Capacity Retention Rate Research Articles

Self-supported FeCo2O4/CoO@CNTs film as cathode material to construct high energy density supercapacitor

A simple hydrothermal method was used to synthesize FeCo2O4/CoO@CNTs composite material as the cathode material of asymmetric supercapacitor. Based on the advantages of single/bimetal oxide and the synergistic effect after compounding, the hierarchical structure material can improve the energy density. The electrode material has a capacitance of 965 F g−1 at 1 A/g. The specific capacitance of an asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with FeCo2O4/CoO@CNTs as the positive electrode, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the negative electrode and KOH as the electrolyte is 142.5 F g−1 at 1 A/g. The capacity retention rate is 93.7 % after 10,000 cycles, and the device delivered efficient energy of 44.5 Wh kg−1 at 750 W kg−1. It demonstrates the application prospects of the prepared composite materials in energy storage.

Preparation of lignite-based porous carbon for high performance supercapacitor and the correlation between pore structures and electrochemical performance

Porous carbon exhibits considerable potential in energy storage field due to its remarkable electrical conductivity and adjustable pore structure. Nevertheless, the electrochemical performance of the material will be significantly impacted by its unreasonable pore structure. In this study, lignite was used as raw material to prepare lignite-based porous carbon by one-step activation method and the pore structure was optimized to improve its electrochemical performance and expand the utilization of low-rank coal. The results reveal that the porous carbon prepared at 600 °C has a higher specific surface area (940 m2 g−1) and a suitable pore structure (71 % mesopore), which enable adequate charge storage and fast transport of electrolyte ions, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance. In the three-electrode system, the lignite-based porous carbon exhibits a notable specific capacity of 331 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1 and retains 96.4 % initial capacitance after undergoing 10,000 cycles. When assembled into a symmetrical supercapacitor, the device provides an energy density of 6.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 250 W kg−1. Even after 10,000 cycles, the capacitance retention rate is kept at 91 %, and the coulombic efficiency remains close to 100 %. These findings demonstrate that cost-effective porous carbon can be prepared by a simple route using lignite, hence exhibiting promise as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors.

COF-derived hierarchical porous N,O dual-doped carbon nanosheets towards efficient aqueous Zn-ion supercapacitor with long lifespan

Designing and precisely constructing novel carbon-based cathodes with a high specific surface area (SSA), excellent stability, and abundant active sites is critical for achieving high-performance zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZHCs). Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a class of well-defined crystalline porous polymer materials, can integrate organic building blocks into highly ordered topological structure, offering a robust platform for specific structural design and versatile functional exploitation. In this study, hierarchical porous carbon nanosheets (PCs) with high conductivity and abundant heteroatom doping were synthesized through an in situ polycondensation reaction followed by high-temperature carbonization. This unique structure facilitates the diffusion of electrolyte ions and the adsorption/desorption of Zn2+ ions. As a result, the optimized PC-1000 electrode demonstrates a high specific capacity of 168.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and remarkable stability, maintaining a high capacity retention rate of 102.5 % after more than 50,000 cycles at 10 A g−1, outperforming other PC-based materials reported in the literature. This work provides an effective way for developing carbon-based cathode materials for high-performance energy storage devices.

Bamboo waste derived hard carbon as high performance anode for sodium-ion batteries

Biomass-derived hard carbon stands out as one of the most promising anode materials for advancing the commercial viability of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In this study, we harnessed a straightforward and eco-friendly two-step carbonization approach to fabricate high-performance hard carbon materials, ingeniously repurposing industrial bamboo waste. Concurrently, we delved into the impact of carbonization temperature on the microstructure and properties of the hard carbon derived from bamboo waste. The findings revealed that the as-prepared hard carbon at 1400 °C (HCB-1400) showcased the most desirable sodium-ion storage capabilities. The HCB-1400 material not only can deliver a substantial reversible capacity of 328.4 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1 in its maiden charge-discharge cycle but also display remarkable cycling stability. Moreover, the HCB-1400//Na3V2(PO4)3 full cell, when assembled, exhibited an impressive energy density of 249.25 Wh kg−1, with a capacity retention rate of 93 % after enduring 200 cycles at a current density of 1.0 C. This research underscores the potential of transforming biomass waste into high-performance hard carbon, heralding a sustainable path for SIB applications.

