Reversible Changes Research Articles

Exploring the dynamic evolution of lattice oxygen on exsolved-Mn2O3@SmMn2O5 interfaces for NO Oxidation

Lattice oxygen in metal oxides plays an important role in the reaction of diesel oxidation catalysts, but the atomic-level understanding of structural evolution during the catalytic process remains elusive. Here, we develop a Mn2O3/SmMn2O5 catalyst using a non-stoichiometric exsolution method to explore the roles of lattice oxygen in NO oxidation. The enhanced covalency of Mn–O bond and increased electron density at Mn3+ sites, induced by the interface between exsolved Mn2O3 and mullite, lead to the formation of highly active lattice oxygen adjacent to Mn3+ sites. Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopies show that the activated lattice oxygen enables reversible changes in Mn valence states and Mn-O bond covalency during redox cycles, reducing energy barriers for NO oxidation and promoting NO2 desorption via the cooperative Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. Therefore, the Mn2O3/SmMn2O5 exhibits higher NO oxidation activity and better resistance to hydrothermal aging compared to a commercial Pt/Al2O3 catalyst.

Compressed cerebro-cerebellar functional gradients in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Both cortical and cerebellar developmental differences have been implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recently accumulating neuroimaging studies have highlighted hierarchies as a fundamental principle of brain organization, suggesting the importance of assessing hierarchy abnormalities in ADHD. A novel gradient-based resting-state functional connectivity analysis was applied to investigate the cerebro-cerebellar disturbed hierarchy in children and adolescents with ADHD. We found that the interaction of functional gradient between diagnosis and age was concentrated in default mode network (DMN) and visual network (VN). At the same time, we also found that the opposite gradient changes of DMN and VN caused the compression of the cortical main gradient in ADHD patients, implicating the co-occurrence of both low- (visual processing) and high-order (self-related thought) cognitive dysfunction manifesting in abnormal cerebro-cerebellar organizational hierarchy in ADHD. Our study provides a neurobiological framework to better understand the co-occurrence and interaction of both low-level and high-level functional abnormalities in the cortex and cerebellum in ADHD.

CMG901, a Claudin18.2-specific antibody-drug conjugate, for the treatment of solid tumors

Claudin18.2 has been recently recognized as a potential therapeutic target for gastric/gastroesophageal junction or pancreatic cancer. Here, we develop a Claudin18.2-directed antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), CMG901, with a potent microtubule-targeting agent MMAE (monomethyl auristatin E) and evaluate its preclinical profiles. Invitro studies show that CMG901 binds specifically to Claudin18.2 on the cell surface and kills tumor cells through direct cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and bystander killing activity. Invivo pharmacological studies show significant antitumor activity in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Toxicity studies show that the major adverse effects related to CMG901 are reversible hematopoietic changes attributed to MMAE. The highest non-severely toxic dose (HNSTD) is 6mg/kg in cynomolgus monkeys and 10mg/kg in rats once every 3weeks. CMG901's favorable preclinical profile supports its entry into the human clinical study. CMG901 is currently under phase 3 investigation in patients with advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma expressing Claudin18.2 (NCT06346392).

A clinical Study of heart disease among asymptomatic antenatal women detected using Echocardiographic screening

Background: Pregnancy causes reversible changes in the maternal cardiovascular system. Adverse cardiac events during and after pregnancy continue to be the important causes of maternal mortality and morbidity. The signs and symptoms of pregnancy may confuse with signs and symptoms of heart disease. Echocardiography is safe, effective, noninvasive and does not expose the pregnant women to radiation hazards , so it plays a vital role in identifying the hemodynamic and structural changes in cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic antenatal women. Aim & objective: This study aims to screen asymptomatic pregnant women using transthoracic echocardiography. Material & Methods: Purposive sampling was done. The study was conducted at Apollo hospital Bilaspur from January 2024 to April 2024 enrolling 50 pregnant women from all trimester. Those with previous history of heart disease were excluded. Data was analysed for descriptive statistics using Microsoft excel and SPSS V 22 and was summarised using proportions, percentages, and contingency tables. Results: Out of 50 enrolled study participants ,60%(n-30), 28 %(n-14),12%(n-6) were in third, second , first trimester respectively . we found that 6%(n-3) of the patient have either congenital heart disease or acquired heart disease. Out of 3 study participants, 1 had congenital heart disease and 2 had acquired heart disease. Conclusion: Our study shows screening echocardiography will helpful in identifying the heart disesase and reducing maternal mortality and morbidity related to heart disease & this will justify the routine cardiac assessment in each and every pregnant women even in absence of cardiopulmonary symptoms.

