Breast Milk Retinol Research Articles

Hubungan Kandungan Karotenoid Dan Retinol Dalam Darah Dan Asi Pada Ibu Menyusui Di Daerah Penghasil Dan Bukan Penghasil Sayuran

Association of Carotenoids and Retinol Levels In Blood and Breastmilk of Breastfeeding Mothers In Vegetables Producing Area and Non-Vegetables Producing Area.Background: Vegetables are available in abundant amount in the less developed countries, including Indonesia, and are the source of carotenoids and other important nutrient, especially vitamin A. In rural areas, vegetables are becoming important source of vitamin A, especially for breastfeeding mothers.Objectives: To study carotenoids and retinol levels in blood and breastmilk of breastfeeding mothers in vegetables producing area and non-vegetables producing area, and its implication to the availability of vitamin A to breastfeeding mothers.Method: Samples were collected from 87 breastfeeding mothers with their breastfeeding age of 3-6 months, and they came from two areas, vegetables producing area and non-vegetables producing area. Blood and breastmilk were taken and analyzed for their carotenoids and retinol levels using HPLC.Results: The study found there were differences of carotenoids components and retinol in blood and breastmilk of breastfeeding mothers between vegetables producing area and non-vegetables producing area. The levels of lutein, lycopene, β-carotene and retinol in blood of breastfeeding mothers living in vegetables producing area were significantly different (pl0.01) from non vegetables producing area. However, for β-cryptoxanthin, and α-carotene were not significantly different (pg0.05). The levels of carotenoids and retinol in breastmilk showed differences. The levels of lutein, lycopene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and retinol in breastmilk of mothers in vegetables producing area were significantly different (pl0.01) from non-vegetables producing area. While β-carotene level was not significantly different (pg0.05). There were a correlation of lutein (r=0.4610, pl0.05), β-cryptoxanthin (r=0.3321, pl0.05), and β-carotene (r=0.4548, pl0.05) levels between in blood and breastmilk in vegetables producing area. While only level of lutein (r=0.6166, pl0.01) in blood correlated with breastmilk in non-vegetables producing area. There was no strong correlation (pg0.05) between vegetables consumption and carotenoids and retinol levels of blood and breastmilk, botj in vegetables producing area and non-vegetables producing area.Conclusion: The result of study showed carotenoids and retinol levels of blood and breastmilk in mothers from vegetables producing area were higher than that of non-vegetables producing area.Recommendation: To encourage breastfeeding mothers in order to consume more vegetables intensively through the existing program.

Vitamin A deficiency in infants: Effects of postnatal maternal vitamin A supplementation on the growth and vitamin A status

The effects of early postpartum maternal vitamin A supplementation (200,000 IU) on vitamin A status and growth of healthy breastfed infants were examined using a double blind controlled prospective study design. Vitamin A status during infancy was determined using a cross sectional study in infants. A retrospective analysis of case records of hospitalised children was used to define the extent of corneal lesions in infants. Serum vitamin A, retinol binding protein (RBP) and molar ratio of retinol to RBP in infants at birth, 6 wk, 3,6,9 & 12 months of age and vitamin A levels in breast milk were determined. Vitamin A status of infants at birth was low with mean serum retinol and RBP being 0.51 and 0.83 μmoles/L, respectively with a molar ratio of 0.59. Mean serum retinol was significantly increased in both the groups of infants by 6 wk of age (0.91 in the control and 0.82 μmoles L in the experimental group). Nevertheless, nearly 30% of infants continued to have serum retinol <0.70 μmoles/L in both the groups. Corneal lesions of malnourished children admitted during the last 10 years were significantly low during infancy, particularly below 6 months of age. Breast milk retinol levels were >1.05 μmoles/L upto 1 year of lactation in unsupplemented women. Supplemented mothers had significantly higher retinol content during the first 30 days of lactation. However, no impact of increased vitamin A intake could be observed on serum retinol levels and growth of their infants. In view of these data, the functional significance of low retinol levels among young infants and justification of supplementing lactating women with vitamin A to improve the vitamin A status of their newborns and young infants needs to be critically re-examined.

Use of Red Palm Oil for the Promotion of Maternal Vitamin A Status

Ninety rural Tanzanian women were recruited during the last three months of pregnancy and divided into three study groups: a control group given dietary advice to promote intake of dark-green leafy vegetables, a group given dietary advice plus sunflower oil, and a group given dietary advice plus red palm oil. Supplementing pregnant women with red palm oil, which is rich in provitamin A, increased their plasma and breastmilk concentrations of α- and β-carotene significantly, whereas women given sunflower oil had significantly higher amounts of α-tocopherol in their plasma and breastmilk than the control group. Moreover, the consumption of either red palm oil or sunflower oil retarded the decline in the concentration of retinol in breastmilk as seen in the control group during the progression of lactation. This indicates that the consumption of an oil rich in α- and β-carotene or α-tocopherol promotes retinol levels in breastmilk.

Moderate zinc and vitamin A deficiency in breast milk of mothers from East-Jakarta.

