Reverse Engineering Applications Research Articles

Application of Reverse Engineering and Impact Analysis of Motor Cycle Helmet

Background/Objectives: A motor cycle helmet can prevent head injury from accident. This paper mainly concentrates on impact analysis of motorcycle helmet in different positions. Method/Analysis: The analysis of motor cycle helmet is divided into two stages. First stage includes the reverse engineering of Helmet and in the second stage; the virtual prototype of the helmet was analyzed by using LS-Dyna. This paper gives a clear detail about impact analysis of helmet in different positions such as Front, rear and top. It also discusses about impact force in frontal and non-frontal accidents. A Finite Element analysis was done on helmet head using LS-Dyna. The helmet head was impinged on rigid wall in all directions i.e. front, side, top and rear and the corresponding results were observed. Findings: The resultant force on head was observed for impacts from all directions. The variation of resultant force on head with respect to outer shell thickness was observed. Applications/Improvements: The results obtained can be used to redesign the helmet and increase the safety of rider.

Reverse engineering approach for precise measurement of the physical attributes related to the geometric features of agricultural products

The irregular shape of most agricultural products complicates their physical and engineering analysis. Therefore, precise description of the irregular product geometric surface form/shape is significant for any related analyses used in both product quality evaluation and design of agricultural machinery systems. This study describes a reverse engineering application procedure for precise description of the physical attributes related to geometric features (size, shape, volume etc.) of the agricultural products under consideration. In the study, a three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner has been utilised and 3D digital model data of the selected sample agricultural product (Pecan Fruit) processed in the virtual environment through 3D scanner software and 3D parametric solid modelling design software has been collected. After 3D solid models were created, some of the physical attributes related to geometric features of the agricultural products were measured precisely and realistic virtual 3D computer aided design (CAD) data was provided for deeper rheological investigation such as structural deformation, fluid dynamics (flow) and heat transfer analyses of the products by means of computer aided engineering (CAE) techniques. Finally, a comparative deformation simulation case study was concluded. This study contributes to further research into the development of agricultural machinery and equipment through the utilisation of reverse engineering and CAD tools.

Archeological insights into hominin cognitive evolution.

How did the human mind evolve? How and when did we come to think in the ways we do? The last thirty years have seen an explosion in research related to the brain and cognition. This research has encompassed a range of biological and social sciences, from epigenetics and cognitive neuroscience to social and developmental psychology. Following naturally on this efflorescence has been a heightened interest in the evolution of the brain and cognition. Evolutionary scholars, including paleoanthropologists, have deployed the standard array of evolutionary methods. Ethological and experimental evidence has added significantly to our understanding of nonhuman brains and cognition, especially those of nonhuman primates. Studies of fossil brains through endocasts and sophisticated imaging techniques have revealed evolutionary changes in gross neural anatomy. Psychologists have also gotten into the game through application of reverse engineering to experimentally based descriptions of cognitive functions. For hominin evolution, there is another rich source of evidence of cognition, the archeological record. Using the methods of Paleolithic archeology and the theories and models of cognitive science, evolutionary cognitive archeology documents developments in the hominin mind that would otherwise be inaccessible.

An innovative photogrammetry color segmentation based technique as an alternative approach to 3D scanning for reverse engineering design

ABSTRACTThe photogrammetry procedure is introduced as a cheap and -effective alternative to 3D scanning for constructing 3D point cloud data for reverse engineering applications. The data is then manipulated to generate CAD-ready models for FEA simulations or 3D printing purposes. A practical demonstration using model cars is conducted to show the effectiveness of the procedure in generating point cloud data, and various improvements are introduced. In particular, and innovative to this research work, a feature segmentation algorithm based on color information captured from photographs is implemented. This program, embedded within the photogrammetry process, allows for automatic selection of parts and features from an assembly model, providing a leading advantage over current 3D scanners, which capture spatial data only. Moreover, an intuitive method of enhancing the selection of required features of a triangular mesh during the segmentation process is introduced. This is achieved by manually marking the ...

Improving medial surfaces for reverse engineering

ABSTRACTCommon medial axis transform methods create two artifacts: shrinkage of the end of surfaces and small dent at junctions. They are due to the definition of medial axis transforms and they are bottlenecks in industrial applications. This paper presents two methods to improve the medial surfaces computed from CT images of thin-plate mechanical objects. We first introduce a method for extending the ends of medial surfaces by finding the intersection points of medial voxels on the isosurface. We also propose a method to remove dent structures at junction edges by minimizing error functions. These improvements, integrated into a conventional medial surface extraction method using sub-sampling, resolve several drawbacks in reverse engineering applications.

