integrable (or quasi integrable) motion and an exponential law in the regions of chaotic motion. We prove that the power law exponent is 3/2 for a generic anisochronous system, but drops down to 1/2 if the system is isochronous. Correspondingly the Fidelity F(t) exhibits an exponential decay and −lnF(t) grows just as the square of the FEM or REM error. The Reversibility Error and Fidelity can be used for a quantitative analysis of dynamical systems and are suited to investigate the transition regions from chaotic to regular motion even for Hamiltonian systems with many degrees of freedom such as the N-body problem.

Heat of Passion and Wife Killing: Men Who Batter/Men Who Kill

I apply the body of social science data and feminist theory regarding domestic violence to reexamine heat-of-passion/adultery law. The article is organized around two central points. First, law implies a dubious distinction between men who premeditate the murder of wives and lovers, and “innocent” men who catch their wives in bed with someone. This distinction does not accurately describe husband-to-wife homicides. Second, there is a remarkable similarity between the social understandings that underlie important elements of voluntary manslaughter's heat-of-passion doctrine and the excuses and justifications that abusive men give to explain their violence. This congruence between how abusive men perceive their violence and the legal doctrine of voluntary manslaughter perpetuates two major misconceptions about the nature of wife-killing. The first misconception follows from the belief that violence in response to a wife's provocation -- in this context, the wife's adulterous conduct--is an uncontrollable response, which in turn reinforces the belief that intervention can have little deterrence or prevention impact. The second misconception follows from the congruence between the justifications given by abusive men and the quasi-justificatory elements of voluntary manslaughter doctrine: the wife-killer who kills in response to his wife's “provocative” conduct is seen as an unlikely recidivist and therefore less dangerous. I include a close examination of a California case that appears in many criminal law textbooks, People v. Berry. The California Supreme Court in Berry overturned a first degree murder conviction by finding that the trial court's failure to give a voluntary manslaughter instruction was reversible error. The Court’s reasoning demonstrates the deleterious effect of the resonance between the excuses and justifications given by abusive men and the cultural (mis)understandings that underlie modern heat-of-passion/adultery doctrine.

Designing risk matrices to avoid risk ranking reversal errors

Risk matrices are used in process safety to rate and rank risks of hazardous events to help with decision making on risk reduction for processes. For example, commonly they are used in process hazard analysis to rate the risks of hazard scenarios. Flaws in their theoretical framework and mathematical inconsistencies in their use have been identified in the risk analysis literature. These flaws pose potentially serious problems for the application of risk matrices in process safety. One of the most significant flaws is the potential for risk ranking reversals wherein an incorrect assignment of a higher risk event to a lower risk level and a lower risk event to a higher risk level may occur. This article discusses the nature of the problem and describes how it can be addressed for risk matrices used in process safety. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 35: 41–46, 2016

The Rebuild IRS Initiative: With a Bipartisan Approach to Rebalancing Management Stovepipes and Fixing 'Grass Roots' Field Operations

This White Paper offers an achievable breakthrough opportunity and framework for restoring trust to the Internal Revenue Service. It identifies the ill-conceived massive 1998 structural reorganization and division (like salami-slicing) of field operations as a major cause of the IRS’s current downward slide. With that recognition, change-makers can travel a 2015 bipartisan pathway to addressing a wrong-headed 1998 solution to a 1998 non-existent structural problem by introducing a 2015 proposal for a National Office consolidation (slimming down) coupled with a field operations decentralization (closer to customers and ending the practice of absentee senior-management without local accountability). The 1998 restructuring was, at best, a bad idea masterfully executed. At worst, it was a bad idea oversold, overrated and hierarchical making IRS an overly-centralized Washington agency. The 1998 reorganization architects had scrapped a perfectly good structure by eliminating locally-accountable District and replacing them with a headquarters-heavy (and field-light) bureaucracy of unjustifiably divisive stovepipes. To recover from that, presently, IRS can feasibly deliver a range of better practices, especially through refreshingly new, Field Executive Offices (FEOs) (See page 16, infra) run by senior-executive Field Directors, to restore grass roots accountability and a geographic footprint. In sum, that 1998 ill-conceived restructuring can more accurately be seen for what it always was, reversible error and a treatable self-inflicted wound. As prophesized by Brookings and countless independent minded Service insiders, things actually did get worse! So, what now!

