Reverse Engineering Software Research Articles

Friction characteristics of sliding guideway material considering original surface functional parameters under hydrodynamic lubrication

The most common failure modes for guideway are wear and contact fatigue, which are significantly influenced by the friction properties of the contact surfaces. In this paper, three-dimensional surface parameters of surface roughness are investigated to evaluate guideway surface. First, an effective three-dimensional surface model is achieved using wavelet transform method and a reverse engineering software (Geomagic Studio). Secondly, effects of the functional surface parameters on friction force, mean pressure, and friction coefficient are studied using the computational fluid dynamics simulation method, and a regression model to predict friction force is achieved. Thirdly, the optimal surface parameters combinations are analyzed looking at friction property index, and the simulation results are compared. Finally, a verification test is conducted to detect the validity of the simulation research. The results show a good agreement between the experimental results and simulations. This study provides theoretical guidance for the manufacture of guideway.

Trueness and Precision of Four Intraoral Scanners in Oral Implantology: A Comparative in Vitro Study.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to compare the trueness and precision of four intraoral scanners used in oral implantology.MethodsTwo stone models were prepared, representing a partially and a totally edentulous maxilla, with three and six implant analogues, respectively, and polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) cylinders screwed on. The models were digitized with an industrial scanner (IScan D104I®) used as a reference, and with four intraoral scanners (Trios®; CS 3500®; Zfx Intrascan®; Planscan®). Five scans were taken for each model, using each different intraoral scanner. All datasets were loaded into reverse-engineering software (Geomagics 2012®), where intraoral scans were superimposed on the reference model, to evaluate general trueness, and superimposed on each other within groups, to evaluate general precision. General trueness and precision of any scanner were compared by model type, through an ANOVA model including scanner, model and their interaction. Finally, the distance and angles between simulated implants were measured in each group, and compared to those of the reference model, to evaluate local trueness.ResultsIn the partially edentulous maxilla, CS 3500® had the best general trueness (47.8 μm) and precision (40.8 μm), followed by Trios® (trueness 71.2 μm, precision 51.0 μm), Zfx Intrascan® (trueness 117.0 μm, precision 126.2 μm), and Planscan® (trueness 233.4 μm, precision 219.8 μm). With regard to general trueness, Trios® was significantly better than Planscan®, CS 3500® was significantly better than Zfx Intrascan® and Planscan®, and Zfx Intrascan® was significantly better than Planscan®; with regard to general precision, Trios® was significantly better than Zfx Intrascan® and Planscan®, CS 3500® was significantly better than Zfx Intrascan® and Planscan®, and Zfx Intrascan® was significantly better than Planscan®. In the totally edentulous maxilla, CS 3500® had the best performance in terms of general trueness (63.2 μm) and precision (55.2 μm), followed by Trios® (trueness 71.6 μm, precision 67.0 μm), Zfx Intrascan® (trueness 103.0 μm, precision 112.4 μm), and Planscan® (trueness 253.4 μm, precision 204.2 μm). With regard to general trueness, Trios® was significantly better than Planscan®, CS 3500® was significantly better than Zfx Intrascan® and Planscan®, and Zfx Intrascan® was significantly better than Planscan®; with regard to general precision, Trios® was significantly better than Zfx Intrascan® and Planscan®, CS 3500® was significantly better than Zfx Intrascan® and Planscan®, and Zfx Intrascan® was significantly better than Planscan®. Local trueness values confirmed these results.ConclusionsAlthough no differences in trueness and precision were found between partially and totally edentulous models, statistically significant differences were found between the different scanners. Further studies are required to confirm these results.

Personalized Ring Design and Rapid Manufacturing Based on Reverse Engineering and 3D Printing

Ring as a souvenir and decorations for common people. Due to the design of the market a lot of repetition, people often wish have a unique custom ring , which often have personal logo. This paper Introduces a method of through the fingers to do a CT scan, reverse engineering software and 3 d printing to manufacture custom unique ring for people, This method has high practical value.

Customized procedure to display T-Scan occlusal contacts

The virtual technique described in this article integrates reverse engineering and mandibular dynamics into dental computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) systems. This technique aims to provide more objective information to the dental technician for the diagnosis, planning, and treatment phases. In order to carry out this protocol, the following devices, currently available in many practices, are necessary: an intraoral scanner, a T-Scan system, and some specific open reverse engineering software. By means of a virtual procedure, the T-Scan system detects the occlusal contacts, and the occlusal surfaces are obtained using an intraoral scanner. Once the alignment between the 3-dimensional occlusal surface and the T-Scan registration is carried out, the resulting contacts are projected onto the patient’s occlusal surfaces; in this way, occlusal forces are obtained over time. The results obtained with this procedure demonstrate the feasibility of integrating different tools and software and the full integration of this procedure into a dental digital workflow.

