Retinal Vessels In Eyes Research Articles

THREE CASES OF ACUTE RETINAL NECROSIS WITH ATYPICAL FUNDUS FINDINGS.

To determine the mechanism for the development of segmental granular lesions along the retinal vessels in eyes with acute retinal necrosis. This was a retrospective analysis of the medical records of three eyes of three patients who were diagnosed with acute retinal necrosis that had atypical segmental granular lesions aligned along the retinal vessels. The segmental granular lesions were present on the retinal arteries and veins throughout the retina. Optical coherence tomography showed that the granular lesions protruded into the vitreous cavity. Histopathologic examinations confirmed that the lesions were made up of lymphocytes. We suggest that the granular lesions were formed by a mechanism similar to that of HTLV-1-associated uveitis. We also found that the granular lesions disappeared soon after vitrectomy.

Features of Hemodynamics of Retinal Vessels in Hypermetropic and Myopic Defoci during Treatment with Orthokeratological Lenses

Conduct a study of the hemodynamics of retinal vessels in eyes with myopia with hypermetropic and myopic defocuses: 60 eyes (30 patients) with mild myopia and 100 eyes (50 patients) with moderate myopia were examined. The average age of the patients was 12.0±0.38 years. The average degree of myopia was — (−) 2.2±0.25 D with a mild degree; (−) 4.7±0.22 D at average; The control group consisted of 40 eyes (20 patients) with emmetropia, average age -13.0±0.27 years. Along with generally accepted research methods, the following were carried out: autorefractometry, ophthalmometry, biometry, keratotopography, binocular ophthalmoscopy, OST of the optic disc and macula, OST-A with calimetry, ultrasound of the vessels of the central nervous system and central veins. All patients were fitted with orthokeratological lenses of reverse geometry Moonlens from Sky Optix, with repeated examinations after 1-3-6-12-24 months. With a weak degree of myopia, a narrowing of the caliber of the vessels of the central nervous system was revealed to 71.0±0.60 µm in 14.8% with hypermetropic defocus, with the absence of narrowing of these vessels with myopic defocus. With an average degree of myopia, narrowing of the vessels of the central nervous system to 66.1±0.60 μm was detected in 55% (55 eyes) with hypermetropic defocus, versus 35.8% (36 eyes) with the caliber of the vessels of the central nervous system — 68.6±0.57 μm (P <0.05). Along with this, in patients with an average degree of myopia, a narrowing of the vessels of the central vein with hypermetropic defocus was found to 93.1±0.59 μm in 72.7% (73 eyes), versus 56.4% (56 eyes) with myopic defocus. In both groups, normalization of LBF in the central vascular system to 5.8±0.59 cm/sec and 5.3±0.63 cm/sec with myopic defocus was revealed, and LBF in the central vein to 15.3±0.64 cm/sec. sec with average degree of myopia (P <0.05). In both groups, an increase in the resistivity coefficient (RI) was found to 0.85±0.54 (P <0.01). Conducted studies of OCT-A with calimetry of the vessels of the central nervous system and central nervous system in moderate myopia revealed a significant decrease in the frequency of vasoconstriction in myopic defocus. When examining vessels using ultrasound, a significant normalization of LBF in the central nervous system and central veins was revealed, with myopic defocus with mild and moderate myopia during treatment with orthokeratological lenses. Accordingly, the state of eye hemodynamics may be one of the factors in the effectiveness of treating myopia with orthokeratological lenses.

Morphological characteristics of retinal vessels in eyes with high myopia: Ultra-wide field images analyzed by artificial intelligence using a transfer learning system.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the retinal vascular morphological characteristics in high myopia patients of different severity. 317 eyes of high myopia patients and 104 eyes of healthy control subjects were included in this study. The severity of high myopia patients is classified into C0-C4 according to the Meta Analysis of the Pathologic Myopia (META-PM) classification and their vascular morphological characteristics in ultra-wide field imaging were analyzed using transfer learning methods and RU-net. Correlation with axial length (AL), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and age was analyzed. In addition, the vascular morphological characteristics of myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) patients and their matched high myopia patients were compared. The RU-net and transfer learning system of blood vessel segmentation had an accuracy of 98.24%, a sensitivity of 71.42%, a specificity of 99.37%, a precision of 73.68% and a F1 score of 72.29. Compared with healthy control group, high myopia group had smaller vessel angle (31.12 ± 2.27 vs. 32.33 ± 2.14), smaller fractal dimension (Df) (1.383 ± 0.060 vs. 1.424 ± 0.038), smaller vessel density (2.57 ± 0.96 vs. 3.92 ± 0.93) and fewer vascular branches (201.87 ± 75.92 vs. 271.31 ± 67.37), all P < 0.001. With the increase of myopia maculopathy severity, vessel angle, Df, vessel density and vascular branches significantly decreased (all P < 0.001). There were significant correlations of these characteristics with AL, BCVA and age. Patients with mCNV tended to have larger vessel density (P < 0.001) and more vascular branches (P = 0.045). The RU-net and transfer learning technology used in this study has an accuracy of 98.24%, thus has good performance in quantitative analysis of vascular morphological characteristics in Ultra-wide field images. Along with the increase of myopic maculopathy severity and the elongation of eyeball, vessel angle, Df, vessel density and vascular branches decreased. Myopic CNV patients have larger vessel density and more vascular branches.

