Changes In Revenues Research Articles

Green community entrepreneurship 2.0

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate a second round of intensive green community entrepreneurship, a form of social entrepreneurship, by a set of environmental service organizations (ESOs) facing the loss of their largest revenue source (the ecoENERGY program), to see if it differed from responses to a similar funding cut five years earlier. In particular, the study compared green community entrepreneurship rates and types to those of the previous program (EnerGuide for Houses) cancellation and examined the perceived importance of various factors, including a social entrepreneurship training program offered by the national association.Design/methodology/approach– Interviews were held with executive directors who had led their organization through both periods of financial crisis. Information was collected on changes in revenue, staffing, residential energy evaluations conducted, service creation, and the perceived importance of organizational factors. The adaptation strategy undertaken by each ESO was classified as resilience, transition, or transformation focussed.Findings– First, green community entrepreneurship is accelerated when needs are heightened, such as when ESOs face funding cuts. Second, only some of the new services or activities launched were financially successful and remained viable over a five-year period. Third, green community entrepreneurship is an important initiative for ESOs to implement their adaptation strategy (resilient, transition, or transformation strategy). Fourth, a higher perceived difficulty of adaptation to funding cuts is associated with the launch of more new services by the ESO.Originality/value– The original contributions of the paper include the verification of repeated increases to the rate of entrepreneurship undertaken in response to sudden funding cuts, as compared to the rate of entrepreneurship during a stable funding period. This accelerated creation of new services can be directed to achieve various adaptation strategies from creating new services in the established area of energy expertise, to initiatives in new areas of sustainability services, such as water, food, or finance. The importance of collective innovation is highlighted with the use of both local and national networks.

Determining the Costs, Production Inputs and Profit of Thyme Production Enterprises in Denizli province of Turkey

The aim of this study is to determine the costs, production inputs and profitability of thyme production enterprises in Denizli. As research field, Denizli city constituting the significant part of thyme production and thyme planting lands of Turkey has been chosen. The material of this study consists of data obtained with surveys applied to 100 enterprises performing thyme farming in Central and Güney districts of Denizli city. According to the findings of this research, the unit cost of thyme production in region has been calculated to be 1.66 TL. The most important cost element is labor costs, followed by land rent, equipment rent, and amortization costs. The relative profit of thyme farming in region has been found to be 1.30. The thyme farming takes large share from both agricultural lands and GPV. Thyme constitutes an important part of farmers. So, the price fluctuations in market may cause significant changes in revenues of farmers. Improving the manufacturer organizations can also improve both enterprise costs and marketing issues.

Irrigation revenue loss in Murray–Darling Basin drought: An econometric assessment

This article presents an econometric analysis of irrigation commodity area and revenue responses to varying commodity prices, water availability and climate conditions for the second half of a decade long drought in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. We find statistically significant evidence of irrigation area decline with reductions in water allocations and irrigation revenue shrinking with area irrigated. Results also indicate hotter drier weather conditions experienced in the drought effected crops differently: some crop revenues suffered, while higher evapotranspiration and yield potential appeared to support higher revenue outcomes for other crops. Comparison revealed that marginal revenue changes in response to water allocations estimated are much less than those implicit in other economic assessments of water scarcity impacts for the same basin that used different methods. We find that triangulation of results between methods provides confidence in consistent results and reveals possible avenues for future research and methodological development.

The Effects of Fiscal Policy in New Zealand: Evidence from a VAR Model with Debt Constraints

This article investigates the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy in New Zealand using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model. The model is the five‐variableSVARframework proposed by Perotti (2005), further augmented to allow for the possibility that taxes, spending and interest rates might respond to the level of the debt over time. We examine the dynamic responses of output, inflation and the interest rate to changes in government spending and revenues and analyse the contribution of shocks to New Zealand's business cycle for the period 1983:1–2010:2. We find that the effects of government expenditure shocks in New Zealand appear to be positive but small in the short run at the cost of higher interest rates and lower output in the medium to long run. The sign of the effects of tax policy changes are less clear‐cut, but again the effects onGDPappear similarly modest. Past fiscal policy is analysed through a historical decomposition of the shocks in the model. This suggests that discretionary fiscal policy has had a generally pro‐cyclical impact onGDPover the past 15 years, and a material impact on the real long‐term interest rate. A fiscal expansion has a positive but limited impact on inflation.