Study on the degradation of mechanical properties of corroded steel plates based on surface topography

Degradation laws of mechanical properties of corroded steel plates were studied by experimental method and numerical simulation method based on surface topography in this paper. First, Q235 steel plate was subject to accelerated corrosion with artificial salt spray, and the characteristics of the surface of corroded steel plate were measured by three-dimensional morphology observation instrument to obtain the values related to corrosion damage parameters, and the relationship between the surface characteristic parameters and the corrosion rate was established. Then the stress-strain curves and mechanical properties of the corroded steel plates were obtained by monotonic tensile test. Finally, the mechanical properties of steel plates with real corroded surfaces were studied by numerical simulation method with reverse engineering software Geomagic Studio and finite element software ANSYS, and the stress concentration phenomenon caused by corrosion pit was discussed. The results showed that: (a) the corrosion rate is within 15%, the stress-strain curves have obvious yield plateaus; (b) and with the increase of corrosion rate, yield plateaus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and fracture strength of corroded steel plates does not decrease much, but ductility significantly decreases; (c) when the corrosion rate is over 15%, all the mechanical property index significantly decreases; (d) the constitutive model was established, and the law of the variations of the parameters of the model was summarized; (e) the numerical simulation method is feasible compared with the experimental results.

Study of optimum parameters for Chinese female underwire bra size system by 3D virtual anthropometric measurement

The aim of this paper is to explore the optimum parameters for Chinese female underwire bra size system. Raw data was collected for 275 subjects using a 3D scanner, and 108 measurement values were extracted by reverse engineering software Polyworks. Analysis of data was conducted by integrating the entropy weight method and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods. It was determined that the value of breast breadth (straight distance from inner most point to outer most point on the breast) should be added to the pivotal parameters and compared to previous research to classify the breast shape and to create a totally new size system for the underwire bra. This information can provide the value width for the pattern maker and help in choosing the right sized & shaped wire for the underwire bra. When compared to former research, more breast shapes were defined than when only the depth width ratio and under-bust girth were used as parameters.

Digital modeling for the individual mandibular 3D mesh scaffold based on 3D printing technology

To investigate an ideal modeling method of designing 3D mesh scaffold substitutes based on tissue engineering to restore mandibular bone defects. By analyzing the theoretical model from titanium scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methodology were verified. Based on the CT scanned data of a subject, the Mimics 15.0 and Geomagic studio 12.0 reverse engineering software were adopted to generate surface model of mandibular bone and the defect area was separated from the 3D model of bone. Then prosthesis was designed via mirror algorithm, in which outer shape was used as the external shape of scaffold. Unigraphics software NX 8.5 was applied on Boolean calculation of subtraction between prosthesis and regular microstructure structure and ANSYS 14.0 software was used to design the inner construction of 3D mesh scaffolds. The topological structure and the geometrical parameters of 3D mesh titanium scaffolds were adjusted according to the aim of optimized structure and maximal strength with minimal weight. The 3D mesh scaffolds solid model through two kinds of computer-aided methods was input into 3D printing equipment to fabricate titanium scaffolds. Individual scaffolds were designed successfully by two modeling methods. The finite element optimization made 10% decrease of the stress peak and volume decrease of 43%, and the porosity increased to 76.32%. This modeling method was validated by 3D printing titanium scaffold to be feasible and effective. 3D printing technology combined with finite element topology optimization to obtain the ideal mandibular 3D mesh scaffold is feasible and effective.

Reproducibility of the lip position at rest: A 3-dimensional perspective.

In this study, we evaluated the reproducibility of the lip position at rest in 3 dimensions using reverse engineering software and stereophotogrammetric images. We used 3dMD Flex (3dMD, Atlanta, Ga) to obtain 60 stereophotogrammetric images from the same participant. Thirty images were obtained in 3 sessions on the same day, and the procedure was repeated 6weeks later for 30 more images. The surface-base registration, the segmentation of the upper and lower lips, and the 3-dimensional deviation analysis were performed with Geomagic Control (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC) software. The Shapiro-Wilk test, paired sample t test, Bland-Altman plots, and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for statistical analysis at a significance level of P<0.05. The deviations of the upper lip on the first images were between 0.16 and 1.39mm. The mean total deviation was 0.25±0.12mm. The mean deviation of the lower lip was 0.34±0.17mm. The deviations were observed between -1.96 and 1.97mm. When the mean positive (P=0.633 and P=0.171, respectively) and the mean negative (P=0.771 and P=0.842, respectively) deviations of the upper and lower lips were analyzed, there was no significant difference between the 2 time points. The results suggest that the rest position can be reproduced within a small range both on the same day and between the sessions. More research with larger samples is needed to confirm these results.

