Retrograde Cavity Research Articles

Effect of different chelators on the push-out bond strength of hydraulic cements in retrograde obturation.

This study examined the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and etidronic acid (HEDP) in retrograde cavities on the bond strength of MTA Angelus and NeoPutty. Sixty-six teeth with single roots and canals were decoronated and enlarged up to F3 using the ProTaper Universal file system. After removing the apical 3 mm within the scope of endodontic surgery procedures, retrograde cavities were prepared with ultrasonic tips. The teeth were divided into three main groups according to the irrigation solution used: saline, 17% EDTA, and 9% HEDP. Following the irrigation of retrograde cavities, each main group was further divided into two subgroups in terms of using MTA Angelus and NeoPutty as retrograde filling materials. Bond strength values of hydraulic cements were measured by the push-out test. Fracture modes were examined under a stereo microscope. Two dentin sections from each group were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe dentinal tubules. Two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were used to analyze the data. Irrigation solutions similarly affected the bond strength values of hydraulic cements (P=0.115). MTA Angelus showed significantly higher values than NeoPutty in all the solution groups (P=0.34). Adhesive and cohesive fracture modes were mostly observed in the MTA Angelus and NeoPutty groups, respectively. EDTA, HEDP, and saline had a similar effect on the bond strength of hydraulic cements. The higher bond values of MTA Angelus compared to NeoPutty could support its safe use in endodontic surgery procedures.

Assessment of the Push-Out Bond Strength of Three Different Root-End Filling Materials in Retrograde Cavities Using Three Different Retro Preparation Techniques

Assessment of the Push-Out Bond Strength of Three Different Root-End Filling Materials in Retrograde Cavities Using Three Different Retro Preparation Techniques

Micro-CT analysis and leakage of bioceramic retrofillings after ultrasonic and Er:YAG laser cavity preparations: an in vitro study.

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of preparation techniques on marginal adaptation and sealing of Biodentine™ and TotalFill® RRM bioceramic retrograde fillings. Fifty-two single-root teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were used. Root canals were instrumented using Reciproc Blue #25 and obturated using a single cone technique with an AH Plus® root canal sealer. Retrograde cavities were prepared with Piezomed device (Piezo), Er:YAG laser in short-pulse(SP) and quantum square pulse(QSP) modes and filled with Biodentine™ (BD) or TotalFill® RRM (TF). There were 6 groups (n=8): (1) Piezo BD, (2) Piezo TF, (3) SP BD, (4) SP TF, (5) QSP BD, and (6) QSP TF, and positive and negative controls (n=2). Micro-CT analysis was performed on two samples from each group. Percentage volumes of internal and external voids in apical 1.5 mm were determined. Rhodamine B dye leakage was done on six samples. The samples were cut longitudinally and examined under a stereomicroscope. Digital recordings were analyzed in ImageJ software. The deepest penetration of color in mm was recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's test at the level of significance α=0.05. TotalFill® RRM performed significantly better than Biodentine™ in terms of sealing (p<0.05) and marginal adaptation, as evaluated by micro-CT. Sealing was significantly better in SP compared to QSP mode preparations (p<0.05). Differences between Piezomed and laser modes were not significantly different (p>0.05). Sealing was statistically significantly better with TotalFill® RRM compared to Biodentine™ and in Er:YAG SP preparations compared to Er:YAG QSP.

Impact of photodynamic therapy on the marginal adaptation of Biodentine used as root-end filling material.

The marginal adaptation of root-end filling materials and the effective antibacterial control in a surgical site are crucial for the successful outcome of endodontic surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of retrograde application of photodynamic therapy on the marginal adaptation of Biodentine used as a root-end filling material. Twenty single-rooted anterior teeth were selected, instrumented and obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus. The apical 3mm of the roots were resected and root-end cavities were prepared with an ultrasonic retro-tip. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n =10). In the first group, photodynamic therapy (PDT) was applied in the retrograde cavity prior to the root-end filling. In the second group retro cavity was filled without PDT. All specimens were obturated with Biodentine and afterwards sectioned longitudinally. The gap width at the material-dentin interface was measured using a scanning electron microscope. The results were statistically analyzed. The produced gap width by Biodentine/PDT was 3.85μm versus 2.68μm in the Biodentine control group with significant differences in-between. Under the conditions of this study, PDT has a negative effect on the marginal adaptation of Biodentine used as root-end filling material.