이상기후에 따른 건고추 생산농가의 총수입 변화 계측

The purpose of this article is analyzing the economic impacts of abnormal climate on total revenue of red pepper in Korea, with employing the equilibrium displacement model. Our simulation results show the rate of yield change, price change, and total revenue change according to the climate change scenarios. In th case of by RCP 8.5 Scenario, red pepper production volume would be expected to decrease by 77.2% compared to 2012 while price increasing by 29.6%. As a result, total revenue to be returned to farmers would be reduced by 47.6% than it was in 2012. In contrast, total revenue would be expected to decline by 29.6% according to RCP 4.5 scenario.

Can fiscal drag pay for the public spending effects of population ageing in New Zealand?

This paper examines the extent to which projected aggregate tax revenue changes, in association with population ageing over the next 50 years, can be expected to finance expected increases in social welfare expenditures. Projections from two separate models, dealing with social expenditures and income tax and GST revenue, are used. The results suggest that the modest required increase in the overall average tax rate projected over the next 50 years can be achieved automatically by adjusting income tax thresholds using an index of prices rather than wages. Based on evidence about the New Zealand tax system over the last 50 years, comparisons of average and marginal tax rates suggest that such an increase may be feasible and affordable. The paper discusses the range of considerations involved in deciding if this automatic increase in the aggregate average tax rate, via real fiscal drag of personal income taxes, is desirable compared with alternative fiscal policy changes.

Credibility on the (Bottom) Line: The Fiscal Accountability of Canada's Senior Governments, 2013

Each spring, Canada’s federal, provincial and territorial legislatures vote budgets that set out their spending and revenue goals for the fiscal year. Budget votes are critical for holding governments accountable to legislators, and in turn to voters and taxpayers. Over the last decade, however, Canada’s senior governments have overshot their spending targets by some $47 billion combined. More accuracy in hitting budgeted amounts would have made today’s taxes and public debt lower. A related problem is deficiencies in financial reporting. In many provinces and territories, the average citizen or legislator would have trouble simply finding and comparing the key numbers in the budget and in the end-of-year financial reports. While Ottawa and Ontario prepare their principal financial documents using the same basis of accounting, display the relevant numbers prominently, and provide informative reconciliations between budgets and results, in most of the other provinces and territories, inconsistent presentations of multiple revenue and spending figures would stump any but the most expert reader. Our 2013 fiscal accountability survey of Canada’s senior governments’ evaluates the clarity and adherence to public sector accounting standards in each government’s budgets and public accounts, and assigns letter grades to each one. It also shows the results of a straightforward attempt to overcome varied financial presentations across the country by comparing budgeted to actual changes in spending and revenue. This exercise shows a substantial overshoot of spending – and an even larger overshoot of projected revenues – over the past decade. Expressed as percentages of their budgeted expenditures in the current fiscal year to allow comparisons, Alberta and Saskatchewan showed the biggest overshoots among the provinces – averaging about 4 and 5 percent – over the period, while Yukon and Nunavut were even worse. The news is not all bad, however. Over the most recent five years, most of Canada’s senior governments came closer to both their spending and revenue targets than they had during the previous five years. Our survey concludes with several suggestions about how Canada’s senior governments can improve their financial reporting, and with it the ability of legislators and voters to hold them to account for hitting their budget targets.

Using Partial Equilibrium Model in Measuring the Impact of Economic Liberalization Policies on Wheat Crop in Egypt