Development of a percentile based three-dimensional model of the buttocks in computer system

There are diverse products related to human buttocks, which need to be designed, manufactured and evaluated with 3D buttock model. The 3D buttock model used in present research field is just simple approximate model similar to human buttocks. The 3D buttock percentile model is highly desired in the ergonomics design and evaluation for these products. So far, there is no research on the percentile sizing system of human 3D buttock model. So the purpose of this paper is to develop a new method for building three-dimensional buttock percentile model in computer system. After scanning the 3D shape of buttocks, the cloud data of 3D points is imported into the reverse engineering software (Geomagic) for the reconstructing of the buttock surface model. Five characteristic dimensions of the buttock are measured through mark-points after models being imported into engineering software CATIA. A series of space points are obtained by the intersecting of the cutting slices and 3D buttock surface model, and then are ordered based on the sequence number of the horizontal and vertical slices. The 1st, 5th, 50th, 95th, 99th percentile values of the five dimensions and the spatial coordinate values of the space points are obtained, and used to reconstruct percentile buttock models. This research proposes a establishing method of percentile sizing system of buttock 3D model based on the percentile values of the ischial tuberosities diameter, the distances from margin to ischial tuberosity and the space coordinates value of coordinate points, for establishing the Nth percentile 3D buttock model and every special buttock types model. The proposed method also serves as a useful guidance for the other 3D percentile models establishment for other part in human body with characteristic points.

A novel computed method to reconstruct the bilateral digital interarticular channel of atlas and its use on the anterior upper cervical screw fixation.

Purpose. To investigate a novel computed method to reconstruct the bilateral digital interarticular channel of atlas and its potential use on the anterior upper cervical screw fixation.Methods. We have used the reverse engineering software (image-processing software and computer-aided design software) to create the approximate and optimal digital interarticular channel of atlas for 60 participants. Angles of channels, diameters of inscribed circles, long and short axes of ellipses were measured and recorded, and gender-specific analysis was also performed.Results. The channels provided sufficient space for one or two screws, and the parameters of channels are described. While the channels of females were smaller than that of males, no significant difference of angles between males and females were observed.Conclusion. Our study demonstrates the radiological features of approximate digital interarticular channels, optimal digital interarticular channels of atlas, and provides the reference trajectory of anterior transarticular screws and anterior occiput-to-axis screws. Additionally, we provide a protocol that can help make a pre-operative plan for accurate placement of anterior transarticular screws and anterior occiput-to-axis screws.

Application of FDM three-dimensional printing technology in the digital manufacture of custom edentulous mandible trays.

The objective was to establish and evaluate a method for manufacture of custom trays for edentulous jaws using computer aided design and fused deposition modeling (FDM) technologies. A digital method for design the custom trays for edentulous jaws was established. The tissue surface data of ten standard mandibular edentulous plaster models, which was used to design the digital custom tray in a reverse engineering software, were obtained using a 3D scanner. The designed tray was printed by a 3D FDM printing device. Another ten hand-made custom trays were produced as control. The 3-dimentional surface data of models and custom trays was scanned to evaluate the accuracy of reserved impression space, while the difference between digitally made trays and hand-made trays were analyzed. The digitally made custom trays achieved a good matching with the mandibular model, showing higher accuracy than the hand-made ones. There was no significant difference of the reserved space between different models and its matched digitally made trays. With 3D scanning, CAD and FDM technology, an efficient method of custom tray production was established, which achieved a high reproducibility and accuracy.