Comparative SEM study of the marginal adaptation of MTA and Biodentine after apical resection (in vitro study)

Successful periapical surgery requires appropriate root resection, preparation, and adequate sealing. The aim of the present study was to assess the marginal adaptation of MTA and Biodentine after apical resection with an Er:YAG laser and a diamond turbine bur using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crown part of forty-eight extracted single-root human teeth was removed, and the root canal length of 15mm was standardized. The root canals were prepared using rotary Ni-Ti Revo-S files up to an apical stop - AS40 and filled with MTA Fillapex and gutta-percha points (cold lateral condensation). The teeth are divided into 2 main groups: group 1 (n=24) after apical resection with a turbine bur, ultrasonic preparation of the retrograde cavity at 3mm depth and retrograde obturation with Biodentine and MTA; group 2 (n=24) after apical resection with an Er:YAG laser, ultrasonic preparation of the retrograde cavity at a depth of 3mm and retrograde obturation with MTA and Biodentine. A SEM was used for assessment of the marginal adaptation of the material to the root dentin. The data was entered into and analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0. In the group with apical resection with a turbine bur, a statistically significant difference in the gap size between the material and dentin was found in both materials we studied (MTA and Biodentine). The higher mean value was in MTA (1.72µm), in Biodentine it was 1.08µm. In the group with apical resection with Er:YAG laser, no statistically significant difference in the gap size between the material and dentin was found in both studied materials: MTA - 1.88µm, Biodentine - 1.32µm. In the present study, MTA and Biodentine showed good sealing capabilities after apical resection. Biodentine displayed better marginal adaptation when resecting the root tip using a turbine bur. The Er:YAG laser-assisted apical resection shows sealing of the open dentinal tubules around the resected root surface.

Do the Mechanical Properties of Calcium-Silicate-Based Cements Influence the Stress Distribution of Different Retrograde Cavity Preparations?

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the mechanical properties of three different calcium-silicate-based cements on the stress distribution of three different retrograde cavity preparations. Biodentine™ "BD", MTA Biorep "BR", and Well-Root™ PT "WR" were used. The compression strengths of ten cylindrical samples of each material were tested. The porosity of each cement was investigated by using micro-computed X-ray tomography. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to simulate three retrograde conical cavity preparations with an apical diameter of 1 mm (Tip I), 1.4 mm (Tip II), and 1.8 mm (Tip III) after an apical 3 mm resection. BR demonstrated the lowest compression strength values (17.6 ± 5.5 MPa) and porosity percentages (0.57 ± 0.14%) compared to BD (80 ± 17 MPa-1.22 ± 0.31%) and WR (90 ± 22 MPa-1.93 ± 0.12%) (p < 0.05). FEA demonstrated that the larger cavity preparation demonstrated higher stress distribution in the root whereas stiffer cement demonstrated lower stress in the root but higher stress in the material. We can conclude that a respected root end preparation associated with cement with good stiffness could offer optimal endodontic microsurgery. Further studies are needed to define the adapted cavity diameter and cement stiffness in order to have optimal mechanical resistance with less stress distribution in the root.

INFLUENCE OF BLOOD CONTAMINATION ON SURFACE CHANGES OF MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE AND BIODENTINE

The biological environment is crucial for the bioactivity of modern calcium-silicate cements. Most of the studies of the materials were performed under ideal conditions, which are difficult to achieve in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface characteristics of MTA+ (PPH Cerkamed, Medical company, Polish) and Biodentine in PBS and blood environments with a non-contact 3D optical profilometer Materials and methods: Retrograde cavities were prepared on the root surfaces of freshly extracted teeth. The cavities were filled with MTA+ or Biodentine, and the samples were immersed in PBS or Blood and placed in an incubator for 28 days. The surface of each specimen was scanned using a 3D optical profilometer at three different time points (1, 3, and 28 days). Statistical calculations were carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics (v.25), and significance was fixed at p &lt;0.05. Results: Both materials showed that blood contamination affects the roughness of their surface. Both materials placed in blood contaminated conditions show reduced and constant roughness during the reported time periods (p&gt; 0.05). This study showed that the surface roughness of MTA+ and Biodentine was adversely affected by blood pollution.

Sealing Ability of Bioactive Root-End Filling Materials in Retro Cavities Prepared with Er,Cr:YSGG Laser and Ultrasonic Techniques.

