Reverse Thinking Research Articles

Discrete non-elliptical probability imaging based on UGWs for anisotropic anti-corrosive structure damage detection of rim-driven thruster

Aiming at health monitoring for anisotropic anti-corrosion structure of rim-driven thruster (RDT), a discrete non-elliptical probability imaging (DNEPI) based on ultrasonic guided waves is proposed. The elliptical location without analytical solution for anisotropic structures is analyzed theoretically. Through reverse thinking, it’s avoided by discretization and introducing reference point. Combined with Hausdorff damage sensitivity index (DSI), the damage probability is estimated. All paths’ probability is fused and displayed by images. The proposed DNEPI is verified by experiments. The results show that the damage probability energy ratios (Er) of DNEPI (Hausdorff DSI and scattering DSI) and elliptical probability imaging (EPI) are 0.29%, 0.22%, and 0.26% respectively, and improved to 4.55%, 1.89%, and 1.10% with 95% threshold. Compared with EPI, the Er of DNEPI imaging is improved by 3.45%. The robustness of Hausdorff DSI is better than scattering DSI. The proposed DNEPI not only visually presents the damage but also provides higher accuracy.

From Metasurface to Low-RCS Array Antenna: A Fast and Efficient Route to Design Stealthy Array Antennas

In the conventional routes to obtain stealth array antennas, various techniques are used to reduce the radar cross sections (RCS) of existing antennas based on experience-relying trial-and-error and time-consuming optimizations. To address the issue, we propose a reverse thinking, i.e., low scattering performance precedes radiation performance, and present a universal and definite route to achieve low-RCS array antennas directly from metasurfaces rather than from antennas. A specific design method is carefully elaborated to illustrate this route. Firstly, a low RCS metasurface is designed. Then an interdigital arrangement of the metasurface and proper feeding techniques are exploited to excite parts of the metasurface cells to produce efficient radiations. These partially excited cells play twofold roles as the radiating structures for array antenna and as part of scattering structures for low-RCS property. As examples, one- and two-dimensional metasurface-based array antennas are elaborately designed and fabricated, in which good radiation performance and broadband low RCSs are achieved simultaneously. Both numerical simulations and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. It suggests that the proposed route is more likely to speed up the design process and yield an integration structure and controllable performance.

The introduction of the disconnection approach into polymer synthesis

AbstractThe disconnection approach, a widely utilized method of design synthesis route, has played crucial roles in contemporary organic chemistry for decades. Here, we provide an introduction to the construction of polymer main chains. The implementation of the strategy hinges on determining where to disconnect based on the successful polymerization reaction in order to infer a suitable monomer. By investigating specific covalent bonds and structures in polymers, several specific linkers are highlighted to demonstrate how to design and synthesize polymer main chains using reverse thinking, thus inspiring those in polymer synthesis.

Theory, Method and Practice of Metal Deformation Instability: A Review

Deformation instability is a macroscopic and microscopic phenomenon of non-uniformity and unstable deformation of materials under stress loading conditions, and it is affected by the intrinsic characteristics of materials, the structural geometry of materials, stress state and environmental conditions. Whether deformation instability is positive and constructive or negative and destructive, it objectively affects daily life at all times and the deformation instability based on metal-bearing analysis in engineering design has always been the focus of attention. Currently, the literature on deformation instability in review papers mainly focuses on the theoretical analysis of deformation instability (instability criteria). However, there are a limited number of papers that comprehensively classify and review the subject from the perspectives of material characteristic response, geometric structure response, analysis method and engineering application. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on metal deformation instability, covering its fundamental principles, analytical methods, and engineering practices. The phenomenon and definition of deformation instability, the principle and viewpoint of deformation instability, the theoretical analysis, experimental research and simulation calculation of deformation instability, and the engineering application and prospect of deformation instability are described. This will provide a reference for metal bearing analysis and deformation instability design according to material deformation instability, structural deformation instability and localization conditions of deformation instability, etc. From the perspective of practical engineering applications, regarding the key problems in researching deformation instability, using reverse thinking to deduce and analyze the characteristics of deformation instability is the main trend of future research.