Green synthesis of SiOx/C-TiO2 with continuous conductive network towards enhancing lithium storage performance

High-capacity SiOx anodes face significant challenges in practical applications due to their low conductivity and high expansion rate. The combination of nanoengineering and carbon capping processes has been proven to address these issues. However, most carbon capping techniques cannot ensure uniform capping and fail to form a continuous conductive phase between active materials. This work proposes a green (solvent-free) and facile method for constructing SiOx/C-TiO2 (SCT@CN) nanocomposites by creating a three-dimensional carbon conductive network from gelatin-derived carbon and doping with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). Comparison of TiO2 NPs with varying doping levels reveals that the synergistic effect between the conductive carbon network and TiO2 NPs enhances both the structural stability of batteries during charge/discharge cycles and the efficiency of active material utilization and lithium-ion diffusion. With the increase of TiO2 NPs, the capacity retention and ICE of the electrode improved, while the initial discharge capacity decreased. Notably, the SCT-2@CN electrode with 10 wt% TiO2 NPs exhibits the best electrochemical performance, with an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 73.2 %. After 700 cycles at a high current density of 2.0 A g−1, it maintained a capacity of 503 mAh g−1, with a capacity retention rate of 81.86 %. The optimized carbon capping process and introduction of novel elements have the potential to enhance a range of energy storage materials.

Constructing Dual Schottky Junctions for High‐Performance Zinc Anode

AbstractAqueous zinc ion batteries provide new solutions for achieving environmentally friendly and safe energy storage devices. Unfortunately, the further application is hampered by the growth of zinc dendrites caused by uneven zinc deposition, hydrogen evolution and other side interfacial reactions at the zinc anode. Herein, a multifunctional Bi‐Bi2O3 hybrid artificial interface layer is constructed on the surface of the zinc anode using an in situ conversion reaction. Among them, the Bi‐Bi2O3 Schottky structure not only significantly accelerates the migration of Zn2+ through its built‐in electric field, but also effectively improves the hydrogen evolution barrier (ΔGH*), thereby suppressing side reactions. Moreover, the Schottky contact formed between the interface layer and the metal zinc interface also regulates the electronic distribution state on the zinc surface and optimizes the deposition process of Zn2+, ensuring a more uniform and orderly zinc deposition process. Based on the synergistic effect of dual Schottky junctions, symmetric batteries achieve stable cycling for 2000 h under the conditions of 1.0 mA cm−2 and 1.0 mAh cm−2. The full cell assembled with α‐MnO2 as the cathode maintains capacity of 112.7 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1 with a capacity retention rate of 84%.

A Method of Efficiently Regenerating Waste LiFePO4 Cathode Material after Air Firing Treatment.

Waste LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries can be harmful to the environment and lead to waste of resources if not properly disposed of. In this study, an efficient and environmentally friendly method for solid-phase recycling waste LFP cathode material (W-LFP) is proposed. Most of the impurities in the W-LFP are removed by air firing. The regenerated LFP is then obtained by adding lithium carbonate and triethanolamine for repair during heat treatment. The addition of triethanolamine converts Fe3+ to Fe2+ and also allows the formation of an N-doped modified carbon layer on the surface of the LFP particles, which improves the electrochemical properties of the regenerated material. Physical characterization and electrochemical tests are used to investigate the attenuation and regeneration mechanism of LFP. The regenerated LFP possesses a high specific discharge capacity (152.87 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C), which is about 95.32% of the commercial LFP, and the capacity retention rate is 88.52% after 600 cycles at 1 C. It is worth noting that we do not use solvents such as acids and alkalis in the regeneration process, thus avoiding the generation of large quantities of acid and alkaline waste liquids, which is friendly to the environment. This solid-phase regeneration process offers a promising method for the future recycling of used LFP batteries because of its simplicity, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency.

CeVO4/KB Nanoparticles on Shuttle Effect Inhibition in Lithium-Sulfur Battery Separator Modification.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries display promise as redox-based batteries, where separators are an essential part of preventing short-circuiting of the positive and negative electrodes, while the shuttle effect is a critical issue of separators. Currently, commercial PP separators are weak in inhibiting the polysulfides shuttling, so modified separators are needed to inhibit it to improve the battery performance. This paper reports that CeVO4/KB composites act as separator materials. CeVO4/KB modified PP separators enhanced the adsorption of LiPSs, accelerated the rate of Li+ migration, and catalyzed the conversion of LiPSs. These bring about the effect that CeVO4/KB/PP batteries reach 1200.9 mAh g-1 in the first cycle with a capacity retention rate of 86.5 % after 100 cycles at 0.2 C and reach 882.7 mAh g-1 of the initial cycle with a capacity decay rate of 0.063 % after 1000 cycles at 3 C. This work introduces rare earth metal vanadates to modify the separator, adding new ideas for designing separators for good-performance batteries.

Formicarium-Like Micron Porous Si Synergistically Adjusted by Surface Hard-Soft Nanoencapsulation as Long-Life Lithium-Ion Battery Anode.

Micron porous silicon (MPSi) is a promising lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode that can provide enough space to effectively alleviate the volume expansion and large number of transmission channels to rapidly transport the Li-ions. However, a long-term stable MPSi anode at high current density is still a great challenge. Herein, a double-regulated formicarium like-MPSi composite using the surface hard-soft titanium dioxide-few layered MXene nanotemplate (FMPSi@TiO2@FMXene) was designed and synthesized via an in situ assembly strategy as long-life LIB anode. Such hard-soft TiO2-FMXene nanoencapsulation can collaboratively tune the internal/external stress, inhibit the volume expansion, reduce the interfacial reactions, and improve the electrical conductivity of MPSi, resulting in the great enhancement of structural stability and electrochemical performance in cycling even at high current density. Especially, this FMPSi@TiO2@FMXene anode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1254.9 and 970.4 mAh/g after 500 cycles at 0.5 and 1 A/g, respectively. Moreover, a full cell is assembled with the FMPSi@TiO2@FMXene anode and commercial LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode, exhibiting a high capacity retention rate of 91.6% in 100 cycles. This work provides an effective surface nanoengineering tactic to obtain the structurally stable MPSi anodes by hard-soft nanotemplate for large-scale and long-term LIB application.

The Fischer‐Lactonization‐Driven Mechanism for Ultra‐Efficient Recycling of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractHydrometallurgy remains a major challenge to simplify its complex separation and precipitation processes for spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we propose a Fischer‐lactonization‐driven mechanism for the cascade reaction of leaching and chelation of spent LIBs. Citric acid undergoes a two‐step dissociation of the carboxylic acid (−COOH) and complexes with the leached metal ion, while the residual −COOH is attacked by H protons to form a protonated carboxyl ion (−COO −). Subsequently, the lone pair of electrons in the hydroxyl of the same molecule attack the carbon atom in −COO − to facilitate ester bonding, leading to the formation of a lactonized gel. The leaching rates of Li, Ni, Co and Mn are 99.3, 99.1, 99.5 and 99.2 %, respectively. The regenerated monocrystalline LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) has a uniform particle size distribution and complete lamellar structure, with a capacity retention rate of 70.6 % after 250 cycles at 0.5 C. The mechanism achieves a one‐step chelation reaction, and the energy consumption and carbon emissions are only 26 % and 44 %, respectively, of that of the conventional hydrometallurgical. The strategy achieves a double breakthrough in simplifying the process and improving environmental friendliness, offering a sustainable approach to the re‐utilization of spent LIBs.

Boosting Dendrite‐Free Zinc Anode with Strongly Polar Functional Group Terminated Hydrogel Electrolyte for High‐Safe Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) have become a promising energy storage device due to their low cost and high security. However, the severe dendrite growth and side reactions on metallic zinc (Zn) anode hamper their commercial implementation. Herein, a strongly electronegative trifluoroborate anion (─BF3−) functionalized polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAME) is well‐designed and constructed as the quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte to overcome these obstacles. The PAME chain segments terminated with strongly polar functional groups promote the conversion of water molecules from free water to bound water through the enhanced hydrogen bonding interaction to alleviate the side reactions. Furthermore, the PAME electrolyte featured with hierarchically porous structure and enhanced electrostatic interaction among the ─BF3− groups, and Zn2+ ions homogenizes the high‐flux Zn ion transport and induce the uniform deposition to restrain dendrite growth. Consequently, the assembled Zn‖PAME‖Zn batteries deliver remarkable cycling stability over 1800 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 900 h at 15 mA cm−2. Additionally, the constructed Zn‖PAME‖MnO2 full cells achieve a reversible capacity of 202 mAh g−1 at 2.0 A g−1 with a capacity retention rate of 91.4% over 500 cycles. This work sheds light on constructing the strongly polar hydrogel electrolyte to boost free‐dendrite Zn anodes for long‐lifespan AZIBs.

Molecular Control Based on Electrostatically Driven Modification for Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

With the rapid development of energy vehicles, the demand for high-safety and high-energy-density battery systems, such as solid-state lithium metal batteries, is becoming increasingly urgent. Polyethylene oxide (PEO), as a commonly used electrolyte in solid-state batteries, has the advantages of easy processing and good interface compatibility but also faces the issue of poor ionic conductivity. In this study, we have enhanced the mechanical properties and ion conductivity of PEO electrolytes significantly, stabilizing electrochemical cycling, utilizing positively charged MXene as a modifying material for PEO solid electrolytes and leveraging stronger electrostatic forces. With these enhanced properties, the modified solid electrolyte in Li/Li cells demonstrates excellent cycling stability of over 430 h at 0.1 mA cm-2. Furthermore, the Li/LiFePO4 cells show excellent cycling performance, and the capacity retention rate is 92.1%.

Ultrafast Tailoring Amorphous Zn0.25V2O5 with Precision‐Engineered Artificial Atomic‐Layer 1T′‐MoS2 Cathode Electrolyte Interphase for Advanced Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

AbstractVanadium (V)‐based oxides as cathode materials for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) still encounter challenges such as sluggish Zn2+ diffusion kinetics and V‐dissolution, thus leading to severe capacity fading and limited life span. Here, we designed an ultrafast and facile colloidal chemical synthesis strategy based on crystalline Zn0.25V2O5 (c‐ZVO) to successfully prepare a‐ZVO@MoS2 core@shell heterostructures, where atomic‐layer MoS2 uniformly coats on the surface of amorphous a‐ZVO. The tailored amorphous structure of a‐ZVO provides more isotropic pathways and active sites for Zn2+, thus significantly enhancing the Zn2+ diffusion kinetics during charge–discharge processes. Meanwhile, as an efficient artificial cathode electrolyte interphase, the precision‐engineered atomic‐layer MoS2 with semi‐metallic 1T′ phase not only contributes to improved electron transport but also effectively inhibits the V‐dissolution of a‐ZVO. Therefore, the prepared a‐ZVO@MoS2 and conceptually validated a‐V2O5@MoS2 derived from commercial c‐V2O5 exhibit excellent cycling stability at an ultralow current density (0.05 A g−1) while maintaining good rate capability and capacity retention. This research achievement provides a new effective strategy for various amorphous cathode designs for AZIBs with superior performance.

Tuning the Unloading and Infiltrating Behaviors of Li-Ion by a Multiphases Gradient Interphase for High-Rate Lithium Metal Anodes.

The random distribution of organic-phases (OPs) and inorganic-phases (IOPs) in native solid electrolyte interface (SEI) derived a sluggish Li-ion de-solvation and transmission, impairing the high-rate performance of lithium metal anodes (LMAs). Herein, a multiphases gradient distribution hybrid interface is constructed on metallic Li by surface chemical reconstruction. Theoretical simulations and experiments verify that the Li-ion unloading and infiltrating behaviors are tuned by functional complementary effects, enabling speedy kinetics. The upper OPs with polar functional group (─COO-) convert near-surface solvation structure, pushing Li-ion to unload the solvation cluster. Simultaneously, the bottom IOPs with plenty of crystal boundary accelerates Li-ion infiltration. Moreover, flexible OPs cooperate with rigid IOPs to buffer volume fluctuation and suppress dendritic Li growth. Consequently, the lifespan of the composited electrode is significantly prolonged over 520h at 5mAcm-2. The full cells also exhibit an exhilarated rate performance and capacity retention even under a low N/P ratio (≈2.5). This work offers a characteristic insight for the rational design of gradient hybrid interface on the practical LMAs.