The object of this study handle impact of economic liberalization policies on the producer, consumer and government for wheat crop in Egypt during the period 1976-2011 the time series period subject analysis is divided to three periods, the first one represent period before liberalization the second is partial liberalization, and the third is full liberalization. To achieve the objective the study applied many different analysis tools for exploring these impacts so it has been used econometric methods, dummy variables regression for structural changes and partial equilibrium model for agricultural price policies. Some of the results of the study are: 1- The economic liberalization policies have statistical significance effect with increasing area, yield, total production, farm gate price, quantity of consumption and quantity of import of wheat crop. 2- The nominal protection coefficient for products is 0.49, 0.76, 1.13 for the period before liberalization, the second is partial liberalization and the third is full liberalization, respectively. 3- The nominal protection coefficient for consumer is 0.70, 1.16, 1.56 for the period before liberalization, the second is partial liberalization and the third is full liberalization, respectively. 4- Net economic loss in production is about 27.3 million EGP for the period before liberalization, it rised to about 42.1 million EGP for the second is partial liberalization due to support and decrease to about 13.4 million EGP in the third is full liberalization. 5- Net economic loss consumption is about 32, 64.1, 470.4 million EGP for the period before liberalization, the second is partial liberalization and the third is full liberalization respectively. 6- Change in producer surplus rised loss about 229, 725 million EGP in the period before liberalization and partial liberalization respectively, while it has reached a gain of about 1003 million EGP in full liberalization. 7- Change in consumer surplus has reached a gain of about 420 million EGP in the period before liberalization, while it has reached a loss about 1061, 8178 million EGP in partial and full liberalization periods respectively. 8- Change in government revenue rised loss about 250.3 million EGP in the period before liberalization, while it has reached a gain of about 1679.8, 6691 million EGP in partial and full liberalization periods respectively. 9- Change in foreign exchange rised loss about 317.4 million EGP in the period before liberalization, while it has reached a gain of about 458.6, 1871.7 million EGP in partial and full liberalization periods respectively. 10- The net effect loss about 59.3, 106.7, 483.8 million EGP during the three periods respectively. Finally, the study recommends that the policy of liberalization have had obvious effects on wheat crop in Egypt. It is necessary to ensure minimum prices for wheat crop to such the domestic price with the world price. It is necessary to reactivate the role of agricultural cooperatives to reduce some of the negative effects of the policies of liberalization. Study and reform the policies of consumer subsidies to reduce the irrational behavior in the consumption expenditure.

EU fiscal stance vulnerability: Are the old members the gold members?

This paper investigates the effect of aggregate shocks on the fiscal stance of the EU, and of its old (OMS) and new (NMS) member states over a business cycle. The fiscal stance is measured by the government deficit. To study the impact of aggregate shocks, we use impulse responses derived from a pooled structural vector autoregression model estimated on annual panel data. We find that the fiscal deficits of OMS could be vulnerable to discretionary changes in government expenditures and revenues. In contrast, the fiscal stance of NMS shows vulnerability to GDP shocks, because the increase in revenues after a positive GDP shock is often outpaced by greater expenditure increases in NMS. The estimated fiscal vulnerabilities stem from disproportionate policy responses concerning government expenditures and a lacking discipline to control pro-cyclical fiscal spending. Our findings for the EU thus support application of fiscal rules focused on government expenditure rather than other fiscal variables.

Quality Improvement Activities of Local Health Departments During the 2008–2010 Economic Recession

A review of the work of researchers in the field of quality reveals a connection between the use of quality improvement (QI) concepts and improved financial performance. The disconnect between the expanding role of public health and the levels of per capita spending to support this role suggests that local health departments with a change in funding might benefit by employing QI to increase service delivery efficiency. To examine the relationship between changes in local health department (LHD) total revenue during the 2008-2010 economic recession and changes in LHD quality improvement activities during the same period. A matched-pairs study assessed change in revenue and associated change in QI activities at two points of time, 2008 and 2010. The study was completed in 2013. A proportional odds regression model estimated the adjusted ORs, measuring the association between change in QI activities and total revenue change, controlling for demographics, leadership QI training, and accreditation intention. Neither changes in revenue nor changes in expenses predicted change in QI activities in LHDs. Enhanced QI activities were found in LHDs led by a director with a master's degree, led by directors trained in QI, or those serving medium-sized (50,000-499,000) jurisdictions. This study revealed that neither changes in revenue nor changes in LHD expenses predict enhanced QI activities. Rather, improvements appear to be more related to characteristics of local health department leaders, which suggests areas to focus on for future efforts in public health services improvement.

The Marketisation of Charities in England and Wales

Much has been written about the reasons for and impact of marketisation on charities, their clients, and wider civil society. A central component of the marketisation thesis is that charities are substituting grants and donations with commercial revenue. However, there is no consensus in the existing literature as to whether the two sources of revenue are substitutes or complementary. This paper shows that between 2003 and 2007 there was a significant increase in the proportion of overall revenue attracted from commercial sources by charities in England and Wales. Using our preferred generalised method of moments estimation model we show that the annual persistence of commercial revenue overtime was 44 %. In particular, a +10 % change in grants and donations was associated with a −3.1 % change in commercial revenue.

Choosing healthier foods in recreational sports settings: a mixed methods investigation of the impact of nudging and an economic incentive.