Reversible Thinking Ability in Solving Mathematics Problems

Reversible thinking is the process of thinking by reversing the order of actions. Reversible thinking is an important aspect in helping to improve students' problem-solving ability. This research aims to analyze qualitative studies related to students' reversible thinking ability at elementary, middle, and high school levels in the period 2002 - 2022. The research method uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that collects primary data that has been published in Sinta and Scopus indexed journals. Data extraction was adjusted to the selection criteria so that 19 articles were collected. Data analysis used a qualitative approach. Data grouping was done based on publication year, education level, demographics, journal indexer, material analyzed, and research results. The results shows that research related to reversible thinking ability became a trend in research in 2015-2022 with the topic of algebra. The studies related to this reversible thinking process are mostly conducted in the Java region at the elementary school level. However, this reversible thinking ability at all levels of education is still low. Based on the three aspects of reversible thinking, working backwards is the most difficult aspect for students to do. One of the reasons is because students do not understand the concept thoroughly. This is a concern for researchers and educators to conduct research related to students' reversible thinking ability, especially outside the region with topics that are still rarely studied.

Measures for developing students' reversible thinking competence in teaching functions and graphs in high schools

The reversible thinking is the way of thinking in two opposite directions, which then support each other to help people perceive and solve problems flexibly and effectively. In this article, we mention manifestations of students' reversible thinking competence in teaching functions and graphs and propose measures to foster this ability in order to contribute to improving the quality of teaching mathematics at high schools.

Validation of a Scale to Assess the Reversibility of Thought in Verbal Arithmetic Problems

Background : Reversibility is a key concept for the understanding and development of mathematical thinking. There is an agreement regarding problem-solving as a fundamental part of mathematical competence, and some authors regard reversible thinking as a requirement for it. Objectives : We want to validate an instrument that assesses the reversibility of thought when solving verbal arithmetic problems (word problems) involving various operations, semantic-mathematical structures and proximity of situational information. Design : A qualitative study was carried out from the data obtained by experts, and a quantitative study was carried out to determine the validity and reliability of the instrument. Setting and Participants : 318 students from different Spanish schools attending primary education (6 to 12 years) participated. Data collection and analysis: Participants performed 180 mathematical tasks distributed over three theoretical scales, two operations, and four semantic configurations. Results: To determine the consistency of the data, a reliability analysis was performed globally and on each of the scales, all values being greater than 0.90. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in three factors that explained more than 70%. To analyse the validity of the instrument, confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and its indices showed an adjustment of the models. Conclusions : We consider that the designed instrument is sufficiently robust to assess the reversibility of the basic addition and subtraction operations and, in addition, to analyse the discrimination of word problems according to the semantic-mathematical structure and their situational context.

Reverse Thinking: The Logical System Research Method of Urban Thermal Safety Pattern Construction, Evaluation, and Optimization

The acceleration of urbanization has significantly impacted the changing regional thermal environment, leading to a series of ecological and environment-related problems. A scientific evaluation of the urban thermal security pattern (TSPurban) strongly benefits the planning and layout of sustainable development and the construction of comfortable human settlements. To analyze the characteristics of the TSPurban under cross-regional differences and provide targeted solutions to mitigate the urban heat island effect in later stages, the logical system research framework of the TSPurban based on the “construction–evaluation–optimization” model was explored using reverse thinking. This study selected the Wuhan metropolitan area in China as the research object. First, a morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) model was used to extract the top 30 core heat island patches, and Conefor 2.6 software was used for connection analysis to evaluate their importance. Second, based on the characteristics of various land cover types, the friction (cost) map of surface urban heat island (SUHI) diffusion was simulated. The spatial attributes of the heat island resistance surface were examined using a standard deviation ellipse and hot spot analysis. Finally, this paper used circuit theory to find 56 low-cost heat island links (corridors) and circuit scape software to find widely distributed vital nodes. The optimization of the TSPurban network was then investigated using a reverse thinking process. Heat island patches, corridors, and vital nodes are among the crucial components of the TSPurban. By obstructing corridor links and disturbing important nodes, it is possible to appropriately and proficiently reduce the TSPurban network’s connection efficiency and stability, which will have a positive influence on regional climate mitigation and the heat island effect.

