Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness In Patients Research Articles

Association between HSP-Specific T-Cell Counts and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

Previous laboratory reports implicate heat shock protein (HSP)-specific T-cell responses in glaucoma pathogenesis; here, we aimed to provide direct clinical evidence by correlating systemic HSP-specific T-cell levels with glaucoma severity in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Cross-sectional case-control study. Thirty-two adult patients with POAG and 38 controls underwent blood draw and optic nerve imaging. Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) were stimulated in culture with HSP27, α-crystallin, a member of the small HSP family, or HSP60. Both interferon-γ (IFN-γ)+ CD4+ T helper type 1 cells (Th1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) were quantified by flow cytometry and presented as a percentage of total PBMC counts. Relevant cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) was measured with OCT. Pearson's correlation (r) was used to assess correlations. Correlations of HSP-specific T-cell counts, and serum levels of corresponding cytokine levels with RNFLT. Patients with POAG (visual field mean deviation, -4.7 ± 4.0 dB) and controls were similar in age, gender, and body mass index. Moreover, 46.9% of POAG and 60.0% of control subjects had prior cataract surgery (P= 0.48). Although no significant difference in total nonstimulated CD4+ Th1 or Treg cells was detected, patients with POAG exhibited significantly higher frequencies of Th1 cells specific for HSP27, α-crystallin, or HSP60 than controls (7.3 ± 7.9% vs. 2.6 ± 2.0%, P= 0.004; 5.8 ± 2.7% vs. 1.8 ± 1.3%, P < 0.001; 13.2 ± 13.3 vs. 4.3 ± 5.2, P= 0.01; respectively), but similar Treg specific for the same HSPs compared with controls (P ≥ 0.10 for all). Concordantly, the serum levels of IFN-γ were higher in POAG than in controls (36.2 ± 12.1 pg/ml vs. 10.0 ± 4.3 pg/ml; P < 0.001), but TGF-β1 levels did not differ. Average RNFLT of both eyes negatively correlated with HSP27- and α-crystallin-specific Th1 cell counts, and IFN-γ levels in all subjects after adjusting for age (partial correlation coefficient r= -0.31, P= 0.03; r= -0.52, p= 0.002; r= -0.72, P < 0.001, respectively). Higher levels of HSP-specific Th1 cells are associated with thinner RNFLT in patients with POAG and control subjects. The significant inverse relationship between systemic HSP-specific Th1 cell count and RNFLT supports the role of these T cells in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Correlation between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and anterior segment parameters in patients with pseudoexfoliation: A cross-sectional comparative study.

The purpose of this study was to assess the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with pseudoexfoliation (PXF) and to correlate it with anterior segment parameters such as intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), pigments in angle structures, and grades of PXF. This was a cross-sectional comparative study in a tertiary care center. Patients having unilateral PXF were categorized as group 1. Age- and sex-matched healthy controls were categorized as group 2. All subjects underwent IOP measurement, CCT measurement, and retinal nerve fiber thickness measurement. Subjects in group 1 also underwent gonioscopy and perimetry. Data were entered and analyzed using the IBM-SPSS program (version 20.0); Chicago, IL. Mean RNFL thickness in group 1 was 85.91 ± 22.237 μ and in group 2 was 106.65 ± 6.1 μ. The mean RNFL thickness in patients with PXF syndrome was 103.38 ± 5.815 μ and in patients with PXF glaucoma was 67.82 ± 17.984 μ. The mean CCT in patients with PXF syndrome was 516.41 ± 23.03 μ and in patients with PXF glaucoma was 507 ± 33.05 μ and control group was 526.6 m. The mean IOP in patients with PXF syndrome was 8 ± 6.01 mmHg; in patients with PXF glaucoma was 17.21 ± 7.33 mmHg; and in the control group was 14.12 ± 2.693 mmHg. There was a negative correlation between IOP and RNFL thickness, and a positive correlation between CCT and RNFL thickness, but it was not statistically significant. A statistically significant correlation was found between grades of PXF and RNFL thinning with a correlation coefficient of 0.437 (P = 0.001). Patients with PXF have a lower CCT, higher mean IOP, and RNFL thinning compared to normal subjects. The presence of grade 3 PXF (on the lens surface edge) showed a statistically significant correlation with RNFL thinning.

Retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thickness analysis in patients having relative afferent pupillary defect.

To determine the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness in patients having relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). This cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 patients with posterior segment disease and glaucoma presenting with RAPD. The control group comprised 30 patients with the aforementioned diseases without RAPD. RAPD was graded using neutral density filters placed over the unaffected eye. Peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular GCC were measured using the Cirrus HD-OCT machine. There were 45 males and 15 females. There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the mean of average RNFL thickness in patients having RAPD (64.73 ± 15.16 μm in the affected eyes) as compared to sick control (82.73 ± 11.33 μm in the affected eyes). It was further observed that there was a decrease in RNFL thickness with advancing grades of RAPD. There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the mean of average GCC thickness in patients having RAPD (51.57 ± 14.96 μm in the affected eyes) as compared to sick control (76.36 ± 8.06 μm in the affected eyes). Our study suggests that there is a significant reduction in RNFL thickness and GCC thickness in RAPD patients as compared to the sick control group.

Effects of the Presence of Pseudoexfoliation on Intraocular Pressure and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Macular Degeneration Receiving Intravitreal Ranibizumab.

Aims: In the present study, we aimed to compare the effect of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) treatment on intraocular pressure (IOP) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with and without pseudoexfoliation (PEX). Materials and Methods: A total of 24 patients, 12 with PEX (12 eyes) and 12 without PEX (12 eyes), receiving IVR treatment for neovascular AMD between June 2017 and June 2019, were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were composed of the history of glaucoma, uveitis, intravitreal steroid administration, pars plana vitrectomy surgery, and less than three IVR injections. Such criteria as age, gender, follow-up times, number of injections administered, IOP, and RNFL thickness before the first injection and one month after the last injection were also recorded. Results: Age, gender, follow-up time, and the number of injections were similar in groups with and without PEX (p > 0.05). While mean post-treatment IOP values were not significantly higher in the PEX group (14.50 ± 3.06 vs. 12.91 ± 1.83 mmHg, p = 0.065), the values were significant for the non-PEX group (13.25 ± 2.76 vs. 11.83 ± 2.69 mmHg, p = 0.01), and these values were within normal IOP limits. Additionally, RNFL thickness was significantly thinner after treatment in both groups (91.41 ± 7.14 vs. 94.00 ± 6.76 in those with PEX; 95.58 ± 5.91 vs. 97.66 ± 6.89 in those without PEX; p < 0.05). The decrease in RNFL thickness in the PEX group was 2.58 ± 1.62 µ and in the non-PEX group was 2.08 ± 1.98 µ. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of RNFL thinning (p = 0.505). Discussion: Ranibizumab may reduce RNFL thickness in patients with PEX. Longer-term studies including larger populations are necessary for understanding IOP and RNFL changes after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection.

Evaluation of the relationship between retinal nerve layer thickness and corpus callosum atrophy in MRI with memory impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease in which demyelination and loss of axons lead to disruption of communication between neurons in the central nervous system. Cognitive impairment occurs in a significant proportion of patients with MS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and corpus callosum atrophy in magnetic resonance imaging with memory disorders in patients with MS.Methods:This descriptive analytical study was performed on patients with a diagnosis of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis referred to the clinic of Ali Ibn Abi Talib Hospital in Zahedan, Iran. An information form that includes a Mini–Mental State Examination was first prepared, by which the patient’s memory impairment is measured. After recording the data, the data were collected using an information form and finally analyzed by SPSS software version 22 using an independent t-test.Results:In this study, 80 patients with MS primary progressive multiple sclerosis were included in the study, of which 53 were female and 27 were male. The mean age of patients was 45.1 ± 5.9 years, which did not show a statistically significant difference (P = 0.536). The mean RNFL thickness in patients with memory impairment was significantly lower than that in patients without memory impairment. The mean corpus callosum thickness was found to be significantly lower in patients with memory impairment than in patients without memory impairment.Conclusion:All in all, the results of this study showed that the thickness of RNFL and the corpus callosum in patients with memory impairment was significantly lower than that in patients without memory impairment.

Diagnostic Value of Optical Coherence Tomography and Electroretinogram in Early Detection of Ethambutol-Induced Optic Neuropathy

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Background: Ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy (EON) is one of the most compelling adverse effect of tuberculosis treatment. Recovery often occur several months after treatment discontinuation. Unfortunately, some studies noted that nearly half of patients still have permanent visual loss. Early detection before clinical symptoms appear is necessary to prevent this devastating adverse effect. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness changes with OCT, pattern and multifocal electroretinogram (ERG) changes during ethambutol treatment as early detection of EON. &#x0D; Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted from electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and Springerlink) using relevant search terms. Articles from offline resources were also included. Included studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.&#x0D; Result: Three studies reported significant thinning of RNFL after ethambutol initiation. Increased RNFL thickness in patients with EON and subclinical EON found in 3 studies. Significant macular GCPIL thinning was noted in 1 study. One study reported shortening of P50 implicit time and reduced N95 wave amplitude in pattern ERG. &#x0D; Conclusion: Macular GCIPL thinning suggested to be the first pathological changes detected on patients with ethambutol treatment. It can be concomitant with thickening of peripapillary RNFL and followed by peripapillary RNFL thinning. Pattern ERG may reveal abnormality due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction before RGC loss. &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Structural Analyses of the Pale Optic Discs: Is It Possible to Differentiate the Cause?

ABSTRACT Introduction: To compare the optic nerve head (ONH) structure and microvasculature in patients with optic atrophy due to non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), compressive optic neuropathy (CON), methanol-induced optic neuropathy (MION), and traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) using optical coherence tomography angiography. Methods: In this comparative, cross-sectional study, 32 eyes with NAION, 18 eyes with CON, 32 eyes with MION, 23 eyes with TON, and 55 normal eyes were enrolled. Radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) vessel density, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, disc area, cup volume, and cup/disc area ratio were obtained using the RTVue XR Avanti system (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA). Results: RPC vessel density and peripapillary RNFL thickness in all patients were significantly lower than normal subjects. A positive correlation was found between the RPC vessel density and peripapillary RNFL thickness in normal subjects and all study groups. The positive correlation between the inside and outside disc RPC vessel density was only found in the NAION (r = 0.36, P = .042) and MION (r = 0.42, P = .018) groups. No significant difference was found among the groups in terms of peripapillary and inside disc vascular densities (all P > .05). Disc area and cup volume in patients with MION was larger than the values in patients with NAION (P = .018) and TON (P = .044) and normal subjects (P = .015). The discriminating features among the study groups were the larger cup volume and cup/disc area ratio in patients with MION, and lower RNFL thickness in patients with TON. Conclusions: There was a positive correlation between the RNFL thickness and peripapillary RPC vessel density regardless of the cause of optic disc pallor. Structural evaluation of the ONH seems to be a better way to differentiate the cause of optic nerve head atrophy than the microangiographic changes.

Functional Prognostic value of optical coherence tomography in optic chiasmal decompression: A preliminary study

To assess the predictive value for functional recovery of Ganglion Cell Complex Layer (GCC) and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) measurements obtained by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in patients undergoing chiasmal decompression and to define potential OCT thresholds for visual recovery. We measured preoperative GCC and RNFL thickness in patients with a sellar and/or perisellar tumor compressing the optic chiasm. Visual recovery was defined as recovery of mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) using Humphrey visual field testing after 12 successful decompressions (24 eyes). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to identify the best thresholds. Robust global and focal OCT thresholds were found. Superior GCC≥63μm had the best functional prognostic value (AUC=1) for visual improvement. Mean GCC ≥ 67μm and mean RNFL≥75μm also had excellent predictive values (AUC>0.9). In this preliminary study, significant preoperative OCT thresholds for early visual recovery after chiasmal decompression were identified, mainly regarding GCC measurements. Further studies on larger cohorts with closely scheduled follow-up could refine our results.

The Place of Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an increasingly used new method that investigates changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in neurodegenerative diseases. It provides high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of biological tissues. This study aimed to investigate the structural changes in RNFL in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) using OCT and to investigate the possible effects of retinal function on the etiopathogenesis of OCD. In this study, 30 patients diagnosed with OCD at the end of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID-I), without any drug use status, and 31 healthy participants paired with the patients in terms of their sociodemographic characteristics were included. In the patient and control groups, the RNFL thickness was measured and compared at each locus using OCT. Statistically significant differences were found in RNFL, ganglion cell layer thickness, and central foveal thickness between the patients with OCD and the control group. In this study, the choroidal thickness values of the patient group were found to be higher than those of the control group; and a statistically significant difference was observed in the mean choroidal thickness values (p=0.045). The findings of the study suggest that the RNFL thickness of patients with OCD does not decrease, but choroidal thickness may be an important biomarker to determine the etiopathogenesis of the disease and follow neurodegeneration.