Kinematic Modeling of an Automated Laser Line Point Cloud Scanning System

This paper describes the geometric transformation of coordinates in the elements of an automated laser line scanning system caused by movements required for scanning a component surface. The automated scanning system elements are a laser line scanner mounted on a robot arm or a probe tip with coordinate measuring machine. A major challenge is determining the kinematic relationship between the elements of an automated laser scanning system that functions as a mechanical linkage in order to obtain a trajectory for scanning a surface. This paper solves the forward kinematic equations to get the validation pose for the elements of the system, derives the equation of component surface considering a spherical component, and uses inverse kinematics to characterize the movement of the entire automated scanning system on the point trajectory. The result is the position and orientation matrix for the laser line scanner beam and its movement on the trajectory in relation to a component surface. This kinematic chain of linkages and the obtained poses of point trajectory on the component surface is a starting point for future work that aims to develop optimal scan paths that can collect “best” point cloud datasets. The outcomes of this work contribute to enhancing the use of laser line scanners for inspection of component surfaces in manufacturing, remanufacturing, and reverse engineering applications.

Analysis and Evaluation Between the First and the Second Generation of RGB-D Sensors

With the recent introduction of the new Kinect II, the second generation of the well-known Microsoft Kinect sensors, the connection between RGB-D sensors, reverse engineering, and computer vision applications is reinforced. This new sensor is based on a time-of-flight technology, which differs from the previous generation of RGB-D sensors, including other devices, such as the Asus Xtion Pro and PrimeSense Carmine, which was based on structured light. Although characterized by better technical specifications, this does not neccessarily translate to the improvements in its application tasks. This paper aims at comparing quantitatively the Kinect II with respect to the first generation of RGB-D sensors in terms of two specific application scenarios: 1) 3-D reconstruction and 2) object recognition. To this end, we propose a novel data set with ground truth obtained with a metrological laser scanner, which allows a twofold analysis: 1) a performance comparison in terms of reconstruction accuracy and 2) a comparison in terms of object recognition and 3-D pose estimation. The obtained results confirm that the new version of the Kinect sensor demonstrate higher precision and less noise under controlled conditions. Furthermore, we provide a quantitative estimation of how much such factors turn out into an improvement in terms of object recognition rate and 3-D pose estimation.

Determination of beam incidence conditions based on the analysis of laser interference patterns

Beam incidence conditions in the formation of two-, three- and four-beam laser interference patterns are presented and studied in this paper. In a laser interference lithography (LIL) process, it is of importance to determine and control beam incidence conditions based on the analysis of laser interference patterns for system calibration as any slight change of incident angles or intensities of beams will introduce significant variations of periods and contrasts of interference patterns. In this work, interference patterns were captured by a He–Ne laser interference system under different incidence conditions, the pattern period measurement was achieved by cross-correlation with, and the pattern contrast was calculated by image processing. Subsequently, the incident angles and intensities of beams were determined based on the analysis of spatial distributions of interfering beams. As a consequence, the relationship between the beam incidence conditions and interference patterns is revealed. The proposed method is useful for the calibration of LIL processes and for reverse engineering applications.

The effects of computed tomography scanner parameters on the quality of the reverse triangular surface model of the fibula

This study investigates the effects of computed tomography (CT) parameters on the quality and size of the reverse triangular surface model with an objective of obtaining an accurate 3D triangular surface model of complex-shaped customized objects for reverse engineering and many other applications such as surgical planning and finite element analysis. For this purpose, the fibula of a human knee joint was CT scanned by changing various parameters (slice thickness, slice spacing, pixel size, X-ray tube current and helical pitch) over wide ranges. Three-dimensional triangular surface models were created from point cloud data extracted from the CT image data. To assess the influences of scanning parameters on the surface quality and accuracy, the resulting surface models were qualitatively compared based on various anatomical features. Statistical analysis was used to quantify the deviations of surface models with different scanning parameter levels from the reference CT surface model. The results show that these parameters to a varying degree affect the surface quality, reproduction of various anatomical details and size of the resulting surface model. Moreover, these parameters are highly dependent on each other. Interactive effects of these parameters have been discussed and recommendations have been made for parameter settings. The results of the study would help to improve the accuracy of the 3D surface models required for customized implants and other applications.

The Use of the Terrestrial Photogrammetry in Reverse Engineering Applications

The reverse engineering applications has gained great momentum in industrial production with developments in the fields of computer vision and computer-aided design (CAD). The reproduction of an existing product or a spare part, reproduction of an existing surface, elimination of the defect or improvement of the available product are the goals of industrial reverse engineering applications. The first and the most important step in reverse engineering applications is the generation of the three dimensional (3D) metric model of an existing product in computer environment. After this stage, many operations such as the preparation of molds for mass production, the performance testing, the comparison of the existing product with other products and prototypes which are available on the market are performed by using the generated 3D models. In reverse engineering applications, the laser scanner system or digital terrestrial photogrammetry methods, also called contactless method, are preferred for the generation of the 3D models. In particular, terrestrial photogrammetry has become a popular method since require only photographs for the 3-dimensional drawing, the generation of the dense point cloud using the image matching algorithms and the orthoimage generation as well as its low cost. In this paper, an industrial application of 3D information modelling is presented which concerns the measurement and 3D metric modelling of the ship model. The possible usage of terrestrial photogrammetry in reverse engineering application is investigated based on low cost photogrammetric system. The main aim was the generation of the dense point cloud and 3D line drawing of the ship model by using terrestrial photogrammetry, for the production of the ship in real size as a reverse engineering application. For this purpose, the images were recorded with digital SLR camera and orientations have been performed. Then 3D line drawing operations, point cloud and orthoimage generations have been accomplished by using PhotoModeler software. As a result of the proposed terrestrial photogrammetric steps, 0.5 mm spaced dense point cloud and orthoimage have been generated. The obtained results from experimental study were discussed and possible use of proposed methods was evaluated for reverse engineering application.

A practical off-line taint analysis framework and its application in reverse engineering of file format

This paper presents FlowWalker, a novel dynamic taint analysis framework that aims to extract the complete taint data flow while eliminating the bottlenecks that occur in existing tools, with applications to file-format reverse engineering. The framework proposes a multi-taint-tag assembly-level taint propagation strategy. FlowWalker separates taint tracking operations from execution with an off-line structure, utilizes memory-mapped files to enhance I/O efficiency, processes taint paths during virtual execution playback, and uses parallelization and pipelining mechanisms to achieve speedup. Based on the semantic correlations implied by the taint path information, this paper presents an algorithm for extracting the structures of unknown file formats. According to test data, the overall program runtime ranges from 92.98% to 208.01% of the length of the underlying instrumentation alone, while the speed enhancement is 60% compared to another well-featured tool in Windows. Medium-complexity file formats are correctly partitioned, and the constant fields are extracted. Due to its efficiency and scalability, FlowWalker can address the needs of further security-related research.

Reverse Engineering and 3D Printing Technology's Application in Sculpture and the Restoration

To elucidate the mechanism that the software Gemagic Studio and 3D printer have an important role in repairing and copying the ancient cultural relics and the damaged sculpture, we take the damaged sculpture, Sissi, as the example, repaired it based on reverse engineering, 3D scanning technology and modern 3D printing technology. In the process of research, we obtain the point data of it, using reverse engineering software Gemagic Studio for the noise removing, compaction, hole filling, surface repair, error ratio and so on. And then import the 3D printer for 3D printing. At the last, the precise entity model proved that we have a wonderful experiment.

Reverse Design of the Card Buckle Based on Imageware

Using reverse engineering technology software, Imageware and UG, and taking the card buckle as a prototype for the practical application of reverse engineering, this article discusses the method of combining reverse engineering with rapid technology. Using optical system to collect images, and then through the computer image processing technology to extract edge contour digital points, using the existing CAD software processing system for the reconstruction of 3D model, and taking a detail analysis of the critical technology of surface reconstruction, using rapid prototyping technology for processing molding, so as to improve the efficiency of product design, shorten the product development cycle. And at last, through the test, we get some usual problems and solve them one by one.

Reverse engineering application of 3D optical scanning technology

针对三维扫描测量数据因为原始点云在获取时受环境等客观条件限制，存在不可避免的噪声点、飞点、重叠点云等现象，以致存在点云密度大、运算复杂、计算周期长等问题，本文以在逆向工程中具有将三维物体几何信息转换为计算机能直接处理的二维数字信号的功能的三维光学扫描技术为基础，研究了三维扫描技术应用的主要设备、常用软件、使用方法和实体建模商用软件，研究了其原理及数学模型；结合XJTUOM，制定了扫描策略，以某型号汽车皮带轮和减震器托盘为例进行了实践操作，结果表明：该设备能够满足在逆向工程的应用，其扫描精度接近原始数模的相似度为98%。