Soft Tissue Stability around Single Implants Inserted to Replace Maxillary Lateral Incisors: A 3D Evaluation

Purpose. To evaluate the soft tissue stability around single implants inserted to replace maxillary lateral incisors, using an innovative 3D method. Methods. We have used reverse-engineering software for the superimposition of 3D surface models of the dentogingival structures, obtained from intraoral scans of the same patients taken at the delivery of the final crown (S1) and 2 years later (S2). The assessment of soft tissues changes was performed via calculation of the Euclidean surface distances between the 3D models, after the superimposition of S2 on S1; colour maps were used for quantification of changes. Results. Twenty patients (8 males, 12 females) were selected, 10 with a failing/nonrestorable lateral incisor (test group: immediate placement in postextraction socket) and 10 with a missing lateral incisor (control group: conventional placement in healed ridge). Each patient received one immediately loaded implant (Anyridge®, Megagen, Gyeongbuk, South Korea). The superimposition of the 3D surface models taken at different times (S2 over S1) revealed a mean (±SD) reduction of 0.057 mm (±0.025) and 0.037 mm (±0.020) for test and control patients, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.069). Conclusions. The superimposition of the 3D surface models revealed an excellent peri-implant soft tissue stability in both groups of patients, with minimal changes registered along time.

New Design for Rapid Prototyping of Digital Master Casts for Multiple Dental Implant Restorations.

AimThis study proposes the replacement of all the physical devices used in the manufacturing of conventional prostheses through the use of digital tools, such as 3D scanners, CAD design software, 3D implants files, rapid prototyping machines or reverse engineering software, in order to develop laboratory work models from which to finish coatings for dental prostheses. Different types of dental prosthetic structures are used, which were adjusted by a non-rotatory threaded fixing system.MethodFrom a digital process, the relative positions of dental implants, soft tissue and adjacent teeth of edentulous or partially edentulous patients has been captured, and a maser working model which accurately replicates data relating to the patients oral cavity has been through treatment of three-dimensional digital data.ResultsCompared with the conventional master cast, the results show a significant cost savings in attachments, as well as an increase in the quality of reproduction and accuracy of the master cast, with the consequent reduction in the number of patient consultation visits. The combination of software and hardware three-dimensional tools allows the optimization of the planning of dental implant-supported rehabilitations protocol, improving the predictability of clinical treatments and the production cost savings of master casts for restorations upon implants.

CAD Model Created from Polygon Mesh

The paper deals with a description of the creation of CAD model (file format .IGES) based on polygon mesh (file format .STL) obtained by 3D scanning. On the basis of the imported polygon mesh into Reverse Engineering software, it is possible to create surface (or solid) CAD model. For CAD model created from a polygon mesh, a model of screw propeller was chosen. The paper also presents a color deviation map acquired by comparison between a polygon mesh and a CAD model. The 3D digitizing was performed by 3D scanner GOM ATOS II SO TripleScan; GOM ATOS Professional v7.5 SR2 software was used for processing of the scanned data and Delcam PowerSHAPE 2015 CAD software was used for reverse modeling.

Measurement and Characterization of the Initial Geometric Imperfections in High Strength U-ing, O-ing and Expanding Manufactured Steel Pipes

The geometric imperfections in high strength U-ing, O-ing and expanding (UOE) manufactured pipes are investigated in this paper using a high-resolution 3D surface scanner, and a reverse engineering and inspection software. The geometric analyses show that the initial imperfection patterns in the UOE manufactured pipes are not at all random, although the magnitudes of imperfections may vary across specimens. These patterns of outside radii and pipe wall thickness imperfections consistently appear along the length of the specimens regardless of their D/t ratios and manufacturer. The sources of these imperfections can potentially be traced back to the UOE manufacturing process.

Development and evaluation of a digital dental modeling method based on grating projection and reverse engineering software

Statement of problemFor reasons of convenience and economy, attempts have been made to transform traditional dental gypsum casts into 3-dimensional (3D) digital casts. Different scanning devices have been developed to generate digital casts; however, each has its own limitations and disadvantages. PurposeThe purpose of this study was to develop an advanced method for the 3D reproduction of dental casts by using a high-speed grating projection system and noncontact reverse engineering (RE) software and to evaluate the accuracy of the method. Material and methodsThe methods consisted of 3 main steps: the scanning and acquisition of 3D dental cast data with a high-resolution grating projection system, the reconstruction and measurement of digital casts with RE software, and the evaluation of the accuracy of this method using 20 dental gypsum casts. The common anatomic landmarks were measured directly on the gypsum casts with a Vernier caliper and on the 3D digital casts with the Geomagic software measurement tool. Data were statistically assessed with the t test. ResultsThe grating projection system had a rapid scanning speed, and smooth 3D dental casts were obtained. The mean differences between the gypsum and 3D measurements were approximately 0.05 mm, and no statistically significant differences were found between the 2 methods (P>.05), except for the measurements of the incisor tooth width and maxillary arch length. ConclusionsA method for the 3D reconstruction of dental casts was developed by using a grating projection system and RE software. The accuracy of the casts generated using the grating projection system was comparable with that of the gypsum casts.