RETINAL ARTERIAL DILATION IS IMPAIRED IN EYES WITH DRUSEN AND RETICULAR PSEUDODRUSEN.

To analyze static characteristics and dynamic functionality of retinal vessels in eyes with drusen and reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) using dynamic vessel analyzer. Patients with clinical diagnosis of isolated RPD or medium-large drusen and healthy controls were enrolled in the study between July 2016 and May 2018. Participants underwent complete ophthalmologic examination, including enhanced depth imaging structural optical coherence tomography, dynamic retinal vessel analysis, and static retinal vessel analysis. Twenty-eight eyes of 23 patients with drusen (9 men, mean age 77 ± 6 years), 22 eyes of 16 patients with RPD (7 men, mean age: 76 ± 6 years), and 22 eyes of 22 control subjects (11 men, mean age of 75 ± 6 years) were enrolled. Static retinal vessel analysis did not show any significant difference between the three groups for the central retinal artery equivalent (P = 0.11), the central retinal vein equivalent (P = 0.27), and the arteriovenous ratio (P = 0.30). Dynamic vessel analysis showed significantly reduced arterial dilation in eyes with drusen (P = 0.0001) and RPD (P = 0.015) compared with control subjects. No significant difference was seen between drusen and RPD groups (P = 0.32). Dynamic vessel analysis of retinal veins showed no differences between the three groups (P = 0.10). Dynamic vessel analysis in eyes with drusen and RPD revealed an impaired retinal arterial dilation in response to flicker light stimulation, which further supports the relationship between cardiovascular risk and age-related macular degeneration.

Characteristics of retinal vessels in surgically closed macular hole: an optical coherence tomography angiography study.

The purpose of our study was to investigate characteristics of retinal vessels in eyes with surgically closed macular holes (MH). We included patients who underwent surgery for idiopathic MH and a follow-up examination using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and retinal vascular densities of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were calculated on the postoperative OCTA images and compared with those of age-matched normal controls. Twenty-eight patients with MH and 28 controls were included. Mean postoperative FAZ areas of SCP and DCP (0.317±0.129mm2 and 0.500±0.174mm2) were smaller than those of normal controls (0.406±0.131mm2 and 0.687±0.147mm2) (P=0.013 and P<0.001, respectively). Retinal vascular densities of SCP and DCP in the MH group (32.23±1.45% and 31.85±1.28%) were lower than those of the control group (33.26±1.71% and 33.18±1.89%) (P=0.019 and P=0.003, respectively). The retinal vascular densities of SCP and DCP were associated with postoperative mean ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness (P=0.033 and P=0.035, respectively). The vascular densities were horizontally asymmetric and related to asymmetric distribution of GC-IPL thickness in the MH group. Surgically closed MH eyes had remodeled retinal vascular patterns, which were related to morphologic changes in the inner retinal layer. The healing process after MH surgery may be involved in asymmetric change in anatomy and hemodynamics of the inner retina.

Retinal vessels functionality in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy

PurposeTo analyse static characteristics and dynamic functionality of retinal vessels in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) by means of Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (DVA).MethodsPatients presenting with treatment-naïve CSCR and normal...

Static characteristics and dynamic functionality of retinal vessels in longer eyes with or without pathologic myopia.

To analyze major retinal vessels in eyes with high myopia by means of the Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (DVA) in order to gather insight on retinal vascular functionality and better understand why these eyes are resistant to diabetes-related changes. A total of 20 high-myopia eyes with pathologic myopia, 20 high-myopia eyes without pathologic myopia and 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects (without pathologic myopia) were included and compared. Dynamic analysis showed mean arterial dilation of 2.44 ± 1.59% in high-myopia eyes with pathologic myopia, 2.67 ± 1.17 in high-myopia without pathologic myopia eyes, and 3.28 ± 1.46% in healthy eyes. Mean venous dilation was 3.45 ± 1.82%, 3.57 ± 1.72, and 4.45 ± 2.72% respectively. Static analysis in high myopia eyes with pathologic myopia showed a mean central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) of 171.6 ± 24.3, a mean central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) of 199.5 ± 27.73, and a mean arteriovenous ratio (AVR) of 0.86 ± 0.01. In patients with high myopia without pathologic myopia, we found a mean CRAE of 173 ± 21.6, a mean CRVE of 198.2 ± 18.8, and a mean AVR of 0.87 ± 0.1. In control subjects, mean CRAE was 190.3 ± 11.93, mean was CRVE 215.7 ± 13.30, and mean AVR was 0.88 ± 0.04. Static and dynamic tests revealed that in high-myopia eyes, the vessels at the retinal posterior pole have reduced diameter, but are functionally comparable to control subjects. This supports the hypothesis of reduced oxygen consumption in high-myopia eyes.

Analysis of retinal vessels in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa by retinal oximeter.

To study changes in the oxygen saturation and calibre of retinal vessels in the eyes of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In this cross-sectional study, 63 eyes of 63 patients with RP and 14 eyes of 14 healthy subjects were enrolled and examined at Toyama University Hospital. Retinal oximetry measurements were performed using a spectrophotometric oximetry unit (Oxymap T1, Reykjavik, Iceland), which is coupled to a fundus camera base (TRC-50DX; Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Retinal arterioles of 28 eyes and retinal venules of 35 eyes with adequate image quality were selected for analyses. We calculated the residual areas of visual field (I-4e and V-4e isopters) in each eye and determined the correlations between the data of retinal vessels and the areas of visual field in the RP eyes. The mean oxygen saturation of the venules in the RP eyes (60.2 ± 6.5%) was significantly higher than that in healthy eyes (54.6 ± 6.3%, p = 0.0089). The oxygen saturation of the venules in the RP eyes correlated significantly with the residual areas of the visual field of V-4e (r = -0.50; p = 0.0030). The mean calibres of the retinal arterioles (91.1 ± 9.1 μm) and retinal venules (116 ± 13 μm) of the RP eyes were significantly narrower than those of the healthy eyes (115 ± 11 μm and 152 ± 15 μm, respectively, p < 0.01). The retinal arteriolar and venular calibres in the RP eyes correlated with the residual areas of the visual field of V-4e (r = 0.43; p = 0.033 and r = 0.45; p = 0.011, respectively). The severity of RP was correlated with increased oxygen saturations in the retinal venules and decreased retinal vessel calibres.

Retinal oximetry in glaucoma

AbstractRetinal oximetry is an emerging technology which holds promise across in range of eye disease. Intra‐vascular retinal oximetry measurements have been obtained using both dual wavelength, and hyper‐spectral techniques. Retinal oximetric abnormalities have been demonstrated in central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal vein occlusion and diabetic retinopathy. Abnormalities have also been described in glaucoma patients: 1) Elevated retinal venous saturation, especially in eyes with reduced visual function, when compared to normal control eyes, possibly secondary to reduced inner retinal oxygen consumption. 2) Reduced arterial saturation at the optic nerve head (ONH) in animal models with acutely elevated intra‐ocular pressure, possibly related to reduced ONH perfusion. The elevated venous oxygen saturation found in retinal vessels in eyes with glaucoma damage may represent an objective measure of inner retinal function, and may hold promise as an index of ganglion cell health/remaining functional cell mass, and may therefore allow insights into the impact of therapeutic intervention eg IOP reduction, or neuro‐protective agents. The available evidence for a role for retinal oximetry in glaucoma will be presented.

Vessel Width in Type 1 ROP: Zone I vs Zone II

Introduction: Type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) as defined by ETROP encompasses disease in zone 1 with or without plus disease and zone II with plus disease. Our hypothesis is that the width of posterior retinal vessels in eyes with Type 1 ROP do not differ when the retinopathy occurs in zone 1 compared to zone 2.

Retinal function in infants with optic nerve hypoplasia: electroretinograms to large patterns and photopic flash

Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), which is defined as a congenital deficiency of retinal ganglion cells, may also involve more distal layers of the retina. We investigated electrophysiological function of the retina in ONH using electroretinograms (ERGs). ERGs were recorded from 48 subjects (3.5-35 months) with unilateral or bilateral ONH. Pattern reversal (4 degrees checks) was presented under chloral hydrate sedation, using an optical system to correct a cycloplegic refraction. A photopic flash stimulus was also used. Fundus photographs were used to measure the disk diameter/disk macula ratio (DD/DM), and to document other clinical signs. Eyes were classified as moderate (0.15-0.3) or severe (<0.15) ONH, and those with DD/DM greater than 0.3 were used as reference eyes. Pattern ERG recording was completed in 89 eyes and was detectable in 80% of eyes with ONH (61/76 tested) and in all 13 reference eyes. Photopic flash ERGs were of good quality in all eyes. The severity of ONH correlates with the amplitude of the photopic flash b-waves and with the amplitude of the N95 component of the pattern ERG (P<0.01). However, the ERGs to large patterns were well preserved (>3.5 microV) in 10 of 35 eyes with severe ONH. Tortuous retinal vessels in eyes with either moderate or severe ONH were associated with smaller amplitude photopic b-waves and markedly diminished or undetectable pattern ERGs. This study supports the hypothesis that retinal dysfunction distal to the ganglion cells is common in ONH, but is not predictable on the basis of ONH severity alone. Additionally, tortuous retinal vessels in ONH may be a sign associated with retinal dysfunction.