Optical coherence tomography findings in bipolar disorder: a preliminary receiver operating characteristic analysis on ganglion cell layer volume for diagnosis

Abstract Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been recently used to investigate neuropsychiatric disorders. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and the ganglion cell layer (GCL) volume in patients with type 1 bipolar disorder (BPD1, diagnosed according to DSM 5) to the values in healthy controls. Methods Eighty consecutive outpatients with a diagnosis of euthymic BPD1 and 80 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Following assessment with the Sociodemographic Data Form, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I), Hamilton Depression Scale and Young Mania Evaluation Scale, both groups underwent Optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results The mean RNFL thickness and mean GCL volume were significantly lower in the BPD1 group than in the controls (p < 0.05). The GCL global value had a significant and independent effect in distinguishing the BPD1 patients from the controls. A cut-off value of 101 mm3 for global GCL volume was proposed to distinguish BPD1 patients from controls with a sensitivity of 87.5%. Discussion Lower values of GCL volume and RNFLT in patients suffering from BPD1 suggest that neurodegeneration may occur during the course of BPD and that this degeneration can be characterized in particular by a thinning of the GCL volume.

The Effects of Pyridoxine on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Tuberculous Treatment

Aim: Ethambutol and isoniazid, two of the main drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis, can lead to optic neuropathy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive, repeatable, high resolution imaging technique used in the diagnosis and follow-up of optic nerve diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pyridoxine added to antituberculous therapy on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and the effectiveness of OCT in the early diagnosis and monitoring of optic neuropathy.Material and Methods: Twenty four patients diagnosed with pulmonary or non-pulmonary tuberculosis were included in the study. Patients divided into two groups. One group received antituberculous therapy alone, and the other group received 50 mg pyridoxine in addition to antituberculous therapy. RNFL thickness in both eyes was measured using OCT before treatment and 2-month after treatment.Results: The change in the second month of treatment according to baseline in terms of average RNFL thicknesses in the right eyes, showed a statistically significant difference between the groups using and not using pyridoxine (p=0,038). However, there was no significant difference in the left eyes in terms of RNFL thickness in any of the quadrants between the groups.Conclusion: Despite a decrease in RNFL thickness in patients receiving antituberculous therapy alone, no change in RNFL thickness occurred in patients receiving pyridoxine in addition to antituberculous therapy. We think that early ototoxicity can be detected with RNFL thickness measurement using OCT in asymptomatic patients and that the addition of pyridoxine to antituberculous therapy prevents ototoxicity.

Optical coherence tomography and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson disease

BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of aging. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a simple noninvasive imaging technique to estimate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. The aim of this study is to measure the changes of the RNFL thickness in patients with Parkinson disease in comparison with the control group and to detect the relationship between these changes in RNFL with cognitive functions and physical disability in Parkinson patients.Methods20 PD patients (40 eyes) and 20 healthy persons (40 eyes) were enrolled according to the defined criteria. The diagnosis of the patient's Parkinsonism was done according to the brain bank clinical diagnostic criteria for idiopathic Parkinsonism and the severity of the disease was assessed using the Hoehn and Yahr scale. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used for cognitive evaluation in all participant subjects. Quality of life was evaluated by Parkinson's disease questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was done for all patients and control subjects.ResultsThe mean RNFL thickness was significantly reduced in Parkinsonian patients with cognitive impairment (73.64±1.81 μm) when compared with those without cognitive impairment (77.25±4.53 μm) and control subjects (84.1±6.98 μm) (P < 0.001). The retinal thickness reduction was statistically significant in superior and inferior quadrants of the retina (P < 0.001, P =0.03 respectively).The thickness of the superior RNLF correlated significantly with both the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (r = 0.59; P < 0.001) and the mobility scores according to PDQ 39 scale (r= -0.39; P=0.012).ConclusionParkinson disease is associated with distinct retinal pathological changes. OCT seems to be a sensitive tool for detecting these retinal changes and correlated significantly with the progression and severity of Parkinson disease.