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the apical sealing ability of total fill bioceramic root repair material (BC-RRM) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), regarding the retrograde preparation technique used: ultrasonic or erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, or garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser. The study sample consisted of 48 human single-rooted teeth. After root-end resection, the samples were divided into two groups, according to the retrograde preparation technique used: Group 1: ultrasonic; Group 2: Er,Cr:YSGG laser. In each group, half of the retrograde cavities were filled with BC-RRM, and the other half were filled with MTA. The specimens were mounted in tubes and sterilized in plasma. The root canals were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, and the tubes were filled with fetal bovine serum, leaving the apical part of the root in the serum. After 30 days, the canals were sampled and cultured, and the colony forming units (CFUs) were counted with the additional polymerase chain reaction (PCR analysis). There was no significant difference between ultrasonic groups and the Er,Cr:YSGG-MTA group, regarding the number of CFUs (p > 0.05). The Er,Cr:YSGG-BC-RRM group showed the highest number of remaining viable bacteria (p < 0.001). Both filling materials filled in ultrasonic preparations presented similar sealing abilities. The BC-RRM showed more leakage when used in retro cavities prepared with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser.

Micro-CT comparative evaluation of porosity and dentin adaptation of root end filling materials applied with incremental, bulk, and ultrasonic activation techniques.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different application methods on the adaptation to dentin and porosity properties of calcium silicate based materials. This study included 72 maxillary canine teeth that had been extracted for various reasons. Following the root canal treatment, root, end resections were performed on the specimens. After the apicectomy, 3 mm deep cavities were created. All materials were mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Retrograde cavities were filled with RetroMTA [Group 1a-1c], Biodentine [Group 2a-2c] and BioAggregate [Group 3a-3c]. Placement techniques were applied for each material by using incremental, bulk technique and ultrasonic activation, respectively. The samples were scanned with the SkyScan 1272 μCT system. Porosity values were higher in bulk fill and incremental placement techniques than ultrasonic technique when using MTA and BioAggregate (p < 0.05), but Biodentine showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) on using different placement techniques. The ultrasonic activation technique is beneficial to improve the condensation quality of MTA and BioAggregate. Biodentine showed better results regardless of different application techniques.

Confocal laser scanning microscopic evaluation of sealing ability of bone cement, mineral trioxide aggregate and biodentine as root-end filling materials

Aim: To compare the sealing ability of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and Biodentine as root-end filling materials by assessing the degree of microleakage through confocal laser scanning microscopy. Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted maxillary incisors were root canal treated using the rotary ProTaper system. Apical root resections followed by retrograde cavity preparation were done. The teeth were divided into three groups and filled with the 3 tested materials (PMMA bone cement, MTA, and Biodentine). Samples were coated with nail varnish, immersed in 0.5% aqueous solution of rhodamine B dye for 24 h, and rinsed with water to remove excess dye. Samples were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm intervals into three using a diamond disk and were labeled A, B, and C and considered first, second, and third, respectively, based on their distance from the apex. Each slice was divided into four equal parts and evaluated using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Dye penetration was scored based on the amount of microleakage. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: Intergroup comparison of the mean scores of dye penetration among the three materials showed that there is a statistical difference between PMMA bone cement, MTA, and Biodentine, in sections B and C (P ≤ 0.05). The three groups showed no statistical difference in dye penetration scores in section A. Conclusion: The microleakage is least with PMMA bone cement followed by Biodentine and MTA. Microleakage was least in section C followed by sections B and A.

Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate, Biodentine, and EndoSequence RRM putty used as retrograde restorative material: An in vitro bacterial leakage model study

Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate, Biodentine, and EndoSequence RRM putty used as retrograde restorative material: An in vitro bacterial leakage model study

Comparative evaluation of push-out bond strength of three retrograde filling materials in teeth with root apices resected at 90°: Mineral trioxide aggregate Angelus, Zirconomer, and Bioactive bone cement.

Surgical endodontic dissatisfaction is frequently caused by an inadequate seal at the apex. The retrograde filling material utilized should prevent any contaminants from seeping into the periradicular tissue. (1) To evaluate push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus, Zirconomer, and Bioactive bone cement as root-end filling material, (2) To compare push-out bond strength of three different retrograde filling materials with a universal testing machine. At the cementoenamel junction, 36 removed upper anterior teeth were sliced horizontally. The samples were resected 3 mm at the apical end at a 90° angle along the long axis of the tooth, following the standard protocols. With an ultrasonic tip S12 90ND, a 3 mm root-end cavity was made. The teeth were then divided into three groups at random: Group 1: MTA Angelus, Group 2: Zirconomer, and Group 3: Bioactive bone cement. With the help of small pluggers, each material was compacted in the root-end cavity. Acrylic resin was used to embed the specimens. Each specimen's apical section was sliced into 2-mm thick slices perpendicular to the long axis. A universal testing equipment was used to apply a compressive push-out load, and the push-out bond strength was determined in megapascals. Zirconomer showed higher push-out bond strength when placed in the retrograde cavity preparation, followed by MTA Angelus and then Bioactive bone cement. Zirconomer showed superior resistance to dislodgment when compared to MTA Angelus, followed by Bioactive bone cement.

Effect of laser-assisted retrograde cavity preparation on push-out-bond-strength of mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium-enriched-mixture-cement

Objective: This study aimed to determine the push-out-bond-strength(PBS) of mineral trioxide aggregate(BIOMTA+) and calcium-enriched-mixture-cement (CEM) in retrograde cavities prepared using Er: YAG laserand stainless-steel bur. Material and Methods: The root canals of 60 extracted single-rooted human teeth wereprepared, filled and their apical portion of 3-mm were resected using a diamond bur and randomly dividedinto four groups according to technique of retrograde preparation and filling material as follows(n=15):Group1: bur/ BIOMTA+ ,Group2: bur/ CEM, Group3: Er:YAG laser/ BIOMTA+, Group4: Er:YAG laser/ CEM.PBS test were performed to specimens and failure modes were evaluated. The data were statistically analyzedwith ANOVA, Post-Hoc Tukey and t tests (p&lt; 0.05). Results: CEM was exhibited higher than bond strengthcompared to BIOMTA+ in retrograde cavity prepared using laser (p= 0.021) and BIOMTA+ in retrograde cavityprepared using bur was exhibited higher than bond strength compared to in retrograde cavities prepared usinglaser (p= 0.024). Failure modes were dominantly cohesive in all groups tested and one representative specimeneach failure mode was examined in SEM and the general characteristics of the failure modes were confirmed.Conclusion: With in the limitations of the present study, when used CEM, Er: YAG laser-assisted retrogradecavity preparation positively affected the bond strength values compared to BIO MTA+. Considering its optimaladhesion, the calcium-enriched-mixture-cement (CEM) might be a good option as a filling material in retrogradecavities in clinical use.KEYWORDSCalcium-Enriched-Mixture-Cement (CEM); Er: YAG laser; Mineral trioxide aggregate; Retrograde cavity preparation.

Comparison of Root End Sealing Ability of Three Retrograde Filling Materials in Teeth with Root Apices Resected at 90° using Dye Penetration Method under Fluorescent Microscope: An In-vitro Study

Background: Inadequate seal at the apex is the substantial cause for surgical endodontic dissatisfaction. The retrograde filling material which is used should prevent the egress of potential contaminants into periradicular tissue.&#x0D; Objectives: To evaluate the ability of MTA Angelus, Zirconomer and Bioactive bone cement to seal the root end as retrograde filling material; and to compare root end sealing ability of these three different retrograde filling materials with apices resected at 900 angles using dye penetration method under fluorescent microscope.&#x0D; Methodology: Thirty six extracted upper anterior teeth are to be cut horizontally at the CEJ. After following the standard protocols of, “cleaning, shaping and obturation” with gutta percha and “AH Plus sealer”, the samples will be resected 3mm at the apical end at 90 degree angle along the long axis of the tooth with the help of diamond disc. A root end cavity of depth 3mm will be made with Diamond coated ultrasonic surgical tip S12 90 ND. The teeth will be randomly categorized in 3 groups: Group 1: MTA angelus; Group 2: Zirconomer; Group 3: Bioactive Bone Cement. Following which the roots to be coated with nail varnish except the tip. Each material will be compressed in the root end cavity with the help of small pluggers. All the samples which are retrofilled will be kept in acrydine orange for a duration of 24 hours, following which cleaning &amp; bucco-lingual sectioning(vertical) will be done. Fluorescent microscope will be used for observation of sectioned root samples.&#x0D; Expected Results: Bioactive bone cement is expected to have better sealing ability of the retrograde cavity preparation with minimal or no microleakage followed by MTA Angelus and then Zirconomer.&#x0D; Conclusion: If this study proves correct, this would be helpful for the clinicians to choose better and the most efficient retrograde filling material with best sealing ability and minimal microleakage in a retrograde preparation which will aid in success of the root canal treatment further resolving the infection.