High-energy bimetallic substituted Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode for advanced sodium-ion batteries

NASICON-type cathodes have attracted great attention due to their open three-dimensional (3D) frame structure and excellent ion transport properties. Accordingly, how to improve the stability and energy density of materials is a hot topic of research. In this study, the significant effects of aluminum-zirconium bimetallic substitution on electrode kinetics and structural stability are reported. The designed Na2.9V1.8Al0.1Zr0.1(PO4)3 cathode exhibits a highly reversible capacity of 107 mAh g-1 at 1C and decent cyclic stability (75 mAh g-1 capacity after 2000 cycles at 20C). These excellent electrochemical properties can be attributed to expanding the lattice structure and activating part of V4+, which facilitates the migration of Na+ and increases the reversible capacity. The cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectra and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique tests analyze the diffusion kinetics of sodium ions and confirm the desired sodium ion diffusion coefficients (DNa+). In situ X-ray diffraction reveals reversible structural changes during the electrochemical reaction, which confirms that the bimetallic doping strategy slows down material volume change. This work provides a new perspective for the construction of high-performance NASICON cathode materials.

The effect of thermal cycle on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Co-free maraging steel produced by wire arc additive manufacturing

Microstructures and mechanical properties are closely related to thermal cycles during additive manufacturing. For maraging steel, the research on the effect of thermal cycles during additive manufacturing is limited. Based on the above issues, this work investigated the effect of thermal cycles in the process of wire arc additive manufacturing Co-free maraging steel on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties, and attempted to establish the relationship between thermal cycles and microstructure as well as mechanical properties of maraging steel on the basis of quantitative thermal cycle data. The results show that in the additive manufacturing process, the thermal cycles affect the cooling rate, so that the primary dendrite arm spacing and grain size gradually increase along the height direction. For maraging steel, in additive manufacturing, welding or other hot processing processes, the thermal cycles make the martensite reverse change, resulting in an increase in austenite content, resulting in grain refinement. Thermal cycles in additive manufacturing result in differences in the grain size, grain boundary ratio, dislocation density and primary dendrite arm spacing, resulting in inhomogeneity of the mechanical properties in the height direction. The difference in microstructure in different directions of additive manufacturing samples leads to anisotropy of tensile properties. The results of this work can elucidate and refine the action mechanism of thermal cycles on maraging steel. In addition, this work can be used to control thermal cycles by changing the process and cooling conditions, etc., to obtain maraging steel samples with homogeneous or gradient properties, which is highly important.

Comparison of Color Changes in Paints Based on Ultramarine and Zinc White Resulting from Storage and Thermally Induced Aging

ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of measurements of the L*, a*, and b* color coordinates in the CIEL*a*b*76 (D65/10) space of paint layers of zinc white and ultramarine with several primers and binders. The coordinates are measured for naturally aged reference samples and test samples that underwent two thermal shocks. The color differences of samples obtained using three binders and three primers are quantitatively characterized. It is shown that thermally induced changes in the L* coordinate, as distinct from the a* and b* coordinates, are significantly greater than the changes predicted by the artificial aging protocol. However, during subsequent storage, L* partially relaxes to its original values, and the resulting changes in this coordinate can be considered insignificant. The relaxation effect is also characteristic of the a* and b* coordinates for most samples. Specific results are obtained for paint layers with resin-containing binder on glue–chalk primers. When zinc white is used, such samples have greater L* coordinate and smaller b* coordinate, i.e. appear to be lighter and less yellow in comparison with the remaining samples. When ultramarine is used as a pigment, the resin-containing binder and glue–chalk primers provide the maximum depth of blue color (minimum b* value), which remains almost unchanged with aging. However, the crimson hue characteristic of such samples (greater value of the a* coordinate) is intensified due to heating. The results show that two thermal effects on paint layers separated in time can lead to opposite changes in color coordinates.

Reversible Single‐Pulse Laser‐Induced Phase Change of Sb2S3 Thin Films: Multi‐Physics Modeling and Experimental Demonstrations

AbstractPhase change materials (PCMs) have gained a tremendous interest as a means to actively tune nanophotonic devices through the large optical modulation produced by their amorphous to crystalline reversible transition. Recently, materials such as Sb2S3 emerged as particularly promising low loss PCMs, with both large refractive index modulations and transparency in the visible and near‐infrared. Controlling the local and reversible phase transition in this material is of major importance for future applications, and an appealing method to do so is to exploit pulsed lasers. Yet, the physics and limits involved in the optical switching of Sb2S3 are not yet well understood. Here, the reversible laser‐induced phase transition of Sb2S3 is investigated, focusing specifically on the mechanisms that drive the optically induced amorphization, with multi‐physics considerations including the optical and thermal properties of the PCM and its environment. The laser energy threshold for reversibly changing the phase of the PCM is determined through both theoretical analysis and experimental investigation, not only between fully amorphous and crystalline states but also between partially recrystallized states. Then, the non‐negligible impact of the material's polycrystallinity and anisotropy on the power thresholds for optical switching is revealed. Finally, the challenges related to laser amorphization of thick Sb2S3 layers are addressed, as well as strategies to overcome them. These results enable a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the physics behind the optically‐induced reversible change of phase in Sb2S3 layers.

Scutellarin ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in OGD/R-insulted HT22 cells through mitophagy induction

Scutellarin (Scu), a flavonoid from herbal Erigeron breviscapus (Vaniot) Hand-Mazz, exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. However, whether the effects of Scu are related to mitochondrial protection needs further investigation. In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanisms of Scu against HT22 cells injury caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R). Our results proved that Scu significantly reduced the overload of intracellular reactive oxygen species (cellar ROS) and mitochondria reactive oxygen species (mito-ROS), ameliorating oxidative stress damage. TUNEL positive rate, Caspase-3 activity, and Cytochrome c (Cyto-c) expression remarkably decreased following Scu treatment. Meanwhile, Scu could maintain mitochondrial morphology and reverse ultrastructure changes. And mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), oxygen consumption rate (OCR), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were obviously promoted. Additionally, Scu was found to stimulate mitophagy level by increasing the expression of LC3, Beclin1, PINK1 and Parkin proteins, as well as promoting the degradation of p62. More importantly, the regulatory effects of Scu on mito-ROS, MMP, ATP, Na+/K+-ATPase, cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were markedly limited by Mdivi-1 (a mitophagy inhibitor). Of note, the inhibitor also reversed Scu-mediated apoptosis suppression, evidenced by the diminished apoptosis rate, the down-regulated expression activities of Cyto-c, Bax and cleaved Caspase-3, as well as the elevated level of Bcl-2 protein. Collectively, Scu could improve mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibit apoptosis by stimulating mitophagy, thereby attenuating OGD/R-induced HT22 cells injury.

Adhesion Evolution: Designing Smart Polymeric Adhesive Systems with On-Demand Reversible Switchability.