Reverse Thinking for Forward Learning: The Online Reverse Video Challenge as a Conceptual Alternative to Simulated Work-integrated Learning

The novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-10) which was declared a pandemic in March 2020 has disrupted learning programmes that rely extensively on work-integrated learning (WIL). This article reflects on the use of the 2016 online reverse video challenge as a remote learning alternative to WIL in the technical theatre stream of the Diploma in Performing Arts at the Tshwane University of Technology (TUT). A reversed intention practice-based assessment (or reverse video assessment) project was designed for the students to approximate the skills required for theatre technicians. This article is a conceptual exploration of the reverse video assessment design that involved exploring trends in reverse footage on online platforms and the professional practice of renowned South African artist and theatre maker, William Kentridge. The needs of contemporary South African students to be “tech-savvy” while faced with limited resources, was aligned with the requirements of the embedded simulated WIL curriculum. The reverse video assessment adopted a design research approach through the lens of play theory to conceptualise the edutainment approach to learning to relieve student anxiety during the pandemic. The assessment focused on three stages of development, namely, abstract thinking, three-dimensional object manipulation, and sequential organisation, which collectively result in a pragmatic creative process. The article will contribute to the remote learning body of knowledge which has come under greater focus during the pandemic. The ongoing pandemic necessitates a remote learning alternative to WIL to ensure continued learning without risking the health of students. The flexible nature of the reverse video assessment allows for the application thereof to different fields and levels of study

Enhanced strength and ductility by a core-shell-like distributed Laves phase in Cr15Ti25Zr25Hf25Sc10 high-entropy alloy

A Cr15Ti25Zr25Hf25Sc10 high-entropy alloy with superior strength and ductility was designed based on the Hashin-Shtrikman theorem. The alloy comprises dual-hexagonal closed-packed (HCP) phase cores embedded in much harder Laves phase shells, which improves the strength and ductility synchronously compared with a conventional structure with a finely dispersed strengthening phase. The formation and distribution of the Laves phases are controlled by Cr segregation to develop the core-shell structure. The interactions between dislocations, nanoprecipitates, dislocation tangles, and gradient laves-phase cell structures provide high compression plasticity and strength-ductility synergy. This work proves that the reverse thinking of adding hard phases to HCP structural materials can be used to obtain ideal material properties by adjusting the structural gradient.

MES: A Helping Elderly Escort Interactive System Based on Reverse Active Integration of Multimodal Intentions

Lacking human-computer collaborative capability is one of the key problems commonly faced by the existing escort robots. To this end, a helping elderly escort interactive system based on reverse active integration of multimodal intentions (MES) is proposed in this paper in response to the elderly’s decline in language expression ability, memory, and other abilities. This system can understand the intention of the elderly based on scene perception and three-modal information: speech, gesture, and posture. In detail, the system can extract the interactive intention from the nondeterministic multimodal data input by the elderly and evaluate the trust degree of the extracted intention. The evaluation of intention trust degree is such a process that the system autonomously judges the feasibility of the elderly’s intention and corrects the wrong intention expressed by the elderly due to memory decline by reverse thinking of “find reasons based on the results”; when the intention cannot be extracted, the system will take the initiative to ask the elderly for enhanced information conducive to the intention extraction, so as to quickly and correctly extract the interactive intention of the elderly. This design aims at improving the quality of elderly care, making the interaction between the elderly and the robot more natural, improving the accuracy in intention extraction from fuzzy expression, as well as breaking the traditional “master-slave” human-computer interaction and improving the harmony of human-computer interaction. Further, the implementation principle of the system is detailed, and the system is evaluated in this paper. The evaluation experiment was conducted by a robot Pepper embedded with the system. Through experiments, it is verified that Pepper can quickly and accurately get the real intention of the elderly in the interaction with the elderly. In a challenging environment (such as the unclear expression of the elderly), it can still correctly extract the real intention of the elderly with an accuracy of 97% and can effectively avoid the wrong intention expressed by the elderly. This puts forward a valuable research path for the challenge in human-computer collaborative interaction.