Temperature Variation on Root Surface During Retrograde Cavity Preparation Using Different Ultrasonic Tips

Temperature Variation on Root Surface During Retrograde Cavity Preparation Using Different Ultrasonic Tips

A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study on Effect of Blood and Artificial Salivary Contamination on Marginal Adaptation of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, When Used as a Retrograde Filling Material: An In Vitro Study.

ABSTRACTAim and objectiveThe present study was conducted to evaluate the marginal adaptability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as a root-end filling material when manipulated using two different IV fluids intended for pediatric usage; in the presence of blood and salivary contamination.Materials and methodsSixty single-rooted teeth were selected. Conventional endodontic root canal preparation was performed on all specimens followed by root-end resection and retrograde cavity preparation. The roots were randomly divided into two groups (n = 30). In the specimens of group I, fresh blood was used as a contaminant and in group II artificial saliva was used as a contaminant. In both groups, MTA (e-MTA, Kids-e-Dental®) manipulated using either Ringer's lactate IV fluid (n = 15) or Tetraspan IV fluid (n = 15) was used for root-end filling in blood or artificial saliva-coated retrocavities. Furthermore, these roots were placed in beakers pooled with fresh phlebotomized blood or artificial saliva. After incubating for 48 hours, the roots were divided longitudinally to expose the retrofilled cavities and were then sputter-coated with gold-platinum dust. To assess the marginal adaptation of MTA to radicular dentin “maximum gap width” and “gap perimeter” were measured in images obtained from scanning electron microscopy of root specimens. SPSS 21 was employed for statistical analysis at (p < 0.05). Mann–Whitney U test and ANOVA were used for analyzing the data obtained.ResultsThe gap width was more among samples exposed to blood (p < 0.05) than artificial saliva. No significant difference was reported in the gap perimeter when cavities were filled with MTA mixed with either IV fluids (p > 0.05).ConclusionExposure to blood during setting had a negative effect on gap width when retrocavities were filled with MTA using Tetraspan. No effect was seen on the arch perimeter in retrocavities filled with MTA mixed with Ringer's lactate or Tetraspan.Clinical significanceFor avoiding failure, it is critical to select a biocompatible root-end filling material with high sealing ability. Hence, by doing the same, the clinical situation can be simulated.How to cite this articleMody A, Arora R, Chauhan P, et al. A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study on Effect of Blood and Artificial Salivary Contamination on Marginal Adaptation of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, When Used as a Retrograde Filling Material: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5):674–680.

Comparing the efficacy of EndoSequence Root Repair Material, Biodentine, MTA angelus as retrograde filling in microbial leakage by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of EndoSequence ® Root Repair Materia, Biodentine, and MTA angelus® as root end filling in bacterial leakage and confirmed with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). Methods: 55 maxillary single rooted teeth were used in this study. The teeth were decoronated at 16mm. root canals was prepared by using ProTaper rotary Ni-Ti instruments. Pro-taper F3 size Gutta-percha and AH plus sealer were used for single cone obturation technique. The root resection was done in the apex at 3 mm. The root end cavity was prepared by ultrasonic retro-tips. Samples were divided into 5 groups with 11 samples each according to retrograde cavities filling. Group1(EndoSequence), Group 2 (Biodentine). Group 3 (MTA angelus), Group 4 (Positive control), and Group 5 (Negative control). Dual chamber apparatus was prepared to test the retrograde filling leakage. The Enterococcus Faecalis in Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope under 20X magnification to measures of E. Faecalis penetration depth through retrograde materials. Results: EndoSequence® had better results in bacterial leakage and in penetration depth into the dentinal tubules with statisticallysignificant difference when compared to BiodentineTM and MTA angelus® (p ≤ 0.05). On other hand there was no any statistically significant difference between BiodentineTM and MTA angelus® (p>0.05) with more leakage in dual chamber whereas bacterial penetration into the dentinal tubules in CLSM was measured. Conclusions: EndoSequence showed better results in both bacterial leakage and in bacterial penetration.

Marginal gaps and internal voids after root-end filling using three calcium silicate-based materials: A Micro-CT analysis.