High-Performance Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries of Garnet/Polymer Composite Thin-Film Electrolyte with Domain-Limited Ion Transport Pathways.

The integrated approach of interfacial engineering and composite electrolytes is crucial for the market application of Li metal batteries (LMBs). A 22 μm thin-film type polymer/Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) composite solid-state electrolyte (LPCE) was designed that combines fast ion conduction and stable interfacial evolution, enhancing lithium metal interface stability and cycling performance. The ether-based molecular coordination groups/clusters formed by triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TGDE) and anions facilitated the movement of Li+ between the polymer chain segments. These specific coordination clusters significantly "constrained" the interaction between anions and Li+, inducing the anions to follow the clusters to the Li metal and preferentially participate in solid electrolyte interface (SEI) derivatization. The inorganic salt-rich gradient SEI modulates Li+ deposition and inhibits uncontrolled dendrite growth, achieving stable cycling of Li symmetric cell at 0.2 mA cm-2 for over 2000 h. Furthermore, the Li||NCM811 cell at a rate of 0.1 C exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 194.5 mAh g-1, maintaining a capacity retention rate of over 90% after 500 cycles. This work demonstrates the importance of domain-limited ion clusters in ion transport and interfacial evolution, providing a perspective for solid-state LMBs.

N, P co-Doped Hard Carbon Anodes for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries with Enhanced Capacity Retention and Cycle Stability.

Compared to the traditional graphite anode, heteroatom-doped polymer carbon materials have high capacity retention due to their high porosity and porous structure. Therefore, they have great potential for application in lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes. In this work,an N, P co-doped precursor polymer material (MBPp), synthesized via a one-pot method using bisphenol-A (C-source), melamine (N-source), and 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (P-source). The resulting N, P-co-doped hard carbon materials (MBPs) were prepared at various pyrolysis temperatures, yielding microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous structures. MBP materials demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance as LIB anodes. Notably, MBP-900 achieved a reversible capacity of 262 mAh g-1 at 1000 mA g-1 (in 0.005-2.0 V voltage range) with a capacity retention rate of 97.2% after 1000 cycles. These findings highlight the significance of MBP materials, which possess numerous defects, large layer gaps, and excellent cycle stability, in advancing the development of polymer anode materials for LIBs.

In-Situ Constructing N,S-Codoped Carbon Heterointerface for High-Rate Cathode of Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) is considered one of the promising choices for cathodes of sodium-ion batteries, but the poor conductivity resulted inferior rate performance limited the practical development of NVP cathodes. In this study, we successfully synthesized N/S dual-atom doped carbon coatings in situ through a simple one-step solid-state sintering method. The uniformly coated carbon layer can inhibit the agglomeration and growth of active materials during the sintering process, shorten the Na+ migration path, and increase the contact area with the electrolyte, thus facilitating rapid Na+ migration. Notably, the doping of N elements can alter the electron distribution of carbon coating, enhancing electron conductivity. Furthermore, the introduction of S elements in the carbon layer can induce the formation of stable C-S-C bonds in the molecular layer, expanding the interlayer spacing, which is beneficial for Na+ transport and storage. Therefore, the modified NVP@NSC composite provides a high specific capacity of 90.3 mAh g-1 at a rate of 20 C, with a capacity retention rate of 94.4% after 8000 cycles, demonstrating excellent stability at high current densities. Moreover, the full cell exhibits remarkable electrochemical performance at 5 C. This research contributes to the practical development of NVP cathodes.