Assessment of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Using Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and considered one of the leading causes of blindness in developed countries. Diabetic retinopathy is predominantly a microangiopathy in which high glucose levels can make small blood vessels particularly, vulnerable to damage. Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the thickness of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measured by Swept Source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Patients and Methods: The study was an observational cross-sectional study. The study was conducted on 40 eyes of diabetic patients from the outpatient clinic in ophthalmology department of Al-Azhar University Hospitals. All patients were subjected to a complete ophthalmic examination including OCT. Results: The current study showed a negative correlation between parameters related to DM (duration of DM, and state of glycemic control measured by HbA1C) and all the parameters related to RNFL, and RGCL thickness but this correlation was statistically insignificant, and there was statistically significant decrease in superior RNFL thickness in patients with mild DR than patients with no DR, however, this difference was statistically insignificant in all parameters related to RGCL thickness in the two groups. Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides non-invasive, quantitative and objective measurement of RNFL thickness, optic nerve head, and RGCL thickness with high resolution and accuracy. This could be the method of choice for monitoring the neurodegenerative changes in DR.

Effects of chronic elevated intraocular pressure on parameters of optical coherence tomography in rhesus monkeys.

To determine the progression of parameters from optical coherence tomography (OCT) in chronic elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) monkeys. A chronic elevated IOP model of rhesus monkeys was induced by laser photocoagulation. Representative OCT parameters, including the average and four-quadrant retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and parameters from optic nerve head (ONH) analysis were collected before and after laser treatments biweekly for up to 28wk. The performance of each parameter for early progression detection was analyzed. The progressive trends toward elevated IOP were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. There were 10 successfully maintained high IOP eyes in 7 monkeys. The follow-up time was 24±5.37wk. With cumulative IOP elevation, the cup area, rim area and C/D area ratio were statistically significantly changed as early as 2wk after elevated IOP induction (P<0.05). The quadrant RNFL thickness changed at 6wk after high IOP induction, and the superior and inferior RNFL thicknesses exhibited more obvious reductions than other quadrants. The average RNFL thickness was the last one to show a significant decrease at 8wk. The parameters of ONH are most sensitive to elevated IOP in a primate glaucomatous model. These findings suggest that we should focus on those parameters instead of RNFL thickness in patients with elevated IOP, as they might present with earlier glaucomatous changes.

Topographic correlation between macular superficial microvessel density and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in glaucoma-suspect and early normal-tension glaucoma

Background/AimsTo investigate the topographic relationship between macular superficial microvessel density (SMD) and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in eyes with glaucoma-suspect (GS) and early normal-tension glaucoma (NTG).MethodsA total...

Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparison of Eyes of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease, Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma, and Preperimetric Glaucoma and Healthy Controls.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess and compare peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), preperimetric glaucoma (PPG), and healthy controls with the use of Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT).Material/MethodsThirty patients with AD, 30 patients with POAG, 30 patients with PPG, and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Only 1 randomly selected eye of each patient was analyzed. Every subject underwent a thorough ophthalmological examination and OCT of the optic disc. The peripapillary RNFL thickness in each of the 6 sectors and globally was analyzed.ResultsThe RNFL was thinnest in patients with POAG. The mean RNFL thickness value was 60.97±12.97 μm and it was significantly lower than in healthy controls (106.30±8.95 μm), patients with PPG (93.20±12.04 μm), and AD patients (95.73±13.52 μm). Mean RNFL thickness in patients with AD was significantly lower when compared to healthy controls, and was higher compared to eyes with POAG, while there were no significant differences compared to patients with PPG.ConclusionsNeuronal damage in the central nervous system (CNS) also affects to retinal axons. A major problem is to distinguish the cause for a moderate decrease in the RNFL thickness. This is particularly true for patients with glaucoma who have not been diagnosed with changes in the visual field. It is not possible to distinguish the cause of a mild decrease in the RNFL thickness based on the SD-OCT. This may result in misdiagnosis of glaucoma, unnecessary use of anti-glaucoma eye drops, and a delayed diagnosis of AD.

Optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging visual pathway evaluation in Wolfram syndrome.