This study evaluated the 3D quality of root-end filling, assessing the presence (volume and percentage) of marginal gaps and internal voids formed after retro-filling with three calcium silicate-based materials: MTA Angelus (Angelus Soluçoes Odontologicas, Londrina, PR, Brazil), Biodentine (Septodont Ltd., Saint Maur-des-Faussés, France) and Neo MTA Plus (Avalon Biomed Inc., Bradenton, Florida, US). Thirty human, extracted, single rooted teeth were used. Orthograde root canal treatment, root resection (3mm shorter than the apex) and retrograde cavity preparation with ultrasonic tips were performed. Teeth were divided into 3 groups (n =10 each) following a stratified randomization according to the initial volume of the root-end cavity. After retrofilling, samples were stored for 7 days. Then, two rounds of micro-CT scans were performed: soon after root-end preparation (with the cavity still empty) and 7 days after root-end filling. Marginal gaps, internal voids volume (mm3 and %), as well as, the overall defects (sum of gaps and voids) were evaluated. Statistics compared the three groups in relation to those defects. There was not statistical difference between groups regarding the marginal gaps (P≥ 0.05), the internal voids (P≥ 0.05), and the overall defects (P≥ 0.05). Median (mm3) and % of overall air-entrapment defects (gaps and/or voids) was: 0.004mm3 and 1.749% for MTA Angelus, 0.018mm3 and 6.660% for Biodentine, and 0.012mm3 and 4.079% for Neo MTA Plus. All materials had gaps and/or voids. No differences were found between MTA Angelus, Biodentine and Neo MTA Plus.

Can the Root End Resective Surgery of Two Different Angles Affect the Apical Microleakage of the Retrofilling Material (In Vitro Study)

Introduction: Endodontic surgery become essential to save teeth when the endodontic treatments are failed.It promote root canal debridement and insertion of retrograde filling to make sure tight sealing apically.Aim: Compare the influences of two different resection angles (0 and 30 degree bevel angle to the long axisof the tooth) on the apical micro leakage by utilizing dye penetration technique.Methods: 80 single rooted permanent teeth were amputated 3 mm from the apex at two different resectionangles. Retrograde cavities were prepared and filled with Well-ROOT PT® and MTA BIOREP®. Allspecimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. The specimens were cut longitudinallyby microtome and photographed digitally using stereomicroscope. With the use of Kinovea program dyepenetration area was measured. Two WAY Analysis of Variance (Two Way ANOVA) were used to analyzethe result statistically at P&lt;0.05.Results: No group exhibited complete sealing of root-end zones. The group of MTA BIOREP® demonstratedstatistical significant differences with 0 degree angle which showed less leakage.Conclusion: MTA BIOREP® retro filling material with 0 degree angle of resection were significantlysuperior regarding apical microleakage compared with Well-ROOT PT®.

A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effect of Ultrasonic Agitation on Push - Out Bond Strength of Three Root-End Filling Materials: An In Vitro Study

Aim: To evaluate the effect of ultrasonic agitation for retrograde biodceramic root repair, MTA and biodentinefilling materials on push-out bond strength to dentine walls.Materials and Methods: Ninety extracted human teeth with single straight roots were selected randomly.After disinfection and cleaning, the coronal portions were sectioned to standardize the root canal length at15mm. following root canal shaping, obturation and apical roots resection, retrograde cavities were prepared.Teeth were categorized depending on the filling material used into three groups, 30 teeth each. Group Afilled with bioceramic root repair material, B with MTA and C with Biodentine material. These groups weredivided in to three subgroup (n=10). Subgroups:A1, B1, and C1 cavities were filled with the aid of condenser.A2, B2, and C2 with ultrasonic agitation of material for 30 seconds. A3, B3, and C3 with ultrasonic agitationof material for 60 seconds. Push-out bond strength test was done for the samples to specify bond strengths atthe cement/dentin interfaces. The specimens were examined using a stereomicroscope to estimate the modeof failure. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferonni test.Results: Ultrasonic agitations increase the bond strength for all cements. BiodentineTM, PD™ MTAWhiteand TotalFill®BC RRM™ were significantly increased (P<0.05). While, increasing the time of ultrasonicwas statically non-significant among groups.Conclusions: Ultrasonic agitation of root-ending filling materials showed increase in push-out boundstrength to dentine walls.