CONFLICT EQUILIBRIUM PREFERENCE RANKING OF MULTIPLE DECISION MAKERS BASED ON CONFLICT RESOLUTION GRAPH MODEL AND EMOTION REGULATION

BackgroundConflicts are inherent to all groups and organizations, and most conflicts are resolved through mediation or negotiation. In conflict negotiation, predicting the preference information of opponents is of great significance to solve conflict problems and reduce negotiation costs. The key condition is that one obtains the preferences of other decision makers from cognitive psychology in order to take the initiative in conflict negotiation with multiple decision makers (DMS). In other words, the most important thing in conflict is to identify the intentions and preferences of other discourse markers from the perspective of psychological cognition. Mastering the preference ranking of opponents may lead to some results of conflict, which can help decision makers calmly face the tension in the process of conflict and predict the next strategy more accurately. For decision makers, how to adjust their emotions in the negotiation is particularly important.Research objects and methodsUnder the framework of conflict resolution graph model (GMCR) of cognitive psychology, a method to obtain DM preference in multiple DM conflicts is constructed. Through reverse thinking, this method establishes three mathematical models: Nash, generalized sub rationality and sequence stability. These mathematical models can be used to obtain the minimum constraints of DM with unknown preferences. Achieving balance in conflict requires minimal constraints. This method allows other decision makers to obtain the preference ranking of their opponents on the premise that the conflict results are known. In turn, these preference rankings can balance known results. This study also used the questionnaire method to investigate the emotional micro behavior of each group in the negotiation process. This scale is used to measure the relationship between three independent variables: self accommodation, accommodation of others and the feeling of the degree to which others accommodate themselves. It includes 20 statements, with responses ranging from “almost always” (score 1) to “almost none” (score 5), with a total score between 20 (lowest accommodation) and 100 (highest accommodation).ResultsThe method was applied to the conflict analysis of water pollution in Lanzhou. There are three reasons for this conflict: Lanzhou Veolia Water Company, Sinopec Lanzhou branch and the local government. Firstly, the GMCR model of the above conflict is established. Then, the preferences of Lanzhou Veolia Water Company and Sinopec Lanzhou branch are analyzed. Finally, using the above mathematical model, they can obtain the preference ranking of their opponents - local governments, which makes them invincible in conflict negotiations. In addition, the theoretical results are consistent with the actual conflict situation. At the same time, the feasibility and effectiveness of this method are verified. The results showed that the scores of the four dimensions of emotion regulation in the first two groups were less than 2 points, and the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). After 8 weeks of emotion regulation intervention, the average scores of initiative, negotiation psychological mastery, tension evaluation and conflict attitude in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01).ConclusionThe main contribution of this paper is to establish a mathematical model, which can be used to obtain the preference ranking of DM for ideal equilibrium. When obtaining the preference ranking of the main decision-makers, the mediator can guide the strategy choice of each decision-maker in the conflict and control the final result of the conflict. The results of this study provide a new and valuable perspective for conflict negotiation of multi discourse markers from the perspective of psychological cognition. This work can be extended to relative preferences or partially known preferences, because some DM preference information may be partially obtained. To sum up, through the comparative study of decision-makers' emotional behavior, this study found that emotional regulation can improve decision-makers' emotions in the negotiation process, not only solve conflicts more calmly, but also enable decision-makers to face difficulties and setbacks rationally, which is worthy of promotion.AcknowledgementsSupported by projects grant from Jiangsu Normal University (Grant No.19XSRX001), Philosophy and Social Science Research in Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province (Grant No.2019SJA0922), and Humanities and Social Sciences Fund Planning Project of the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 18YJA630128).