Smart polymeric switchable adhesives represent a rapidly emerging class of advanced materials, exhibiting the ability to undergo on-demand transitioning between "On" and "Off" adhesion states. By selectively tuning external stimuli triggers (including temperature, light, electricity, magnetism, and chemical agents), we can engineer these materials to undergo reversible changes in their bonding capabilities. The strategic design selection of stimuli is a pivotal factor in the design of switchable adhesive systems. This review outlines recent advancements in the field of smart switchable polymeric adhesives over the past decade with a focus on the selection of stimulus triggers. These systems are further categorized into one of four adhesion switching mechanisms upon initiation by a specific stimuli-trigger: (i) interfacial adhesion, (ii) stiffness, (iii) contact area, or (iv) suction-based switching. Evaluation of adhesion switching performance across systems is primarily made based on three key metrics: (i) maximum adhesion strength, (ii) switch ratio, and (iii) switch time. Different stimuli and mechanisms offer distinct advantages and limitations, influencing the performance characteristics and applicability of these materials across domains such as detachable biomedical devices, robotic grippers, and climbing robots. This review thus offers a perspective on the present advancements and challenges in this emerging field, along with insights into future directions.

Co-Complexes-Based Self-Oscillating Gels Driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction.

We report the synthesis of novel cobalt complexes-based catalysts designed for the oscillatory Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. For the first time, we introduce cobalt complex-based self-oscillating gels that demonstrate autonomous color oscillations within a BZ reagent solution, functioning without the need for any external stimuli. We created acrylamide-based self-oscillating gels containing immobilized tris(2,2'-bipyridine)cobalt(II) or tris(1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt(II) complexes and gels containing covalently bound (5-acrylamido-1,10-phenanthroline)bis(2,2'-bipyridine)cobalt(II), (5-acrylamido-1,10-phenanthroline)bis(1,10-phenanthroline) cobalt(II), or tris(5-acrylamido-1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt(II) complexes. When the BZ reaction takes place within the gels, it results in the observation of moving chemical waves and reversible color changes. We believe that Co-complexes-based self-oscillating gels have potential applications in the design of soft actuators and chemical devices for signal processing.

Synthesis, structure, and photochromic properties of Zn-coordination polymers derived from hexyl viologen cations

This study presents the synthesis, structural characterization, and investigation of the photochromic properties of two Zn-coordination polymers, formulated as {(HV)0.5[Zn(MIC)(HMIC)]·H2O}n (1) and {(HV)2[Zn4(BTEC)3]}n (2) (H2MIC = 5-methylisophthalic acid, H4BTEC = 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, HVBr2 = 1,1′-bis(n-hexyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium dibromide), derived from hexyl viologen cations. Compound 1 is characterized by a one-dimensional (1D) structure, while compound 2 exhibits a three-dimensional (3D) architecture, both crystallizing in distinct space groups and showcasing unique assembly and composition. Detailed structural analysis reveals the coordination modes of Zn(II) ions within these polymers. The photochromic behavior of two compounds under UV light exposure was thoroughly examined through ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, demonstrating reversible color changes from light yellow to blue upon irradiation, with distinct rates of decolorization indicative of the stability of photo-induced viologen radicals. This reversibility was successfully replicated over multiple cycles, underscoring the durability of the photochromic transition. Furthermore, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data confirmed the maintenance of crystal structures throughout the photochromic process, dismissing photolysis or photo-induced isomerization as underlying mechanisms. Instead, the observed photochromism is attributed to efficient electron transfer facilitated by the proximity between electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups within the coordination polymers. This study highlights the influence of structural parameters on the photochromic properties of viologen-based coordination polymers, offering insights into the design of photo-responsive materials.

