File Retrieval Research Articles

Multi-Mode Data Organization and File Retrieval Based on a Primer Library in Large-Scale Digital DNA Storage

At present, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification-based file retrieval method is the most commonly used and effective means of DNA file retrieval. The number of orthogonal primers limits the number of files that can be accurately accessed, which in turn affects the density in a single oligo pool of digital DNA storage. In this paper, a multi-mode DNA sequence design method based on PCR file retrieval in a single oligonucleotide pool is proposed for high-capacity DNA data storage. Firstly, by analyzing the maximum number of orthogonal primers at each predicted primer length, it was found that the relationship between primer length and the maximum available primer number does not increase linearly, and the maximum number of orthogonal primers is on the order of 104. Next, this paper analyzes the maximum address space capacity of DNA sequences with different types of primer binding sites for file mapping. In the case where the capacity of the primer library is R (where R is even), the number of address spaces that can be mapped by the single-primer DNA sequence design scheme proposed in this paper is four times that of the previous one, and the two-level primer DNA sequence design scheme can reach [R2∙(R2-1)]2 times. Finally, a multi-mode DNA sequence generation method is designed based on the number of files to be stored in the oligonucleotide pool, in order to meet the requirements of the random retrieval of target files in an oligonucleotide pool with large-scale file numbers. The performance of the primers generated by the orthogonal primer library generator proposed in this paper is verified, and the average Gibbs free energy of the most stable heterodimer formed between the orthogonal primers produced is –1 kcal∙(mol∙L−1)−1 (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ). At the same time, by selectively PCR-amplifying the DNA sequences of the two-level primer binding sites for random access, the target sequence can be accurately read with a minimum of 103 reads, when the primer binding site sequences at different positions are mutually different. This paper provides a pipeline for orthogonal primer library generation and multi-mode mapping schemes between files and primers, which can help achieve precise random access to files in large-scale DNA oligo pools.

The Effect of Different Separated File Retrieval Strategies on the Biomechanical Behavior of a Mandibular Molar: A Finite Element Analysis Study

IntroductionThis study evaluated the effects of retrieval strategies of separated nickel-titanium files on the biomechanical behavior of endodontically treated teeth by finite element analysis. MethodsSix FE models were created: intact tooth; simulated a scenario where the apical 3 mm of a nickel-titanium file is separated and retained; TD, simulated application of a trephine drill to expose 1 mm of the separated file; simulated troughing of 180° at the inner wall of root canal for an extra 1 mm of the separated file beyond the staging platform; simulated circumferential ultrasonic troughing done for an extra 1 mm after the TD; and PM, simulated iatrogenic perforation sealed using MTA. Occlusal loading followed the occlusal fingerprint of the tooth before maximum von Mises stresses, maximum principal stresses, safety factor, and number of cycles till failure were determined. The cervical region of the teeth and mid-root sections including the separated file was chosen as the areas of interest for further analysis. ResultsIntact tooth recorded the highest number of cycles till failure and safety factor. Other models showed a narrow range of variation in all aspects with the PM recording the lowest number of cycles till failure. The highest von Mises stress was recorded at the mesiobuccal line angle of the PM near its cervical margin, while the lowest was found at the intact tooth. ConclusionUnder the limitation of this study, various file retrieval strategies removing the surrounding root dentin within the amounts of general guidelines do not affect the biomechanical behavior of the tooth.

DNA palette code for time-series archival data storage

Abstract The long-term preservation of large volumes of infrequently accessed cold data poses challenges to the storage community. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is considered a promising solution due to its inherent physical stability and significant storage density. The information density and decoding sequence coverage are two important metrics that influence the efficiency of DNA data storage. In this study, we propose a novel coding scheme called DNA Palette code, which is suitable for cold data, especially time-series archival datasets. These datasets are not frequently accessed but necessitate reliable long-term storage for retrospective research. The DNA Palette code employs unordered combinations of index-free oligonucleotides (oligos) to represent binary information. It can achieve high net information density encoding and lossless decoding with low sequencing coverage. When sequencing reads are corrupted, it can still effectively recover partial information, preventing the complete failure of file retrieval. The in vitro testing of clinical brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data storage, as well as simulation validations using large-scale public MRI datasets (10 GB), planetary science datasets, and meteorological datasets, demonstrate the advantages of our coding scheme, including high information density, low decoding sequence coverage, and wide applicability.

File hyper-searching explained

ABSTRACT There are two main ways to retrieve files: hierarchical navigation and query-based search. File retrieval studies have consistently found navigation preference, with search used only as a last resort when users forget in which folder they stored the target file. However, a minority of people, referred to as hyper-searchers, perform far more searches than others. This study aimed to discover why hyper-searchers conduct searches far more than the rest of the population. To do so, a group of hyper-searchers (n = 50) and a control group (n = 50) were assigned using a double-check allocation method which included both self-estimation and a retrieval task. On average, the search percentage in the retrieval task for the hyper-searchers (67%) was over 13 times higher than for the control group (5%). The study gives ample evidence that hyper-searchers’ files were less organized than the control group. As a result, their average navigation failure percentage (23%) was almost 4 times higher than the control group (6%), and hyper-searchers needed to resort to search. Our results suggest that hyper-searchers’ files were less well-organized because they scored less on the conscientiousness trait of the Big Five personality questionnaire; and in turn, having less organized files forced them to search more.

Comparative evaluation of increase in temperature on the external root surface of teeth during retrieval of broken NiTi instrument using two ultrasonic tips and two power settings: An in vitro study.

An unfavorable event that can hinder endodontic treatment and affect the outcome of root canal treatment is the separation of endodontic instruments. Endodontic instrument separation can occur due to clinical or metallurgical factors. Friction between the ultrasonic tip and the remaining dentin generates heat, which is subsequently transferred to the external root surface. Elevated temperatures exceeding 10°C above body temperature for more than a minute may result in injury to periodontal or bone tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare temperature rise on the external root surface of teeth during retrieval of broken NiTi instrument using two different ultrasonic tips and two power settings. In each group, a sample size of 8 was sufficient to attain a statistical power exceeding 90%, enabling the detection of a minimum mean difference of 0.9204 (delta) through a one-way ANOVA test at a 95% confidence level (alpha 0.05). After access opening and working length determination, samples were randomly distributed into two groups - Group 1 (A and B) - ProUltra tip at high and low power settings and Group 2 (A and B) - Cric Dental IR3 at high and low power settings. The temperature rise was measured using K-type thermocouple thermometer. The comparisons were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with pairwise comparisons using the Dunn's test. Group 1A and Group 1B resulted in lower heat generation compared to Group 2A and 2B and its difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Minimum temperature rise is seen in the ProUltra group at lower power settings (Group 1A) at the apical level and maximum temperature rise is seen in the Cric Dental IR3 group at higher power settings (Group 2B) at the middle third level. It was found that there is a significant temperature rise seen when ultrasonic tips are used for the retrieval of separated files, especially at higher power settings. The ProUltra tip demonstrated the lowest temperature rise at lower power settings, particularly at the apical level, whereas the IR3 Cric Dental tip exhibited the highest temperature rise, notably at higher power settings and the middle third level.

A Closer Look into IPFS: Accessibility, Content, and Performance

The InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) has recently gained considerable attention. While prior research has focused on understanding its performance characterization and application support, it remains unclear: (1) what kind of files/content are stored in IPFS, (2) who are providing these files, (3) are these files always accessible, and (4) what affects the file access performance. To answer these questions, in this paper, we perform measurement and analysis on over 4 million files associated with CIDs (content IDs) that appeared in publicly available IPFS datasets. Our results reveal the following key findings: (1) Mixed file accessibility: while IPFS is not designed for a permanent storage, accessing a non-trivial portion of files, such as those of NFTs and video streams, often requires multiple retrieval attempts, potentially blocking NFT transactions and negatively affecting the user experience. (2) Dominance of NFT (non-fungible token) and video files: about 50% of stored files are NFT-related, followed by a large portion of video files, among which about half are pirated movies and adult content. (3) Centralization of content providers: a small number of peers (top-50), mostly cloud nodes hosted by tech companies, serve a large portion (95%) of files, deviating from IPFS's intended design goal. (4) High variation of downloading throughput and lookup time: large file retrievals experience lower average throughput due to more overhead for resolving file chunk CIDs, and looking up files hosted by non-cloud nodes takes longer. We hope that our findings can offer valuable insights for (1) IPFS application developers to take into consideration these characteristics when building applications on top of IPFS, and (2) IPFS system developers to improve IPFS and similar systems to be developed for Web3.

Electrochemical dissolution and retrieval of broken NiTi endodontic files from root canal using chloride based isotonic fluids as electrolytes - An in vitro study.

The electrochemical dissolution method of instrument retrieval emphasizes on the dissolution of the instrument rather than sacrificing dentine. Most of the studies conducted for electrochemical dissolution used fluoride-containing electrolytes and were performed inside a beaker. In this study, we used chloride-based fluids as electrolytes. Fifty extracted mandibular first premolars were divided into five groups based on the electrolytes used. Canals were enlarged to ProTaper Universal F2, and files were intentionally broken inside the canal. These specimens were subjected to electrochemical characterization by applying the potential of 9V for 20 min. Optical images were taken to assess the change in surface topography. The results were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (analysis of variance [ANOVA]). The rate of dissolution based on the electrolyte used decreased in the following order, viz. Tyrode's solution>artificial saliva>normal saline>Ringer's lactate/physiological serum. Apart from fluoride, chloride-based electrolytes could be an efficient alternative.

Management of Separated Endodontic Instrument in Mandibular Second Molar with Bypass Technique

One of the most common mishaps in root canal treatment is a separated endodontic instrument. Bypass technique is an effective alternative besides file retrieval while clinical conditions have lack of access and visibility. Other than, this technique gives a more conservative outcome because it prevents more dentin removal. The aim of this case report was to describe management of separated endodontic instruments in the mandibular second molar with bypass technique during endodontic treatment. A 3,5 mm F1 ProTaper Hand Use file was separated in the mesiobuccal canal of the mandibular second molar. Radiograph examination was taken to make sure the level of fragment. Bypass was performed with #10 until #25 K-File to pass the separated instrument through the gap between it and the root canal wall. Obturation has been done with gutta percha and resin-based sealer using cold lateral condensation technique. Direct restoration was chosen as final restoration after 6 days follow up. Bypass technique can be performed as management of separated instrument considering the risks involved fragment extrusion to apical region, secondary separated instrument, and conservative aspect.

Hierarchical Cache-Aided Networks for Linear Function Retrieval.

In a hierarchical caching system, a server is connected to multiple mirrors, each of which is connected to a different set of users, and both the mirrors and the users are equipped with caching memories. All the existing schemes focus on single file retrieval, i.e., each user requests one file. In this paper, we consider the linear function retrieval problem, i.e., each user requests a linear combination of files, which includes single file retrieval as a special case. We propose a new scheme that reduces the transmission load of the first hop by jointly utilizing the two layers' cache memories, and we show that our scheme achieves the optimal load for the second hop in some cases.

Separating binding and retrieval of event files in older adults

In the literature on human action control, it is assumed that features of stimuli (S) and responses (R) are integrated into internal representations (so-called event files) that are involved in the execution of an action. Experimentally, the impact of this integration on action control is typically analyzed via S-R binding effects. Recent theorizing in the BRAC framework (Frings et al., 2020) suggests to disentangle the processes of S-R binding proper from S-R retrieval as two independent components contributing to S-R binding effects. Since the literature on age effects on S-R binding effects is scarce and does not provide information on whether the existing findings about the two processes can be generalized to older age groups, this is the first study addressing the effects of older age separately on S-R binding proper vs. S-R retrieval. In two established variants of S-R binding tasks (cumulative n = 262), we contrasted binding (by using a saliency manipulation at the time of binding proper) versus retrieval processes (by manipulating the onset of the distractor at the time of retrieval), replicating previous results in younger (18–30 years) and also in older healthy controls (50–70 years). We therefore found no evidence for age effects on S-R binding proper or S-R retrieval. We thus conclude that the processes contributing to S-R binding effects are – at least in the age groups analyzed in this study – robust and age-independent. Statement of significanceIn human action control, binding proper and retrieval of features in stimulus-response episodes typically lead to so-called S-R binding effects. Against the background of recent theorizing, binding proper and retrieval should be studied independently. In this article, we ran a younger and an older age group and analyzed possible age-related differences in integration or retrieval. Both groups showed the expected pattern for binding and retrieval as expected from the literature.

Secure Access of Folders and Files after Removal of Duplicacy over the Cloud

Cloud Computing has been the most popular approach of computing due to faster access to folders and files at a low cost. Hence, many organizations are shifting the old long database folders and files over the cloud which may be text, audio, video or in the other formats. Due to large size of the database with multiple storages of folders and files over the cloud, there may be chances of duplicate access of the database folders and files which may cause the loss of time of execution or accessing the database files. In the present work, a technique is developed to remove duplicate files in the form of .txt, .doc, .jpg, .pdf as well as duplicate folders after applying a well-known ElGamal algorithm later on converted as fuzzy ElGamal technique, for faster retrieval of files in a very secure manner. For this purpose, Unified Modelling Language (UML) model is developed which has been implemented through Python programming language. The computed results towards the model’s efficiency have been depicted through tables and graphs, on a large database in the form of folders and files of Indian railway reservation system. The present work is significant for the large organizations and also useful for the users working over the cloud for faster accessing of the folders and files.