Comparison of a conventional and virtual occlusal record

Statement of problemConventional methods associated with many processes in dentistry are being replaced by methods that use digital technology. One of these processes is the making of occlusal records for the positioning of casts in a virtual articulator. Conventional interocclusal records and the articulator are being replaced by the virtual occlusal record and the virtual articulator. PurposeThe purpose of this study was to validate a virtual procedure to locate the mandibular cast in a 3-dimensional (3D) spatial position and to verify the occlusal contact points in reference to the corresponding maxillary cast on a virtual articulator. Material and methodsThe conventional procedure was carried out by locating 6 sets of casts in maximal intercuspal position without any interocclusal record. Then, the occlusal contacts were determined with articulating paper. Subsequently, the occlusal relationships and stone cast were digitized with a 3D scanner. The occlusal contacts were compared with photographs and by superimposing these on screenshots of the software. Finally, the deviation of discrete points on the mandibular cast was calculated, and all the points of the occlusal surface were compared point by point. ResultsThis study analyzed the main variables of the virtual occlusal record by using 3 current reverse engineering software packages. The results show a mean deviation of 0.069 mm from the virtual occlusion procedure and a mean standard deviation of 0.011 mm from all the points of the occlusal surface. ConclusionsThe main conclusion of this study was that the accuracy provided by a virtual occlusion procedure is greater than that of the traditional physical interocclusal record. Additionally, knowing the deviation of each alignment (best-fit operation or algorithm) is useful.

The Effect of Hinge Position on Posterior Tibial Slope in Medial Open-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy

To evaluate whether hinge position affects the change in posterior tibial slope in medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO). We retrospectively evaluated 19 knees from 17 patients who underwent medial open-wedge HTO by 3-dimensional computed tomography scan before and after surgery. A 3-dimensional image model was constructed by applying reverse-engineering software to the computed tomography DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) files. The hinge axis (i.e., the position of the hinge compared with the anteroposterior axis on an axial view), posterior tibial slope, medial-proximal tibial angle, and gap ratio (i.e., the ratio of anterior gap to posterior gap in the opened wedge) were measured. The mean hinge axis was 4.92° ± 3.86°. Posterior tibial slope increased from 7.29° ± 2.56° preoperatively to 10.48° ± 3.01° postoperatively (P= .001). The mean medial-proximal tibial angle was 85.96° ± 1.97° preoperatively and 93.13° ± 3.17° postoperatively (P= .001). The mean gap ratio was 62.48% ± 7.26%. Linear regression analysis determined that the hinge axis (P= .0001) was a significant factor changing posterior tibial slope. Hinge position affected the change in posterior tibial slope in medial open-wedge HTO; in particular, a posterolateral hinge position led to an increase in posterior tibial slope. Level IV, therapeutic study.

A customer oriented methodology for reverse engineering software selection in the computer aided inspection scenario

Industrial metrology of mechanical components has been facing a gradual revolution recently through the application of contactless 3D scanners in computer aided inspection. Following the industrial trend and request, new modules for quality control activities on scan data have been integrated in reverse engineering software packages.The aim of this work is to propose a structured methodology for the screening and comparison of reverse engineering programs that are suitable for inspection activities. Specific features that distinguish this kind of software are described and detailed. Six different commercial software are tested using invariant scan data from a reference part that was specifically designed for inspection purposes.The selected packages are then compared by means of a multicriteria fuzzy AHP analysis that considers quantitative and qualitative criteria. The criteria were grouped into three categories related with the user, the vendor and the technical requirements. Two different scenarios are considered for the choice of the software that best suits to computer aided inspection activities.

Topology Design Optimization and Experimental Validation of Heat Conduction Problems

In this paper, we verify the optimal topology design for heat conduction problems in steady stated which is obtained numerically using the adjoint design sensitivity analysis(DSA) method. In adjoint variable method(AVM), the already factorized system matrix is utilized to obtain the adjoint solution so that its computation cost is trivial for the sensitivity. For the topology optimization, the design variables are parameterized into normalized bulk material densities. The objective function and constraint are the thermal compliance of the structure and the allowable volume, respectively. For the experimental validation of the optimal topology design, we compare the results with those that have identical volume but designed intuitively using a thermal imaging camera. To manufacture the optimal design, we apply a simple numerical method to convert it into point cloud data and perform CAD modeling using commercial reverse engineering software. Based on the CAD model, we manufacture the optimal topology design by CNC.