Unbiased Morphometric Assessment of Red Blood Cell Storage Lesion in the Presence of Shear-Induced Stomatocytes

Introduction: Red blood cells (RBCs) undergo progressive biochemical and morphological changes during storage, collectively called storage lesion. The quality of red cell concentrates (RCCs) is typically assessed by quantifying hemolysis. An assessment of morphological changes, associated with low quality RBCs, could give an additional indication of the safety and efficacy of the concentrates. The current standard for determining morphological changes is a manual, laborious, and subjectively biased microscopic process that limits the number of cells that can be examined. When using alternative methods like flow cells, flow and shear-induced morphologies affecting especially stomatocyte morphologies must be taken into account. We already established an automated flow morphometric RBC analysis system as an alternative to manual microscopic evaluation. The goal of the present work is to obtain a robust, automated, morphology-related signal (lesion index) quantifying RBC storage lesion in a laminar flow channel under conditions similar to stasis that is not affected by shear-induced reversible morphology changes. Methods: We use a convolutional neural network (CNN) for high throughput classification of RBCs. We analyzed the morphological changes of 5 RCCs over a period of 12 weeks and classified RBC morphologies, including such that are degradation-induced and reversible. We introduce a lesion index to denote the percentage of irreversible spherical morphologies, known to reduce the post-transfusion survival of erythrocytes. We further addressed shear-induced stomatocyte morphologies in laminar flow and whether these affect CNN-based RBC classification. Results: Our flow morphometry system achieves a high-resolution classification comprising nine morphological classes with an excellent overall accuracy of 92% and F1 scores between 84% and 97%. We generate strong evidence that the morphological lesion index can predict the hemolysis level in RCCs during storage. The power of this new classification technique allowed it, for the first time, to detect and measure the lateral concentration gradient of stomatocytes in a conventional flow chamber. Importantly, we show that reversible shear rate-induced morphologies, typical for microfluidic systems, bear no influence on the lesion index. Conclusion: Flow morphometry combined with evaluation by a CNN allows to reliably assess RBC storage lesion and thus concentrate quality. Additionally, this method reduces the need for complex laboratory procedures.

Structural evolution in desalting Merluccius hubbsi fillets: comparative analysis of varied salting techniques

SummaryThis study investigates the reversible and irreversible structural changes in proteins induced by different salting methods (brining, mixed salting, and dry salting) during the desalting process of Merluccius hubbsi fillets. We focused on mass changes, water content, and NaCl content, employing mathematical models for kinetic analysis and sorption isotherms. Image analysis was utilised to examine tissue microstructure and texture profile analysis assessed the mechanical properties. Our results indicate that salting methods significantly influence mass changes and yield during desalting. Specifically, brining led to the highest weight gain due to controlled salt absorption and enhanced water retention. The Peleg model accurately described NaCl and water content dynamics during desalting. Microscopic analysis revealed substantial structural alterations, while mechanical properties showed significant differences; dry and mixed salting methods caused notable tissue damage and protein denaturation. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing salting processes and improving the quality of desalted seafood products.

Effects of long-term dehydration and quick rehydration on the camel kidney: pathological changes and modulation of the expression of solute carrier proteins and aquaporins

BackgroundRecurrent dehydration causes chronic kidney disease in humans and animal models. The dromedary camel kidney has remarkable capacity to preserve water and solute during long-term dehydration. In this study, we investigated the effects of dehydration and subsequent rehydration in the camel's kidney histology/ultrastructure and changes in aquaporin/solute carrier proteins along with gene expression.ResultsIn light microscopy, dehydration induced few degenerative and necrotic changes in cells of the cortical tubules with unapparent or little effect on medullary cells. The ultrastructural changes encountered in the cortex were infrequent during dehydration and included nuclear chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, endoplasmic reticulum/ lysosomal degeneration and sometimes cell death. Some mRNA gene expressions involved in cell stability were upregulated by dehydration. Lesions in endothelial capillaries, glomerular membranes and podocyte tertiary processes in dehydrated camels indicated disruption of glomerular filtration barrier which were mostly corrected by rehydration. The changes in proximal tubules brush borders after dehydration, were accompanied by down regulation of ATP1A1 mRNA involved in Na + /K + pump that were corrected by rehydration. The increased serum Na, osmolality and vasopressin were paralleled by modulation in expression level for corresponding SLC genes with net Na retention in cortex which were corrected by rehydration. Medullary collecting ducts and interstitial connective tissue were mostly unaffected during dehydration. CKD, a chronic nephropathy induced by recurrent dehydration in human and animal models and characterized by interstitial fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis, were not observed in the dehydrated/rehydrated camel kidneys. The initiating factors, endogenous fructose, AVP/AVPR2 and uric acid levels were not much affected. TGF-β1 protein and TGF-β1gene expression showed no changes by dehydration in cortex/medulla to mediate fibrosis. KCNN4 gene expression level was hardly detected in the dehydrated camel's kidney; to encode for Ca + + -gated KCa3.1 channel for Ca + + influx to instigate TGF-β1. Modulation of AQP 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 and SLC protein and/or mRNAs expression levels during dehydration/rehydration was reported.ConclusionsLong-term dehydration induces reversible or irreversible ultrastructural changes in kidney cortex with minor effects in medulla. Modulation of AQP channels, SLC and their mRNAs expression levels during dehydration/rehydration have a role in water conservation. Cortex and medulla respond differently to dehydration/rehydration.

Easy Processable Photomechanical Thin Film Involving a Photochromic Diarylethene and a Thermoplastic Elastomer in Supramolecular Interaction.

A novel supramolecular photoactuator in the form of a thin film of centimetric size has been developed as an alternative to traditional liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) involving azobenzene (AZO) units or photochromic microcrystals. This thin film is produced through spin coating without the need for alignment or crosslinking. The photoactuator combines a photochromic dithienylethene (DTE) functionalized with ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) units, and a telechelic thermoplastic elastomer, also functionalized with UPy, allowing quadruple hydrogen bonding between the two components. Upon alternating ultraviolet (UV) and visible light exposure, the film exhibits reversible bending and color changes, studied using displacement and absorption tracking setups. For the first time, the photomechanical effect (PME) is quantitatively correlated with photochromism, showing that DTE units drive the movement under both UV (photocyclization) and visible (photoreversion) light. In situ illumination techniques reveal that the PME arises from photoinduced strain within 160 nm UPy-bonded DTE domains, which expand and contract by approximately 50% under UV and visible light, respectively. The semicrystalline nature of the elastomer and a robust supramolecular network connecting both components are critical in converting microscopic photostrain into macroscopic actuation.

Remarkable Second Harmonic Generation Response in (C5H6NO)+(CH3SO3)−: Unraveling the Role of Hydrogen Bond in Thermal Driven Nonlinear Optical Switch

AbstractHeat‐activated second harmonic generation (SHG) switching materials are gaining interest for their ability to switch between SHG on and off states, offering potential in optoelectronic applications. The novel nonlinear optical (NLO) switch, (C5H6NO)+(CH3SO3)− (4‐hydroxypyridinium methylsulfonate, 4HPMS), is a near‐room‐temperature thermal driven material with a strong SHG response (3.3 × KDP), making it one of the most potent heat‐stimulated NLO switches. It offers excellent contrast of 13 and a high laser‐induced damage threshold (2.5 × KDP), with reversibility > 5 cycles. At 73 °C, 4HPMS transitions from the noncentrosymmetric Pna21 room temperature phase (RTP) to the centrosymmetric P21/c phase, caused by the rotation of the (C5H6NO)+ and (CH3SO3)− due to partially thermal breaking of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The reverse phase change exhibits a large 50 °C thermal hysteresis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that (C5H6NO)+ primarily dictates both the SHG coefficient (dij) and birefringence (▵n(Zeiss) = 0.216 vs ▵n(cal.) = 0.202 at 546 nm; Δn(Immersion) = 0.210 vs ▵n(cal.) = 0.198 at 589.3 nm), while the band gap (Eg) is influenced synergistically by (C5H6NO)+ and (CH3SO3)−. Additionally, 4HPMS‐RTP also exhibits mechanochromism upon grinding as well as an aggregation‐enhanced emission in a mixture of acetone and water.

