Microalbuminuria is known as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Retinal vessel caliber size is also linked to increased risk of stroke and coronary heart disease. Although there are shared anatomical and physiological characteristics between renal and retinal microvasculature, longitudinal study between renal and retinal microvasculature to illustrate temporal association is scarce. To determine whether retinal vessel caliber size at baseline associated with incidence of microalbuminuria in a general Japanese population study of the Takahata study. We conducted a community-based longitudinal cohort study, the Takahata study (Yamagata, Japan). In 2004-6, 711 individuals without microalbuminuria were identified at baseline examination. Microalbuminuria was defined as the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥ 30 mg/g. Retinal vessel caliber was determined using semi-automatic software (IVAN, Wisconsin University) as the central retinal artery and vein equivalent (CRAE and CRVE). We analyzed the association between baseline retinal vessel calibers and cumulative incidence of microalubuminuria using multivariate logistic regression model adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Hemoglobin (Hb) A1c, UACR at baseline, and smoking. During follow-up period (mean, 6.7 years±0.6), 45 subjects (6.3%) developed microalbuminuria. In univariate logistic regression analysis, Age (per 1 years increase, Odds ratio [OR]: 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.09), HbA1c (per 1% increase, OR: 2.08, 95%CI: 1.28-3.36), UACR at baseline (per 1 mg/g increase, OR: 1.11, 95%CI: 1.06-1.16) were associated with increased risk of developing microalbuminuria. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, HbA1c (OR: 1.86, 95%CI: 1.07-3.24), UACR at baseline (OR: 1.09, 95%CI: 1.04-1.15), and CRAE (per 1SD decrease, OR: 1.45, 95%CI: 1.00-2.12) were significantly associated with increased risk of incident microalbuminuria. In conclusion, narrowing of retinal artery seems to be precedent to the incidence of microalbuminuria in this adult population-based cohort.