Innovation Strategy of Visual Thinking Mode in Visual Communication Design

The purpose of this paper is to explore the innovative strategy of visual thinking mode in visual communication design, so as to meet the aesthetic needs of modern people and improve the innovative quality of visual thinking mode in visual communication design. Taking literature research as the theoretical basis, through the analysis of this paper, we can see that we should start from several aspects such as cultivating designers' divergent thinking, cultivating designers' reverse thinking, cultivating designers' associative thinking, and designers' establishing advanced design concepts. This helps to increase the level of innovation of visual communication designers.

Regulation of Hydroxyl Radicals Generated by Fe−N−C in Heterogeneous Electro‐Fenton Reaction for Degradation of Organic Pollutants

AbstractMetal‐nitrogen‐carbon (M−N−C) materials display high catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) but poor durability which is considered to be related to the hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) generated in‐situ. With reverse thinking, we try to increase the ⋅OH for the degradation of organic pollutants. In this study, the Fe−N−C catalyst was prepared by pyrolyzing the composite of tannin‐Fe film modified carboxylic CNT (TA−Fe‐CNT) and ZIF‐8. The ⋅OH generated during the ORR process was regulated by catalyst composition, applied potential, catalyst loading and pH. Under the optimum conditions, the Fe−N−C‐200 could degrade 86 % of methylene blue (MB) and reach a TOC removal rate of 21.2 % after 5 h through the heterogeneous electro‐Fenton (HEF) system. Overall, this study not only finds new application for M−N−C materials but also provides some useful information for improving their durability in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) from the opposite perspective.

Flight Test of Autonomous Formation Management for Multiple Fixed-Wing UAVs Based on Missile Parallel Method

This paper reports on the formation and transformation of multiple fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in three-dimensional space. A cooperative guidance law based on the classic missile-type parallel-approach method is designed for the multi-UAV formation control problem. Additionally, formation transformation strategies for multi-UAV autonomous assembly, disbandment, and special circumstances are formed, effective for managing and controlling the formation. When formulating the management strategy for formation establishment, its process is divided into three steps: (i) selecting and allocating target points, (ii) forming loose formations, and (iii) forming short-range formations. The management of disbanding the formation is formulated through reverse thinking: the assembly process is split and recombined in reverse, and a formation disbanding strategy that can achieve a smooth transition from close to lose formation is proposed. Additionally, a strategy is given for adjusting the formation transformation in special cases, and the formation adjustment is completed using the adjacency matrix. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation and measured flight verification using a simulator show the practicality of the guidance law in meeting the control requirements of UAV formation flight for specific flight tasks.

Reversible Thinking of Fifth Graders: Focus on Linier Equations

Reversible thinking is the mental ability to return the way of thinking to the original point. This study explores the reversible thinking of fifth graders on linear equations. This descriptive-exploratory research was conducted on 96 fifth-grade elementary school students. Data collection is done by providing reversible thinking and interviews. The technique used for data analysis is qualitative and quantitative description analysis. The assignment contains a linear equation (called the initial equation). Students are asked to make an equation equivalent to the initial equation. All equations that students successfully created were then analyzed and classified based on the strategies used. Next, one student with the most diverse approach was selected to be explored more deeply in reversible thinking. The results of the study, there are ten categories of students' reversible thinking strategies, among others, first, moving the elements of the initial equation builder. Second, determine the unknown factors. Third, operate both sides of the initial equation with the same number. Fourth, operate both as equations of equivalent expressions. Fifth, change the known building elements in the created equation. Sixth refers to the value of the unknown component then converts that value into a presentation. Seventh, transforming the building elements that are known in the initial equation. Eighth refers to the value of the initial equation variable. Ninth, using the definition of subtraction. Tenth, using the commutative property of the operation of the number.