An Analytic Approximation of the Implied Risk-Neutral Density of American Multi-Asset Options

The price of a European option can be computed as the expected value of the payoff function under the risk-neutral measure. For American options and path-dependent options in general, this principle can not be applied. In this paper, we derive a model-free analytical formula for the implied risk-neutral density under which the expected value will be the price of the equivalent payoff with the American exercise condition. The risk-neutral density is semi-parametric as it is the result of applying the multivariate generalised Edgeworth expansion (MGEE), where the moments of the American density are obtained by a reverse engineering application of the Longstaff and Schwartz (2001) least-squares method (LSM). The theory of multivariate truncated moments is employed for approximating the option price, with important consequences for the hedging of variance, skewness, and kurtosis swaps.

Research Based on CFD for Helical Intake Port Position Defect of Diesel Engines

This paper realized the 3-dimension model for helical intake port and simulated the different kinds of position deviations by the application of reverse engineering. The three-dimensional flow field in port-cylinder was numerically simulated by the use of CFD software FIRE to verify how the position deviations affect the performance of the helical intake port. The result shows that the slanting and translational position deviations have the marked effect on the swirl ratio of the helical intake port and the strict control of production precision is needed.

Application of Reverse Engineering based on Computer in Product Design

This paper described the application of reverse engineering in product design and development; effectively solved the design and subsequent engineering design, manufacturing link disjoint problems; put forward a kind of using computer software Pro/Designer, Pro/ Engineer and SolidWorks seamless connection method in the process of product design; industrial product modeling design and the engineering and manufacturing of coherence have opened up a new way; the design process will provide effective measures for the product design system, so as to shorten the product design and development cycle and realize the product design system.

Refining Ensembles of Predicted Gene Regulatory Networks Based on Characteristic Interaction Sets

Different ensemble voting approaches have been successfully applied for reverse-engineering of gene regulatory networks. They are based on the assumption that a good approximation of true network structure can be derived by considering the frequencies of individual interactions in a large number of predicted networks. Such approximations are typically superior in terms of prediction quality and robustness as compared to considering a single best scoring network only. Nevertheless, ensemble approaches only work well if the predicted gene regulatory networks are sufficiently similar to each other. If the topologies of predicted networks are considerably different, an ensemble of all networks obscures interesting individual characteristics. Instead, networks should be grouped according to local topological similarities and ensemble voting performed for each group separately. We argue that the presence of sets of co-occurring interactions is a suitable indicator for grouping predicted networks. A stepwise bottom-up procedure is proposed, where first mutual dependencies between pairs of interactions are derived from predicted networks. Pairs of co-occurring interactions are subsequently extended to derive characteristic interaction sets that distinguish groups of networks. Finally, ensemble voting is applied separately to the resulting topologically similar groups of networks to create distinct group-ensembles. Ensembles of topologically similar networks constitute distinct hypotheses about the reference network structure. Such group-ensembles are easier to interpret as their characteristic topology becomes clear and dependencies between interactions are known. The availability of distinct hypotheses facilitates the design of further experiments to distinguish between plausible network structures. The proposed procedure is a reasonable refinement step for non-deterministic reverse-engineering applications that produce a large number of candidate predictions for a gene regulatory network, e.g. due to probabilistic optimization or a cross-validation procedure.

Characterizing functional dependencies in formal concept analysis with pattern structures

Computing functional dependencies from a relation is an important database topic, with many applications in database management, reverse engineering and query optimization. Whereas it has been deeply investigated in those fields, strong links exist with the mathematical framework of Formal Concept Analysis. Considering the discovery of functional dependencies, it is indeed known that a relation can be expressed as the binary relation of a formal context, whose implications are equivalent to those dependencies. However, this leads to a new data representation that is quadratic in the number of objects w.r.t. the original data. Here, we present an alternative avoiding such a data representation and show how to characterize functional dependencies using the formalism of pattern structures, an extension of classical FCA to handle complex data. We also show how another class of dependencies can be characterized with that framework, namely, degenerated multivalued dependencies. Finally, we discuss and compare the performances of our new approach in a series of experiments on classical benchmark datasets.

Research and Application of 3D Digital Detection Technology in Reverse Engineering

In recent years, more and more class-A surfaces are adopted for product processing, both in the traditional industries and new industries, which proposes high requirements for the detection technique of product. This article describes the method of size detection in detail. Combining with the principle of reverse engineering, the XJTUOM and XJTUDP systems are used for the 3D digital measurement and design of the large sculpture. The digital detection technology combined with computer aided tools will have a more widespread and profound application in reverse engineering.