The aim of this study was to assess parameters of retinal morphology by using high-definition optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with Wolfram syndrome (WFS) and their relation to optic tract atrophy in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). High-definition OCT and MRI parameters were evaluated in 12 patients with WFS (three males, nine females; median age at examination 12y 8mo, range 10y 2mo-15y 11mo) and referred to 30 individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) (12 males, 18 females; median age at examination 20y 5mo, range 16y 8mo-21y 4mo) and 33 typically developing comparison participants (10 males, 23 females; median age at examination 20y 7mo, range 13y-22y 4mo). Total thickness and quadrant thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), macular full-thickness parameters and macular ganglion cell layer/inner plexiform layer, intraorbital and intracranial thickness of the optical nerve, as well as the optic chiasm and visual tracts were significantly reduced in patients with WFS compared with those having T1D and the typically developing comparison participants. Optic chiasm thickness correlated negatively in patients with WFS with both age (r=-0.79; p=0.002) and duration of diabetes (r=-0.62; p=0.032). Thickness of the intraorbital parts of the optic nerves in patients with WFS correlated positively with thickness of the superior RNFL (r=0.73; p=0.006). High-definition OCT in combination with MRI could become an important tool for evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic trials in patients with WFS. Provides evidence of significant reduction of retinal parameters and optic nerves in patients with Wolfram syndrome (WFS). Shows correlations between magnetic resonance imaging parameters and retinal morphology parameters in patients with WFS.

Visual pathway function and structure in Wolfram syndrome: patient age, variation and progression

Background/aimsTo report alterations in visual acuity and visual pathway structure over an interval of 1–3 years in a cohort of children, adolescents and young adults who have Wolfram syndrome (WFS)...

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Patients

ABSTRACTPurpose: To determine whether there is an optic neuropathy (ON) in patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection.Methods: We included HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (a.c.HTLV-1) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) patients between January 1st, 2014 and March 31st, 2015. All patients had complete eye examination. The visual acuity (VA) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured and compared to age- and sex-matched control groups including patients seen in our refraction clinic with no previous medical or surgical history.Results: Thirty-one a.c.HTLV-1 (group 1) and 29 TSP/HAM patients (group 2) were included. The average RNFL thickness was 99.9 ± 14.3 µm in group 1 and 87.8 ± 19.2 µm in group 2. The average RFNL thicknesses were lower in both groups, when compared to controls. The difference was significant in patients with TSP/HAM (87.8 ± 19.2 µm vs. 97 ± 7.8 µm; p = 0.003) who also had significantly decreased VA.Conclusions: We report here the first study about the RNFL thickness in patients with TSP/HAM. In these patients, there is decrease of the RNFL thickness with subtle but definite decrease of VA. This suggests that subclinical ON occurs in the natural history of the disease. The diagnosis of TSP/HAM must be evoked as a differential of primary progressive multiple sclerosis in a population at risk. Moreover, RNFL thinning with no evidence of glaucoma should raise suspicion for HTLV-1 infection and TSP/HAM in a population at risk.

Pattern Visual Evoked Potential, Pattern Electroretinogram, and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Migraine during and after Aura

ABSTRACTPurpose: To study pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP), pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with migraine during and after aura.Materials and Methods: We included 60 eyes of 60 patients with migraine (Group 1) and 30 healthy volunteers (30 eyes) as controls (Group 2). Group 1 was studied twice, during a visual aura (1-a) and in between attacks (1-b). All participants underwent full ophthalmological examination, PVEP, PERG, and optical coherence tomographyOCT imaging of the RNFL thickness for each patient.Results: RNFL thickness was found to be thinner in patients during the aura compared to controls. It increased significantly post-aura but remained lower than the controls. Prolonged P100 latency and decreased amplitude were found in patients during aura compared to controls with significant change in between attacks to values comparable to the controls. We found prolonged N95 latency and decreased amplitude in patients during aura compared to controls with significant change post-aura to values comparable to the controls. There was positive correlation between average RNFL thicknesses and VA and spherical equivalent; but it showed negative correlation with duration of migraine, attack duration, and aura duration. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most important determinants of average RNFL thickness in patients of migraine were attack and aura duration (beta = −0.21 and −0.26 and p = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively).Conclusion: Migraine attacks impose both functional and structural retinal changes. The functional changes are fully reversible after the aura but not the structural ones. So, vigorous prevention of migraine attacks would be protective for retina.