Comparative analysis of audio classification with MFCC and STFT features using machine learning techniques

In the era of automated and digitalized information, advanced computer applications deal with a major part of the data that comprises audio-related information. Advancements in technology have ushered in a new era where cutting-edge devices can deliver comprehensive insights into audio content, leveraging sophisticated algorithms such such as Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) and Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) to extract and provide pertinent information. Our study helps in not only efficient audio file management and audio file retrievals but also plays a vital role in security, the robotics industry, and investigations. Beyond its industrial applications, our model exhibits remarkable versatility in the corporate sector, particularly in tasks like siren sound detection and more. Embracing this capability holds the promise of catalyzing the development of advanced automated systems, paving the way for increased efficiency and safety across various corporate domains. The primary aim of our experiment is to focus on creating highly efficient audio classification models that can be seamlessly automated and deployed within the industrial sector, addressing critical needs for enhanced productivity and performance. Despite the dynamic nature of environmental sounds and the presence of noises, our presented audio classification model comes out to be efficient and accurate. The novelty of our research work reclines to compare two different audio datasets having similar characteristics and revolves around classifying the audio signals into several categories using various machine learning techniques and extracting MFCCs and STFTs features from the audio signals. We have also tested the results after and before the noise removal for analyzing the effect of the noise on the results including the precision, recall, specificity, and F1-score. Our experiment shows that the ANN model outperforms the other six audio models with the accuracy of 91.41% and 91.27% on respective datasets.

Retrieval of broken file and retreatment of previously treated mandibular left second molar

Retrieval of broken file and retreatment of previously treated mandibular left second molar

Responding, fast and slow: Visual detection and localization performance is unaffected by retrieval

According to action control theories, responding to a stimulus leads to the binding of the response and stimulus features into an event file. Repeating any component of the latter retrieves previous information, affecting ongoing performance. Based on years of attentional orienting research, recent boundaries of such binding theories have been proposed as binding effects are fully absent in visual detection (e.g., Schöpper et al., 2020, Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82(4), 2085–2097) and localization (e.g., Schöpper & Frings, 2022; Visual Cognition, 30(10), 641–658) performance. While this can be attributed to specific task demands, the possibility remains that retrieval of previous event files is hampered in such tasks due to overall fast responding. In the current study we instructed participants to signal the detection (Experiment 1) and location (Experiment 2) of dots orthogonally repeating or changing their nonspatial identity and location. Crucially, the dots were either hard or easy to perceive. As expected, making targets hard to perceive drastically slowed down detection and localization response speed. Importantly, binding effects were absent irrespective of perceptibility. In contrast, discriminating the nonspatial identity of targets (Experiment 3) showed strong binding effects. These results highlight the impact of task-dependence for binding approaches in action control.

Factors Affecting Delays in Retrieval of Inpatient Medical Record Filesat the West NTB Provincial Hospital

Every patient comes to visit a health care facility for health service needs so that medical record files must always be available, but medical record files often experience delays in returning them. Delays in the retrieval of inpatient medical record files were caused by duplicate medical record files, incorrectly stored, and not completed by the inpatient doctor. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that influence the delay in the retrieval of inpatient medical record files at the NTB Provincial Hospital. The type of research used is quantitative with cross sectional design. The population in this study were all medical record officers at the NTB Provincial Hospital, totaling 45 people with a total sample of 6 retrieval officers. The sampling technique uses incidental sampling. Data collection was carried out by observing or observing all medical record file retrieval officers using a check list. Data processing is done by editing, coding, data entry, and cleaning. Analysis of the data used is descriptive quantitative analysis. The results of the study based on the medical record file officers were categorized as good 0 (0%), and as many as 3 people (50%) categorized as sufficient, while the medical record file officers were categorized as lacking as many as 3 people (50%). The results of the study based on medical record files were categorized as good with a total of 0 (0%), and categorized as sufficient with a yes answer of 10 items (71.4%), while medical record files were categorized as lacking with 4 items (28.6%). It is necessary to increase medical record officers, especially officers in filing, so that their accuracy is increased in separating medical record numbers before storing them so that medical record files are not misplaced so that services at the hospital run smoothly.