Prior Conviction Impeachment: 'People v. Patrick' -- Ameliorating the Risk of Unfair Prejudice

The prospect of prior conviction impeachment of the criminal defendant if he testifies is universally recognized as an extremely significant event in the day to day workings of our criminal justice system. The prospect of the jury being advised that the accused has violated a serious law of society impacts many litigation decisions, none the least of which are plea bargaining and the decision itself as to whether the accused will in fact testify. All involved in the criminal justice system are fully aware that no matter the jury instruction to the contrary, ordinary citizens will draw the “bad man inference” — did it once, did it again; did it once, most likely did other crimes for which not punished; already has served time in jail and been labeled a criminal. On the other hand, in support of the use of prior convictions, it is asserted “that it would be misleading to permit the accused to appear as a witness of blameless life.” McCormick, Evidence §42 at 169 (5th ed.1999).Our criminal justice system in fact relies upon the reality of a bad man inference being drawn at every level — including the realization that without the prospect of prior conviction impeachment, more accused would go to trial adding to the criminal justice systems administrative burden, e.g., more courts, more judges, even more prisons, etc.Accepting admissibility of prior conviction to impeach except in highly unusual circumstances as a given, are there procedural variations available to ameliorate the risk of prejudice arising from the jury drawing the bad man inference? In federal courts and elsewhere the suggestion that the “mere fact” method for prior conviction as employed in Florida and a small handful of other states has fallen on deaf ears. Moreover, procedural rules dealing with motion in limine practice requiring the accused to testify to preserve error with respect to prior conviction impeachment, and waiver of error imposition associated with anticipatory disclosure by the accused prior to actual prior conviction impeachment by the prosecution, exacerbates rather than ameliorates the risk of the impermissible “bad man” inference being drawn by the jury.The Illinois Supreme Court has, like many other courts, over the years struggled with the question of prior conviction impeachment. For several years, Illinois, contrary to federal practice, while requiring the criminal defendant to testify to preserve error, has permitted alleged error to be preserved for appeal with respect to prior conviction impeachment when anticipatory disclosure of a prior conviction occurs by the defendant on direct examination if not before. In 2009, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled in People v. Patrick, 233 Ill.2d 62, 908 N.E.2d 1, 330 Ill.Dec. 149 (2009), that a trial court’s refusal to rule on a motion in limine on the admissibility of a defendant’s prior conviction when, as is almost always the case, the trial court was possessed of sufficient information to conduct a discretionary balancing test was an abuse of discretion and reversible error under the facts of the case.

Influence of additive and multiplicative structure and direction of comparison on the reversal error

An empirical study has been carried out to evaluate the potential of word order matching and static comparison as explanatory models of reversal error. Data was collected from 214 undergraduate students who translated a set of additive and multiplicative comparisons expressed in Spanish into algebraic language. In these multiplicative comparisons we used a format that can be translated from Spanish word-for-word as “n times more than” (increasing comparison) and “n times less than” (decreasing comparison) instead of “n times as many”, which is usual in other studies. Data analysis shows a significantly lower incidence of reversal error in the decreasing comparisons compared to the increasing ones. Additionally, no significant differences were found between additive and multiplicative comparisons. These results cannot be explained by the static comparison model.

Accuracy Analysis on Improved Design of the Plug Back Cover based on Reverse Engineering

Improved design process consists of four steps. These steps are prototype step, design step, analysis step and mold step, respectively. The error constitution of these steps is analyzed. Through the error analysis on both improved design process and reverse process, the total error of reverse improved design is essentially formed by reverse error, design error, analysis error and mold error. Focus on the error structure of reverse improved design of the plug back cover, the accuracy study and control on the whole process is implemented.

A three-stimulus midsession reversal task in pigeons with visual and spatial discriminative stimuli

In a two-stimulus visual discrimination task with a reversal in reward contingencies midway through each session, pigeons produce a surprising number of both anticipatory (i.e., before the reversal) and perseverative (i.e., after the reversal) errors. In the current work, we examined pigeons' (Columba livia) patterns of responding on a 90-trial, three-stimulus visual or spatial discrimination task with two changes in reward contingency (one after Trial 30 and one after Trial 60) during each session. On probe sessions where pecking the first-correct stimulus was rewarded for the first 60 rather than 30 trials, pigeons on a spatial discrimination pecked the first-correct stimulus until it was no longer rewarded, while visual discrimination birds ceased responding to the first-correct stimulus even while it was still being rewarded. On probe sessions where the onset of the first trial was delayed 7min, pigeons' performance on the visual discrimination was disrupted by the interval delay, but performance in the spatial condition was more similar to baseline. Pigeons use different strategies (temporal control vs. local reinforcement) on midsession reversal tasks with visual versus spatial stimuli, suggesting that they are selectively permeable to changes in information (global vs. local reinforcement rates).