Molecular Synergistic Effects Mediate Efficient Interfacial Chemistry: Enabling Dendrite-Free Zinc Anode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

The primary cause of the accelerated battery failure in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) is the uncontrollable evolution of the zinc metal-electrolyte interface. In the present research on the development of multiadditives to ameliorate interfaces, it is challenging to elucidate the mechanisms of the various components. Additionally, the synergy among additive molecules is frequently disregarded, resulting in the combined efficacy of multiadditives that is unlikely to surpass the sum of each component. In this study, the "molecular synergistic effect" is employed, which is generated by two nonhomologous acid ester (NAE) additives in the double electrical layer microspace. Specifically, ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) is more inclined to induce the oriented deposition of zinc metal by means of targeted adsorption with the zinc (002) crystal plane. Methyl acetate (MA) is more likely to enter the solvated shell of Zn2+ and will be profoundly reduced to produce SEI that is dominated by organic components under the "molecular synergistic effect" of EMC. Furthermore, MA persists in a spontaneous hydrolysis reaction, which serves to mitigate the pH increase caused by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and further prevents the formation of byproducts. Consequently, the 1E1M electrolyte not only extends the cycle life of the zinc anode to 3140 cycles (1 mA h cm-2 and 1 mA cm-2) but also extends the life of the Zn//MnO2 full battery, with the capacity retention rate still at 89.9% after 700 cycles.

Construction of Nano ZnV2O4/N‐Doped Porous Carbon Composites with Optimized Ionic and Electronic Conductivities as Competitive Cathodes toward Zinc‐Ion Capacitors

AbstractZinc‐ion capacitors (ZICs) have great potential for energy storage applications due to high safety, environmental friendliness, low cost, and high energy density. However, challenges such as poor ion diffusion kinetics and the low conductivity of cathode materials still need to be addressed. Nano ZnV2O4/nitrogen‐doped porous carbon (ZVO/N‐PC) composites are efficiently synthesized via a simple annealing process. Highly crystalline ZVO nanoparticles are in‐situ grown on the three‐dimensional N‐PC surface by precisely tuning the ratio of the vanadium source, achieving a dual enhancement in electronic and ionic conductivities. Benefiting from the nanoengineering build‐up, the optimized ZVO‐0.6/N‐PC anode exhibits impressive rate performance (405.9/308.8 mAh g−1 at 0.2/5.0 A g−1) and cycling capability (0.0029 % capacity drop per cycle at 5.0 A g−1 after 5,800 cycles). Using nitrogen‐doped porous activated carbon (N‐PAC) as the anode and ZVO‐0.6/N‐PC as the cathode, the assembled ZICs deliver a high energy density of 27.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 450.0 W kg−1. After 10,000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1, the capacity retention rate remains as 72.8 %, demonstrating excellent cycling stability. This highlights the promising application of nano ZVO/N‐PC composites towards ZICs as competitive cathodes.

Reversible Zn and Mn deposition in NiFeMn-LDH cathodes for aqueous Zn-Mn batteries.

Introducing NiFeMn-Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) as an innovative cathode material for Zn-Mn batteries, this study focuses on bolstering the electrochemical efficiency and stability of the system. We explored the effect of varying Zn/Mn molar ratio in the electrolyte on the battery's electrochemical performance and investigated the underlying reaction mechanism. Our results show that an electrolyte Zn/Mn molar ratio of 4 : 1 achieves a balance between capacity and stability, with an areal capacity of 0.20 mA h cm-2 at a current of 0.2 mA and a capacity retention rate of 53.35% after 50 cycles. The mechanism study reveals that during the initial charge-discharge cycle, NiFeMn-CO3 LDH transforms into NiFeMn-SO4 LDH, which then absorbs Zn2+, Mn2+, and SO4 2- ions to form a stable composite substrate. This substrate enables the reversible deposition-dissolution of Mn ions, while Zn ions participate in the reaction continuously, with most Mn- and Zn-containing compounds depositing in an amorphous phase. Although further optimization is needed, our findings provide valuable insights for developing Zn-Mn aqueous batteries, highlighting the potential of LDHs as cathode substrates and the pivotal role of amorphous compounds in the reversible deposition-dissolution process.