Management missed canal tooth and broken file using ultrasonic instrument

Background: Endodontic mishaps, such as missed canal and broken file, are procedural accidents that can affect the prognosis of endodontic treatment. A missed canal can lead to endodontic failure because of bacterial remnants in the root canal. A broken file may cause obstruction of the canal, inhibiting the process of shaping and cleaning. An ultrasonic instrument can be used under a dental microscope to manage a missed canal or broken file fragment. Purpose: This study aimed to show the management of missed canal and instrument separation by endodontic retreatment using an ultrasonic instrument under dental microscope. Case: A 31-year-old female patient presented to Dental Hospital Universitas Gadjah Mada with discomfort from chewing her upper left molar since 2 weeks (January 4, 2022). The tooth was subjected to root canal treatment 2 years ago (November 18, 2019). The percussion test yielded a positive result. The examination of radiographs showed the presence of a broken file in the middle third of the mesiobuccal root canal. Case Management: The first stage of the retreatment was removal of the gutta-percha. This was followed by exploration of the missed canal and retrieval of the broken file using an ultrasonic instrument under a dental microscope. Then, the root canals, including the messiobuccal2 canal, that was missed at the previous treatment, were prepared. The final step was zirconia crown restoration with a fiber post. Conclusion: An ultrasonic device along with a dental microscope can be used to manage a missed canal and instrument separation conservatively.

Broken File Retrieval in the Lower Left Second Molar Using the Ultrasonic Technique

Broken File Retrieval in the Lower Left Second Molar Using the Ultrasonic Technique

CKineticsDB─An Extensible and FAIR Data Management Framework and Datahub for Multiscale Modeling in Heterogeneous Catalysis.

A great advantage of computational research is its reproducibility and reusability. However, an enormous amount of computational research data in heterogeneous catalysis is barricaded due to logistical limitations. Sufficient provenance and characterization of data and computational environment, with uniform organization and easy accessibility, can allow the development of software tools for integration across the multiscale modeling workflow. Here, we develop the Chemical Kinetics Database, CKineticsDB, a state-of-the-art datahub for multiscale modeling, designed to be compliant with the FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management. CKineticsDB utilizes a MongoDB back-end for extensibility and adaptation to varying data formats, with a referencing-based data model to reduce redundancy in storage. We have developed a Python software program for data processing operations and with built-in features to extract data for common applications. CKineticsDB evaluates the incoming data for quality and uniformity, retains curated information from simulations, enables accurate regeneration of publication results, optimizes storage, and allows the selective retrieval of files based on domain-relevant catalyst and simulation parameters. CKineticsDB provides data from multiple scales of theory (ab initio calculations, thermochemistry, and microkinetic models) to accelerate the development of new reaction pathways, kinetic analysis of reaction mechanisms, and catalysis discovery, along with several data-driven applications.

Evaluation of Procedures and Policies used in Controlling Personnel Records at University of Eldoret, Kenya

The role records control is to ensure that records are available at the point of use, has up-to-date information, reliable, checked and have statutory requirements for records and documents that require access. Records control procedures define the role of personnel records by limiting staff numbers, monitoring performance and protecting the rights of individual staff. In Kenya, proper record-keeping is mandated in law. However, it has been noted that challenges of personnel records control in Kenyan universities are common, and with dire consequences. Therefore, the study investigated the personnel records control procedures and policies at University of Eldoret’s Central Registry. Descriptive research design was adopted. The study targeted all the 10 employees of the Central Registry. Therefore, census sampling techniques were used to identify all the staff as respondents. Observation, interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data and results were presented by use of pie charts and bar graphs. Qualitative data was analysed thematically and presented in narrative form. The study found that the University of Eldoret’s Central Registry has in place standardized personnel records control procedures. These procedures include file registration, file classification, file plans, foliating of records, file transit sheets, and records inventories. However, there was no file colour coding to ease identification and retrieval of files. Further, the Registry does not have records management policies in place. From the findings and conclusion, it is recommended that the Central Registry management should adopt colour coding as one of the main procedures for controlling records. Additionally, the University should develop a records control and management policy.

Variational relevance evaluation of individual fMRI data enables deconstruction of task-dependent neural dynamics

In neuroimaging research, univariate analysis has always been used to localize “representations” at the microscale, whereas network approaches have been applied to characterize transregional “operations”. How are representations and operations linked through dynamic interactions? We developed the variational relevance evaluation (VRE) method to analyze individual task fMRI data, which selects informative voxels during model training to localize the “representation”, and quantifies the dynamic contributions of single voxels across the whole-brain to different cognitive functions to characterize the “operation”. Using 15 individual fMRI data files for higher visual area localizers, we evaluated the characterization of selected voxel positions of VRE and revealed different object-selective regions functioning in similar dynamics. Using another 15 individual fMRI data files for memory retrieval after offline learning, we found similar task-related regions working in different neural dynamics for tasks with diverse familiarities. VRE demonstrates a promising horizon in individual fMRI research.