BackgroundNudging is an approach to environmental change that alters social and physical environments to shift behaviors in positive, self-interested directions. Evidence indicates that eating is largely an automatic behavior governed by environmental cues, suggesting that it might be possible to nudge healthier dietary behaviors. This study assessed the comparative and additive efficacy of two nudges and an economic incentive in supporting healthy food purchases by patrons at a recreational swimming pool.MethodsAn initial pre-intervention period was followed by three successive and additive interventions that promoted sales of healthy items through: signage, taste testing, and 30% price reductions; concluding with a return to baseline conditions. Each period was 8 days in length. The primary outcome was the change in the proportion of healthy items sold in the intervention periods relative to pre- and post-intervention in the full sample, and in a subsample of patrons whose purchases were directly observed. Secondary outcomes included change in the caloric value of purchases, change in revenues and gross profits, and qualitative process observations. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance, chi-square tests and thematic content analysis.ResultsHealthy items represented 41% of sales and were significantly lower than sales of unhealthy items (p < 0.0001). In the full sample, sales of healthy items did not differ across periods, whereas in the subsample, sales of healthy items increased by 30% when a signage + taste testing intervention was implemented (p < 0.01). This increase was maintained when prices of healthy items were reduced by 30%, and when all interventions were removed. When adults were alone they purchased more healthy items compared to when children were present during food purchases (p < 0.001), however parental choices were not substantially better than choices made by children alone.ConclusionsThis study found mixed evidence for the efficacy of nudging in cueing healthier dietary behaviors. Moreover, price reductions appeared ineffectual in this setting. Our findings point to complex, context-specific patterns of effectiveness and suggest that nudging should not supplant the use of other strategies that have proven to promote healthier dietary behaviors.

Determination of economic selection index coefficients for dairy cows

There is no research regarding economic effects of genetic improvement for dairy cattle in Serbia. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to determine economic values for various production traits (milk yield, milk fat content and proteins content) in dairy production, as well as to determine total economic selection index. The research is based on data which include 9,516 lactations of 4,893 milking cows from 7 farms. Data were collected during the period 2004 - 2012. Authors used sensitivity analysis and partial budgeting approach to determine changes in revenues caused by variations of particular production traits. It was determined that within economic selection index the most important trait is milk yield, while values for other traits are almost negligible. On the other hand, it is expected that importance of certain traits will be changed after Serbian accession to the European Union.

On Teaching Price Elasticity of Demand and Change in Revenue Due to Price Change - A Synthesis With and Without Calculus

Price elasticity of demand measures how much, in terms of percentage change, the quantity demanded responds to a change in price. In this pedagogical note, first we intuitively introduce the very first notion of price elasticity, which is a directional measure because it describes the impact of an arbitrary change in price from one to another on the percentage change in quantity demanded. Next, we show how this measure becomes point price elasticity of demand when demand is linear. Finally, with help from calculus, we show how it leads to the development of (point) price elasticity of demand in general. At each stage, qualitative results concerning changes in total revenue and price are given and compared with what are in textbooks. A quantitative result regarding predicting the percentage change in total revenue from the price elasticity of demand and the percentage change in price is also given for the case of linear demand. By working progressively from the directional measure to the linear case followed by the general case, and from non-calculus approach to calculus approach, with precise definitions and 6 propositions, we intend to provide a unified framework for teaching the notion and applications of price elasticity in principles of economics as well as intermediate microeconomics. Flaws in textbooks are identified and resolved as well.

How do hospitals cope with sustained slow growth in Medicare prices?

ObjectiveTo estimate the effects of changes in Medicare inpatient hospital prices on hospitals’ overall revenues, operating expenses, profits, assets, and staffing.Primary Data SourceMedicare hospital cost reports (1996–2009).Study DesignFor each hospital, we quantify the year-to-year price impacts from changes in the Medicare payment formula. We use cumulative simulated price impacts as instruments for Medicare inpatient revenues. We use a series of two-stage least squares panel data regressions to estimate the effects of changes in Medicare revenues among all hospitals, and separately among not-for-profit versus for-profit hospitals, and among hospitals experiencing real price increases (“gainers”) versus decreases (“losers”).Principal FindingsMedicare price cuts are associated with reductions in overall revenues even larger than the direct Medicare price effect, consistent with price spillovers. Among not-for-profit hospitals, revenue reductions are fully offset by reductions in operating expenses, and profits are unchanged. Among for-profit hospitals, revenue reductions decrease profits one-for-one. Responses of gainers and losers are roughly symmetrical.ConclusionsOn average, hospitals do not appear to make up for Medicare cuts by “cost shifting,” but by adjusting their operating expenses over the long run. The Medicare price cuts in the Affordable Care Act will “bend the curve,” that is, significantly slow the growth in hospitals’ total revenues and operating expenses.

Macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy changes: A case of South Africa

This study develops comprehensive full-sector macro-econometric models for the South African economy with the aim of explaining and providing the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy changes in the country. The models are applied to test the effectiveness of fiscal policy actions in an economic environment with existing structural supply constraints versus demand-side constraints and also to detect which components of the fiscal would be more effective in stabilising the economy. Based on the structure of the South African economy and the framework presented, the study concludes that the South African economy can be characterised as one which is embedded with structural supply constraints. Thus, a model which is suitable for policy analyses of the South African economy needs to capture the long-run supply-side characteristics of the economy. A price block is incorporated to specify the price adjustment between the supply-side sector and real aggregate demand sector. The models are estimated with time-series data from 1970 to 2011, capturing both the long-run and short-run dynamic properties of the economy. The results from the series of fiscal policy scenarios suggest that fiscal policy actions are more effective in an economic environment with limited or no supply constraints. Fiscal expansion or consolidation that comes more from government spending changes will be more effective in an economic environment where structural supply constraints are absent while tax revenue changes will be more effective in an economic environment where there exist major structural supply constraints.

Research on Prediction Model of the Impact of New Telecom Services Tariff Based on the Customer Choice Behavior

This paper studies the impact of new telecom services tariff on the customers inside (customers who have ever chosen the original telecom service packages) and the revenue variation from the perspective of utility and customer choice behavior. On the basis of the quantification of telecom services tariff, a measurement model is built through multi-nominal logit (MNL) choice rule to predict the impact. Important indicators such as utility of service packages, transfer probability of the customers inside and expected change of revenue are obtained, which are useful for market orientation, revenue prediction and optimization management of the new telecom services tariff.

Slow steaming of liner trade: its economic and environmental impacts

From 2000s, there have been three forces provoking slow steaming practice in the liner industry: (1) oversupply of shipping capacity, (2) increase of bunker price and (3) environmental pressure. This paper analyses the background and the recent application of slow steaming in liner shipping. The research looks into the questions of how slow steaming can save bunker consumption and bring benefits to the environment. On the other hand, solutions are also examined to the adverse side of slow steaming practice, i.e., how it affects the container transit time. For which, a cost model is developed to demonstrate the impact of slow steaming on the revenue change, with application to the North Europe—Far East Trade as a case study. The final result shows that the optimal speed for the shipowner is correlated with the designed speed, bunker price and the price of CO2. With the increase of the bunker price and the price of CO2, the optimal speed will also increase, which means that slow steaming practice has a positive impact on the environmental protection.

The return on investment for taxi companies transitioning to electric vehicles

We study whether taxi companies can simultaneously save petroleum and money by transitioning to electric vehicles. We propose a process to compute the return on investment of transitioning a taxi corporation’s fleet to electric vehicles. We use Bayesian data analysis to infer the revenue changes associated with the transition. We do not make any assumptions about the vehicles’ mobility patterns; instead, we use a time-series of GPS coordinates of the company’s existing petroleum-based vehicles to derive our conclusions. As a case study, we apply our process to a major taxi corporation, Yellow Cab San Francisco (YCSF). Using current prices, we find that transitioning their fleet to battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is profitable for the company. Furthermore, given that gasoline prices in San Francisco are only 5.4 % higher than the rest of the United States, but electricity prices are 75 % higher; taxi companies with similar practices and mobility patterns in other cities are likely to profit more than YCSF by transitioning to electric vehicles.

Spatial distribution and differences in migration patterns and revenues of gminas in the Kraków Metropolitan Area

AbstractIndicators describing the migration of population and revenues of local administrative units of the Krakow Metropolitan Area are presented and compared in this paper. A review of ideas on how to determine the number of Polish metropolitan statistical areas is also presented. The rank of Polish metropolitan statistical areas in world city rankings made by international publications is examined. Revenues of gminas from their own sources and total revenues of gminas are studied in the paper. Changes in revenue over time and location-dependent differences in revenue are analysed. However, the available data only allow for an examination of gminas without separating urban gminas from rural ones Substantial differences exist in the influx of revenue, both in terms of temporal and spatial changes. In order to summarise and evaluate the relevant social and economic processes, net migration of population and total revenue of gminas in the study area have been analysed. Furthermore, a classification of areas has been developed to describe the relevant areas as being of a certain type