Brief of Amici Curiae International Law Professors in Chevron Corp. V. Donziger

On July 8, 2014 a group of international law professors filed their second amicus curiae brief in the epic 20 years litigation between indigenous Ecuadorians and Texaco/Chevron over environmental destruction and human rights breaches. This case is collateral to the main action, in that Chevron took preemptive action in U.S. Federal Court in order to try to block the recognition or enforcement of a multi-billion dollar Ecuadorian judgement against Chevron. This is the second time it has been on appeal to the Second Circuit. The first appeal resulted in a reversal of the District Court and its purported worldwide preliminary injunctions was vacated.In this brief, the amici address important international legal issues associated with the imposition of a worldwide constructive trust by the District Court in it final judgment. In imposing this radical trust for which there is no precedent, the District Court failed to correctly apply principles of international comity and to consider applicable international legal obligations binding on the United States. The amici believe that these failures have resulted in reversible error for the following four reasons. First, the District Court’s worldwide equitable constructive trust is inconsistent with the Court’s decision in Chevron v. Naranjo, 667 F.3d 232 (2d Cir. 2011) because the impermissible extraterritorial impact of the constructive trust is identical to the impact of the preliminary injunction previously vacated by this Court. Second, the District Court erred in ordering relief that offends international comity. The District Court impermissibly attempts to impose its own terms of exclusive relief in the form of a constructive trust on every other court in the world. It seeks to dictate to the courts of the world what will happen if they recognize and enforce the underlying Ecuadorian judgment. This is an affront to: i) foreign courts that order the Ecuadorian judgment to be recognized and enforced; ii) foreign courts that cannot or would not pronounce on the systemic fitness of a foreign judiciary; and iii) foreign courts that must or might prefer to order different relief. Third, the District Court’s constructive trust cannot be enforced outside of the United States and is therefore an exercise in futility. Because equity will not do a vain or useless thing, the District Court should be reversed. Fourth, the District Court’s extraterritorial constructive trust breaches the international legal obligation of the United States not to intervene in the domestic and external affairs of other states. The extraterritorial application of the constructive trust directly intrudes in to the administration of Ecuadorian justice both internally and externally in places where its judgment might be recognized and enforced.

Neural Correlates of Letter Reversal in Children and Adults

Children often make letter reversal errors when first learning to read and write, even for letters whose reversed forms do not appear in normal print. However, the brain basis of such letter reversal in children learning to read is unknown. The present study compared the neuroanatomical correlates (via functional magnetic resonance imaging) and the electrophysiological correlates (via event-related potentials or ERPs) of this phenomenon in children, ages 5–12, relative to young adults. When viewing reversed letters relative to typically oriented letters, adults exhibited widespread occipital, parietal, and temporal lobe activations, including activation in the functionally localized visual word form area (VWFA) in left occipito-temporal cortex. Adults exhibited significantly greater activation than children in all of these regions; children only exhibited such activation in a limited frontal region. Similarly, on the P1 and N170 ERP components, adults exhibited significantly greater differences between typical and reversed letters than children, who failed to exhibit significant differences between typical and reversed letters. These findings indicate that adults distinguish typical and reversed letters in the early stages of specialized brain processing of print, but that children do not recognize this distinction during the early stages of processing. Specialized brain processes responsible for early stages of letter perception that distinguish between typical and reversed letters may develop slowly and remain immature even in older children who no longer produce letter reversals in their writing.

Recency Effect of Verbal Summary Knowledge of Results on Motor Performance and Learning

It is necessary to clarify how instructors provide the feedback and how feedback perceived subjectively after motor learners repetitively practice a series of movements. This study was designed to examine the impacts of external and internal information on motor performance and learning. Thirty six participants (21.1 ± 2.3 years) were randomly assigned into one of the summary knowledge of results (SKR) in reverse order, error estimation and summary knowledge of results (EE + SKR) in reverse order, and knowledge of results (KR) 100% groups. Self-paced linear position was used as experimental task. All participants were practiced 84 trials during the acquisition phase, and 10-min immediate retention and 24-hrs delayed retention tests without KR administration. The performance during acquisition phase showed: (1) Groups × blocks interaction were found significant on AE. (2) The change score was found no significant difference. (3) The data from immediate and delayed retention tests showed no significant difference among three groups on AE in immediate retention test, while error estimation in EE + SKR in reverse order group was found significantly higher than that of SKR in reverse order and KR100% groups. Conversely, significant difference was found among three groups on AE and EE in delayed retention tests, and EE + SKR in reverse order was significantly higher EE than that of SKR in reverse order and KR100% groups. These findings suggested that (1) verbal SKR with recency effect was affected by external and internal information on motor performance of movement accuracy, but not in improvement, and (2) verbal SKR with recency effect were facilitated by internal information on motor learning of movement accuracy and error detection, and external information facilitated motor learning of movement accuracy.

Statistical Learning, Letter Reversals, and Reading

Reversal errors play a prominent role in theories of reading disability. We examined reversal errors in the writing of letters by 5- to 6-year-old children. Of the 130 children, 92 had a history of difficulty in producing speech sounds, a risk factor for reading problems. Children were more likely to reverse letter forms that face left, such as <d> and <J>, than forms that face right, such as <b> and <C>. We propose that this asymmetry reflects statistical learning: Children implicitly learn that the right-facing pattern is more typical of Latin letters. The degree of asymmetry that a child showed was not related to the child’s reading skill at Time 2, 2¾ years later. Although children who went on to become poorer readers made more errors in the letter writing task than children who went on to become better readers, they were no more likely to make reversal errors.

Advancing research on cognitive flexibility in eating disorders: The importance of distinguishing attentional set‐shifting and reversal learning

Advancing research on cognitive flexibility in eating disorders: The importance of distinguishing attentional set‐shifting and reversal learning