CIELAB Color Space as a Field for Tracking Color-Changing Chemical Reactions of Polymeric pH Indicators.

Two types of cross-linked polymeric dye films that exhibit reversible color changes in response to pH were prepared. Upon protonation, films with a nitrophenol dye moiety (NP) changed from yellow to colorless, whereas films with an azobenzene dye moiety (AB) changed from yellow to reddish-purple. The colored light transmitted through these films from a D65 white-light source was measured colorimetrically, and the transition of the chromaticity point in CIELAB upon protonation of the polymeric dyes was observed. At low dye concentrations ([NP] < 4.7 × 10-5 and [AB] < 2.7 × 10-5 mol L-1), linear loci of the chromaticity points were displayed for both polymeric dye films, indicating perceptual linearity. This linearity is caused by the avoidance of nonlinear perceptual phenomena such as the Abney effect and the Bezold-Brücke phenomenon. The perceptual linearity of space is a necessary condition for achieving stoichiometric linearity, which requires an additional linear relationship between the dye concentration and each component, a*, b*, and L*. A geometric equation that included the AB concentration and the protonation ratio of AB was used to successfully depict, on the basis of stoichiometric linearity, the protonation of the polymeric AB films three-dimensionally in the restricted area of CIELAB.

Excess microtubule and F-actin formation mediates shortening and loss of primary cilia in response to a hyperosmotic milieu.

The primary cilium is a small organelle protruding from the cell surface that receives signals from the extracellular milieu. Although dozens of studies have reported that several genetic factors can impair the structure of primary cilia, evidence for environmental stimuli affecting primary cilia structures is limited. Here, we investigated an extracellular stress that affected primary cilia morphology and its underlying mechanisms. Hyperosmotic shock induced reversible shortening and disassembly of the primary cilia of murine intramedullary collecting duct cells. The shortening of primary cilia caused by hyperosmotic shock followed delocalization of the pericentriolar material (PCM). Excessive microtubule and F-actin formation in the cytoplasm coincided with the hyperosmotic shock-induced changes to primary cilia and the PCM. Treatment with a microtubule-disrupting agent, nocodazole, partially prevented the hyperosmotic shock-induced disassembly of primary cilia and almost completely prevented delocalization of the PCM. An actin polymerization inhibitor, latrunculin A, also partially prevented the hyperosmotic shock-induced shortening and disassembly of primary cilia and almost completely prevented delocalization of the PCM. We demonstrate that hyperosmotic shock induces reversible morphological changes in primary cilia and the PCM in a manner dependent on excessive formation of microtubule and F-actin.

Multimodal anti-counterfeiting and optical storage application based on luminescence reversible modification and color change of photochromic phosphor

Reversible upconversion luminescence (RUCL) modification based on photochromism has received considerable interest due to its potential applications in optical storage and invisible optical anti-counterfeiting. Herein, white β-Ba2ScAlO5: Yb3+, Er3+ (β-BSAO-YE) phosphor was irradiated with 254 nm light, which caused the phosphor to turn blue due to the increase of oxygen vacancy. The blue β-BSAO-YE phosphor returns to its original color upon stimulation with 808 nm laser light or 125 °C, exhibiting a double photo-induced reversible photochromic change. The green and red upconversion luminescence (UCL) of the β-BSAO-YE were reversibly modified according to their photochromic properties. The UCL modification changes the luminescence color of the pattern, indicating that β-BSAO-YE phosphor is an ideal compound anti-counterfeit agent. The light information recorded on the β-BSAO-YE binary photochromic dot matrix can be read under ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) excitation, demonstrating the potential application of β-BSAO-YE phosphors as optical data storage media. In addition, the cyclic experiment showed good photochromic and UCL modulation repeatability. The new luminescent β-BSAO-YE not only proposes a new way to exploring upconversion red light materials, but also provides new materials for optical storage, optical information and optical anti-counterfeiting.