A rare case of bilateral medial femoral condylar cyst in OA knee managed with cruciate retaining TKA

Introduction: We report an osteoarthritic patient with huge sub-chondral cyst-like lesions in the medial femoral condyle of distal femur. This large bone defects due to advanced osteoarthritis was successfully treated with Cruciate retaining implant in total knee replacement. Case Report: A 60yrs old obese Female presented in our institution diagnosed with bilateral tricompartmental Osteoarthritis. The x-rays showed bone on bone Tricompartment OA Knee with Varus Malalignment. The left knee was operated first. After exposure, Distal Femoral Cuts where taken wherein a huge bony defect of about 2cm*1 cm was found in medial femoral condyle, but as lateral border of medial femoral condyle was intact the contained defect was managed with bone grafting and Hebert’s screw and a Cruciate retaining implant was done in femur. The right knee was the mirror image of left and managed similarly with bone grafting and Hebert’s screw and implanted a CR femur. Conclusion: Any cystic /defect management in knee replacement traditionally always require extra armamentariumin form of augments, rods, wedges, but sometimes reverse thinking can also work if we understand the intraoperative scenario objectively and CR femur, the least constraint implant also, if used judiciously can bail us out from such a difficult situation. Usually one should keep rods, augments, wedges and constrain implants ready for difficult cases. Read your x ray carefully, if suspected a Preoperative MRI /CT scan should be done to exclude any sub-chondral cysts osteochondral defects and good planning of the cases, which will avoid any surprise during surgery. No benefits or funds were received in the support of this study. The authors reports no conflict of interest.

Introduction and Cultivation of Reverse Thinking in English Translation Education for College students

Introduction and Cultivation of Reverse Thinking in English Translation Education for College students

Research on the application of reverse thinking in industrial design

Reverse thinking is a dialectical way of thinking, breaking through the inertia of positive thinking and allowing thinking to develop in the direction of opposites. The profession of industrial design requires designers to have a strong sense of fashion, grasp the current design direction, and understand the aesthetic style of consumers, so they also need to have a keen insight and foresight and active design thinking. In this paper, we explore the application of reverse thinking in industrial design and its significance in industrial design by exploring the concept of reverse thinking, characterization, classification and case study.

Reverse thinking: taking a healthy diet perspective towards food systems transformations

Food systems that deliver healthy diets without exceeding the planet’s resources are essential to achieve the worlds’ ambitious development goals. Healthy diets need to be safe, accessible, and affordable for all, including for disadvantaged and nutritionally vulnerable groups such as of smallholder producers, traders, and consumers in low- and middle-income countries. Globally, food systems are experiencing rapid and drastic changes and are failing to fulfil these multiple duties simultaneously. The international community therefore calls for rigorous food systems transformations and policy solutions to support the achievement of healthy diets for all. Most strategies, however, are essentially supply- and market-oriented. Incorporation of a healthy diet perspective in food system transformation is essential to enable food systems to deliver not only on supplying nutritious foods but also on ensuring that consumers have access can afford and desire healthy, sustainable, and culturally acceptable diets. This paper argues that this should be guided by information on diets, dietary trends, consumer motives, and food environment characteristics. Transformational approaches and policies should also take into account the stage of food system development requiring different strategies to ensure healthier diets for consumers. We review current knowledge on drivers of consumer choices at the individual and food environment level with special emphasis on low- and middle income countries, discuss the converging and conflicting objectives that exist among multiple food-system actors, and argue that failure to strengthen synergies and resolve trade-offs may lead to missed opportunities and benefits, or negative unintended consequences in food system outcomes. The paper proposes a menu of promising consumer- and food-environment- oriented policy options to include in the food systems transformation agenda in order to shift LMIC consumer demand towards healthier diets in low- and middle income countries.