To gain information about the micronutrient status of urban, middle-income, breast-feeding mothers in relation to zinc and selected fat-soluble vitamins in plasma and breast milk and to assess possible interaction between the measured micronutrients. Cross-sectional study. 91 mothers and their infants living in middle-income areas of Jakarta, Indonesia. None of the measured anthropometric data of the mothers (e.g. BMI: 22.0+/-3.1 kg/m2) and their infants (birth weight: 3.2+/-0.5 kg) gave any indication of undernutrition. The mean concentrations in blood were 124+/-18 g/l for hemoglobin, 385+/-111 microg/l for retinol, 34+/-23 microg/l for alpha-carotene, 104+/-72 microg/l for beta-carotene, 7.7+/-3.3 mg/l for alpha-tocopherol, 0.57+/-0.23 mg/l for gamma-tocopherol, 855+/-242 microg/l for zinc, and the median concentration of lycopene was 29 microg/l. The median breast milk concentrations were 420 microg/l for retinol, 7.8 microg/l for beta-carotene, and 2.7 mg/l for zinc. With increased duration of lactation, vitamin A and zinc concentrations significantly decreased in breast milk whereas plasma zinc concentration increased. Plasma alpha- and beta-carotene were positively correlated (P < 0.0001) with each other and with plasma lycopene. Breast milk beta-carotene was positively correlated with breast milk retinol and with plasma beta-carotene (P < 0.0001). There was no correlation between zinc and vitamin A in either breast milk or plasma. Forty per cent of the mothers were anemic, 29.1% had a low plasma zinc concentration, and 23.7% had a moderately low plasma vitamin A concentration. Breast milk from 70% of the women had a low concentration of vitamin A and that from 66% had a low concentration of zinc. Multi-micronutrient intervention should be considered to provide a sufficient supply of zinc and vitamin A for growth of exclusively breast-fed infants.

Retinol and Alpha-Tocopherol Content in Breast Milk of Bangladeshi Mothers Under Low Socio-Economic Status

In the present study, concentrations of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and total solid were determined in the breast milk of Bangladeshi mothers under low socio-economic status. Mature milk samples were collected from 61 lactating mothers who visited a city maternity centre in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Mothers were at varying lactation periods (1.5-26 months). Retinol and alpha-tocopherol in breast milk were determined by HPLC. Mean (±SE) concentrations of breast milk retinol and alpha-tocopherol were 283.80μgl−1 (±17.4) and 2.04 mgl−1 (±0.11) respectively, while that of total solid was 103.30 gl−1 (±0.70). Concentration of alpha-tocopherol varied for the variation of the length of lactation, while the content of retinol and total solid did not differ significantly. Alpha-tocopherol concentration beyond 6 months post partum was higher as compared to that of earlier periods. Retinol concentration was found to be higher for the comparatively higher income group. Concentrations of these nutrients were not affected significantly by mother's age. Infant's average daily intake of retinol through breast milk was calculated to be 181.02 μg, while that of alpha-tocopherol was calculated to be 1.37 mg. Thus breast milk of Bangladeshi mothers under low socio-economic status cannot cater infants' full requirements for vitamin A (RDA-375RE) and vitamin E (RDA-3-4 alpha-tocopherol equivalent). Improving mother's diet and timely weaning may ameliorate the situation.

Lack of improvement in vitamin A status with increased consumption of dark-green leafy vegetables

SummaryThere is little evidence to support the general assumption that dietary carotenoids can improve vitamin A status. We investigated in Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia, the effect of an additional daily portion of dark-green leafy vegetables on vitamin A and iron status in women with low haemoglobin concentrations (<130 g/L) who were breastfeeding a child of 3-17 months.Every day for 12 weeks one group (n=57) received stirfried vegetables, a second (n=62) received a wafer enriched with β-carotene, iron, vitamin C, and folic acid, and a third (n=56) received a non-enriched wafer to control for additional energy intake. The vegetable supplement and the enriched wafer contained 3·5 mg β-carotene, 5·2 mg and 4·8 mg iron, and 7·8 g and 4·4 g fat, respectively. Assignment to vegetable or wafer groups was by village. Wafers were distributed double-masked. In the enriched-wafer group there were increases in serum retinol (mean increase 0·32 [95% Cl 0·23-0·40] μmol/L), breastmilk retinol (0·59 [0·35-0·84] μmol/L), and serum β-carotene (0·73 [0·59-0·88] μmol/L). These changes differed significantly from those in the other two groups, in which the only significant changes were small increases in breastmilk retinol in the control-wafer group (0·16 [0·02-0·30] μmol/L) and in serum β-carotene in the vegetable group (0·03 [0-0·06] μmol/L). Changes in iron status were similar in all three groups.An additional daily portion of dark-green leafy vegetables did not improve vitamin A status, whereas a similar amount of β-carotene from a simpler matrix produced a strong improvement. These results suggest that the approach to combating vitamin A deficiency by increases in the consumption of provitamin A carotenoids from vegetables should be re-examined.

37] Simultaneous quantitation and separation of carotenoids and retinol in human milk by high-performance liquid chromatography

This chapter discusses methods for separation, determination, and quantitation of the major carotenoids (and retinol) in mature breast milk. Two methods are presented in the chapter: (1) a saponification procedure that converts all the retinyl esters to free retinol, facilitating the simultaneous quantitation of total retinol and β-carotene and (2) a saponification procedure for the separation and quantitation of the more labile carotenoids α-carotene and lycopene. Carotenoids have received the attention of researchers in various fields because of the role carotenoids play as precursors of retinol, as antioxidants, and as effectors of immune function. The effects of β -carotene on the immune system is of particular importance to infants, as these infants rely almost entirely on breast milk as a source of nutrients. This chapter presents two sample preparation methods for the analysis of carotenoids and retinol in mature breast milk by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): (1) a method for the simultaneous analysis of retinol and β-carotene and (2) a method for the analysis of the more labile carotenoids, such as lycopene and α-carotene. These methods can reproduce quantitate β carotene, α-carotene, lycopene, and lutein. Depending on the HPLC system utilized, total xanthophylls can be further separated, generating values for β -cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin.