Copper Retention Research Articles

Effect of Excessive Dietary Fluoride on Nutrient Digestibility and Retention of Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Manganese in Growing Pigs

Ninety-six crossbred growing pigs were used to evaluate the effects of fluoride levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and the retention of minerals in tissues. Four dietary treatments were formulated by supplementing fluorine (as NaF) to a corn-soybean basal diet (39.75 mg/kg F) to provide the following added fluorine levels: 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg fluorine. The results showed pigs of the 100 and 150 mg/kg fluorine-added groups had decreased average daily gain (ADG) and increased feed gain ratio (F/G) compared to the control (p < 0.05). Apparent digestibility of protein and calcium in 100 and 150 mg/kg fluorine-treated groups was significantly lower than that of the control (p < 0.05). On the other hand, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese levels in most tissues of the 100 and 150 mg/kg fluorine groups were markedly changed compared to the control (p < 0.05). However, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and mineral concentrations in all tissues of pigs were not significantly affected by the addition of 50 mg/kg fluorine (p > 0.05). Thus, this study suggested that excess fluoride levels could decrease growth performance and change the retention of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in pigs.

Improvement in Liver Pathology after 4 Months of D‐Penicillamine in 5 Doberman Pinschers with Subclinical Hepatitis

Five female Doberman Pinschers with increased hepatic copper concentrations and persistent (3–4 years) subclinical hepatitis were treated with D‐penicillamine for 4 months. Before and after treatment, the dogs underwent clinical, hematologic (red blood cell, white blood cell, and differential and thrombocyte counts), and clinical chemistry (creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bile acid concentrations) examinations, and liver biopsies were examined histologically and their copper content measured quantitatively. No adverse effects were observed during treatment, and CBC and serum chemistry test results did not change. The mean liver copper concentration was 1,036 mg/kg dry matter before treatment and decreased to 407 mg/kg after treatment (P= .03). The copper concentrations had decreased (by between 134 and 1,135 mg/kg dry matter) in all of the dogs. The histopathologic appearance had improved or returned to normal in all 5 dogs. We conclude that D‐penicillamine effectively reduced copper retention in these dogs and improved the histopathologic appearance of the lesions. However, because D‐penicillamine has both copper‐chelating and anti‐inflammatory properties, it is not possible to draw conclusions on the etiology of this disease.

Improvement in Liver Pathology after 4 Months of d-Penicillamine in 5 Doberman Pinschers with Subclinical Hepatitis

Five female Doberman Pinschers with increased hepatic copper concentrations and persistent (3-4 years) subclinical hepatitis were treated with D-penicillamine for 4 months. Before and after treatment, the dogs underwent clinical, hematologic (red blood cell, white blood cell, and differential and thrombocyte counts), and clinical chemistry (creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bile acid concentrations) examinations, and liver biopsies were examined histologically and their copper content measured quantitatively. No adverse effects were observed during treatment, and CBC and serum chemistry test results did not change. The mean liver copper concentration was 1,036 mg/kg dry matter before treatment and decreased to 407 mg/kg after treatment (P = .03). The copper concentrations had decreased (by between 134 and 1,135 mg/kg dry matter) in all of the dogs. The histopathologic appearance had improved or returned to normal in all 5 dogs. We conclude that D-penicillamine effectively reduced copper retention in these dogs and improved the histopathologic appearance of the lesions. However, because D-penicillamine has both copper-chelating and anti-inflammatory properties, it is not possible to draw conclusions on the etiology of this disease.

Effects of chromium supplementation from inorganic and organic sources on nutrient utilization, mineral metabolism and meat quality in broiler chickens exposed to natural heat stress

AbstractOne hundred 1-day-old Ven Cobb chicks were used to study the effect of supplementation with 0-2 mg chromium (Cr) per kg diet from potassium chromate (T1), chromium chloride (T2) and chromium-yeast complex (T3). The control group (C) received no supplemental chromium. Each experimental group consisted of five replicates of five birds each and the supplementation was continued for 35 days. The weekly live-weight gain, food conversion ratio and the live-weight gain: food intake ratio were unaffected by the treatments. Metabolizability of the organic nutrients increased in the Cr supplemented groups compared with the C group and significantly higher values were observed in the T3group indicating beneficial effects of Cr-yeast complex. Intake of the trace elements (copper, zinc, iron and manganese) fulfilled the requirements specified for broiler chickens. Retention of all these trace elements was higher (P &lt; 0-001 for Cu, Zn and Fe, P &lt;0-01 for Mn) in all the Cr supplemented groups compared with that in the C group. Furthermore, in the T3group the retention of copper, zinc, iron and manganese was higher (P &lt; 0001) than that in the T1 and T2groups. Two birds were slaughtered from each replicate at the end of 21 and 35 days of feeding to observe Cr in the liver; this was higher (P &lt; 0-01) after 35 days feeding only. Despite supplementation, liver Cr was lower (P &lt; 0-01) in T1T2and T3groups. Cr concentration in the plasma was higher (P &lt; 0-05) in the T3 and T3 groups than that in the C group although its concentration did not change with the age of the birds. Higher (P &lt; 0-01) plasma concentrations of copper were observed in the T1T2and T3groups titan those in the C group. The differences between the Cr supplemented groups in this respect were not significant, however. Liver copper was higher (P &lt; 0-001) in C while liver iron was the lowest (P &lt; 0-05) in that group. The concentrations of copper, iron (P &lt; 0-01) and zinc in the liver (P &lt; 0-05) were higher after 35 than after 21 days while those of manganese were not affected by slaughter age. Protein accretion in the meat tended to be increased in the Cr supplemented groups while deposition of fat in the meat was lower but these differences were not significant (P &gt; 0-05). Other meat quality parameters including sensory evaluation scores improved due to Cr supplementation and Cr-yeast complex was found to have exerted significantly greater effects on these parameters. It was concluded that the supplementation of 0-2mg Cr per kg food dry matter would improve the performance of broiler chickens in terms of metabolizability of organic nutrients, retention of trace elements and meat quality.

Study of the retention phenomena of copper II by calcinated wheat by-products

The effect of certain physical parameters on retention of copper 11 by calcinated wheat by-products was studied. Other parameters that also have an effect were assessed macroscopically. The effect of pH was studied thoroughly and yielded interesting findings. At a final pH less than 6, precipitation of copper is excluded as an elimination process in the presence of the by-product. The retention process is very rapid at the beginning of the experiments, which is due to surface acid-base interactions (protonic exchange). The determination of the nature of the sites on the support material surface using Bohems' method at first and second a titration method showed an amphoteric nature of the surface material. The Bohems' method resulted in an acidic nature whereas the titration method indicated a basic nature of the surface sites.

Long-term acid resistance and selectivity of NF membranes in very acidic conditions

The aim of the study was to test commercial and experimental NF membranes for their separation efficiency and acid resistance in a long-term filtration experiment. Several NF membranes (NF 270, Desal-5 DK, Desal KH, BPT-NF-1 and BPT-NF-2) were tested for their separation efficiency and stability when a solution containing 25 g/L CuSO 4 and 8 wt.% H 2SO 4 was continuously filtered at 40 °C for 2 months. Filtration experiments were carried out with a new five-cell flat-sheet laboratory apparatus. Commercial NF membranes showed good selectivity, retaining most of the copper sulphate and letting most of the sulphuric acid pass into the permeate. However, only the membranes designed to be acid resistant (Desal KH and BPT-NF-2) maintained their separation efficiency during the 2 months of separation. The Desal KH membrane gave better copper retention values (92–95%) than the BPT-NF-2 (60–88%), but the overall selectivity was best with the BPT-NF-2 membrane due to its good sulphuric acid permeation.

Moisture adsorption characteristics of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated Southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.)

Abstract Moisture adsorption isotherms were determined for untreated and copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood at different copper retention levels. The Cu-EA treatment reduces the water vapor accessibility in wood because copper has occupied some of the adsorption sites for moisture during the treatment. The percentage of adsorption sites occupied by copper was evaluated by M t/M u, which is the ratio of equilibrium moisture content for treated wood to untreated wood. The results show that, within the copper retention range used in this study, the M t/M u value decreases linearly at lower temperatures (4 and 15 °C) or logarithmically at higher temperatures (30 and 40 °C) with the increase of copper retention, suggesting that the percentage of adsorption sites occupied by copper (P) increases linearly or logarithmically with the copper retention in Cu-EA treated wood. P decreases with the increase of relative humidity. The reason is that more adsorption sites become available for moisture at higher relative humidity. It has also been found that the influence of Cu-EA treatment on hydrated water (M h) is more significant than that on dissolved water (M s).

Competitive Adsorption and Desorption of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, and Zinc by Humic Umbrisols

The objective of this study was the evaluation of the selectivity sequences of adsorption and retention of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in four Humic Umbrisols from the province of Pontevedra, Spain. The characteristics of the surface horizons of the soils showed significant differences in the components and properties that influence adsorption capacity and mobility of metals and, therefore, their retention by the soils. The most adsorbent and retentive soil after desorption has the highest content of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) oxides. The least adsorbent has the lowest content of oxides and organic matter. The metal adsorbed in greater amount by the soils was Pb, followed by Cu and Cr, which competed favorably for adsorption sites with Cd, Ni, and Zn. After desorption, Cr is the most retained metal. The greater retention of Cr seems to indicate that the relation charge-to-radius is the most influential factor in the retention of this element. In general, the properties and components of the soils have more influence on the adsorption and retention of the metals than the properties of the metallic ions.

Effect of Dietary Cadmium Levels on Nutrient Digestibility and Retention of Iron, Copper and Zinc in Tissues of Growing Pigs

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium levels on weight gain, nutrient digestibility and the retention of iron, copper and zinc in tissues of growing pigs. A total of one hundred and ninety-two crossbred pigs (barrows, Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshine, 27.67±1.33 kg of average initial body weight) were randomly allotted to four treatments. Each treatment had three replicates with 16 pigs per pen. The corn-soybean basal diets were supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg cadmium respectively, and the feeding experiment lasted for eight-three days. Cadmium chloride was used as cadmium source. The results showed that pigs fed the diet containing 10.0 mg/kg cadmium had lower ADG and FCR than any other treatments (p<0.05). Apparent digestibility of protein in 10.0 mg/kg cadmium-treated group was lower than that of other groups (p<0.05). There was lower iron retention in some tissues of 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg cadmium treatments (p<0.05). However, pigs fed the diet 10.0 mg/kg cadmium had higher copper content in most tissues than that of any other groups (p<0.05). There was a significantly increase of zinc retention in kidney of 10.0 mg/kg cadmium additional group (p<0.05) and zinc concentrations in lymphaden, pancreas and heart of 10.0 mg/kg cadmium treatment were lower than those of the control (p<0.05). This study indicated that relatively high cadmium level (10.0 mg/kg) could decrease pig growth performance and change the retention of iron, copper and zinc in most tissues during extended cadmium exposure period. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 7 : 1007-1013)

Competitive Adsorption and Desorption of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead, and Zinc by Humic Umbrisols

Abstract The objective of this study was the evaluation of the selectivity sequences of adsorption and retention of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in four Humic Umbrisols from the province of Pontevedra, Spain. The characteristics of the surface horizons of the soils showed significant differences in the components and properties that influence adsorption capacity and mobility of metals and, therefore, their retention by the soils. The most adsorbent and retentive soil after desorption has the highest content of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) oxides. The least adsorbent has the lowest content of oxides and organic matter. The metal adsorbed in greater amount by the soils was Pb, followed by Cu and Cr, which competed favorably for adsorption sites with Cd, Ni, and Zn. After desorption, Cr is the most retained metal. The greater retention of Cr seems to indicate that the relation charge-to-radius is the most influential factor in the retention of this element. In general, the properties and components of the soils have more influence on the adsorption and retention of the metals than the properties of the metallic ions.

Adsorptive retention of copper from acidic mine water at the disused sulphide mine at Løkken, central Norway––initial experiments using olivine

This paper investigates the chemical potential of using forsterite olivine to remove copper from acidic mine water through the actions of neutralisation and adsorption. The study was initiated by The Norwegian Directorate of Mining in order to asses the potential for employing such a concept as a remediation measure at the disused sulphide mine at Løkken in central Norway. A number of batch experiments have been conducted in order to study a suspension system containing olivine flour and an acidic synthetic mine water solution. The synthetic solution had an initial pH close to 3 and contained 15 mg/l copper, 50 mg/l zinc and various amounts of iron. With iron present in the system, both the neutralisation isotherm and the retention isotherm exhibited an initial rapid increase before separate pH and retention maxima were reached. After this stage, a gentle decrease was observed for both parameters as a function of reaction time. This can be explained by the oxidation and precipitation of iron. With 250 mg/l of iron in solution and a solid/solution ratio of 10 g/l, approximately 79% retention was obtained after 10 min of reaction time. During the following desorption phase retention was significantly reduced. Further investigations are required in order to assess the practical feasibility of the concept.

Crude and modified corncobs as complexing agents for water decontamination

AbstractThe ability of corncobs to retain copper ions was studied with respect to the origin of the materials (inner or outer parts of the cobs), the granulometry, the pH, and chemical modifications with maleic anhydride (MA) and succinic anhydride (SA). Esterification, characterized by Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, led to a large increase in copper retention in comparison with unmodified corncobs. The retention capacity was improved up to 6 times with SA‐modified corncobs at pH 5. The adsorption behavior of MA‐ and SA‐grafted samples, with respect to copper, appeared to be different at pH 4 and pH 5, and this was attributed to a difference in the pKa values of the grafted carboxylic functions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 820–826, 2004

Immobilization of the heavy metals Cd, Cu and Pb in an acid soil amended with gypsum‐ and lime‐rich industrial by‐products

Summary In situ stabilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils by the addition of various types of soil amendment is an attractive technique for remediation. We investigated the potential of three industrial by‐products (phosphogypsum, red gypsum and dolomitic residue) for boosting the heavy metal sorption capacity of an acid soil (patents pending, Spanish applications no 200201704 and 200201375) by using sorption isotherm experiments. The three by‐products were found substantially to increase the retention of lead, cadmium and copper on the solid components of the soil. The increase in lead retention of the soil horizons upon the addition of both phosphogypsum and red gypsum was dominated by the formation of anglesite minerals. The dolomitic residue increased the metal retention capacity of the soil horizons through the precipitation of laurionite‐type minerals as well as cadmium and copper hydroxy‐chlorides. In addition to the batch sorption study, we used scanning electron microscopy to investigate the metal sorption processes in the soil by the effect of the treatments. Lead was frequently found to be linked to the edge charges of kaolinite minerals. The three metals were found to be associated with organic matter in the Ap horizon treated with the three by‐products. Finally, the three metals were found to be associated with undissolved dolomitic residue particles.

Effect of Amino Acids on the Retention of Copper by Beidellite

The evaluation of environmental hazards related to Cu in urban and industrial runoff, as well as the introduction of possible technologies for the remediation of environmentally compromised areas should not be considered without a sound understanding of structural features of the different interacting species. Low-cost clay–minerals are potentially very promising materials for effectively exchanging and storing Cu. A low-cost beidellite was thus evaluated, and the effects of two amino acids were investigated. The sorption behavior of this mineral is completely different for the natural sample and for amino acid complexed forms, with a major influence of the amino acid itself. Different experimental techniques were used, namely chemical, X-ray diffraction, thermal, mass spectrometry, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses. All the knowledge thus acquired on natural and treated species was finally related to their adsorption and retention capacity.

Copper biosorption by Sphaerotilus natans confined in UF membrane module: experimental study and kinetic modeling

Copper biosorption by Sphaerotilus natans is presented in this work. The process was realized in an ultrafiltration membrane reactor in order to confine cells. Experimental tests were performed under different conditions of pH, cell concentration and copper concentration in the stream to be treated. Copper concentration in the permeate was monitored during time in order to determine the process performance. Experimental data evidenced the very high sorption abilities of the employed microorganism. Kinetic modeling of the process was also performed and a mathematical model was developed, which takes into account a variation vs. time of copper retention coefficient coupled with biomass concentration. The model was able to successfully match experimental data.

Retention of copper by a calcareous soil and its textural fractions: influence of amendment with two agroindustrial residues

SummaryMetal availability in soils is strongly related with sorption processes and the possible association of the metal ions with a particular particle‐size fraction. Therefore, studies of metal retention by a soil will be aided if retention by different size fractions is also studied. Sorption of copper on a calcareous soil and its textural fractions was studied in batch assays. The soil was amended over 3 years with two agroindustrial residues, a composted olive mill sludge and vinasse. Sorption of Cu on the calcareous soil was very large (110 mmol kg−1) and was enhanced by both amendments. Metal retention by the clay fraction of the unamended soil was less than that of the whole soil, but increased dramatically after amendment with olive mill sludge. This was caused by the larger calcite content in this fraction as well as the increase in organic matter content. The amount of Cu sorbed was very large in the silt fraction, again because of the carbonate content of this fraction (300–460 g kg−1). Copper sorption decreased dramatically after removal of carbonate. Copper retention tended to be enhanced by organic amendments. This was particularly evident in the silt fraction, as a consequence of the organic matter accumulation in this fraction.Copper sorption on the calcareous soil and its silt fractions (unamended and amended) was irreversible. By contrast, desorption was measurable from all the carbonate‐free samples (both whole soil and textural fractions), although in all cases a large hysteresis was observed. We conclude that carbonate was the main component responsible for the lack of reversibility.

Retention of atmospheric Cu, Ni, Cd and Zn in an ombrotrophic peat profile near the Outokumpu Cu-Ni mine, SE-Finland

Peat cores taken from ombrotrophic bogs are widely used to reconstruct historical records of atmospheric lead and mercury deposition. In this study, the retention of copper, nickel, cadmium and zinc in peat bogs are studied by comparing high resolution, age dated concentration profiles with emissions from the main local source, the Outokumpu copper-nickel mine. An ombrotrophic peat core was taken from the vicinity of Outokumpu, E Finland. Copper and zinc concentrations of dry peat were measured by XRF, cadmium and nickel by GF-AAS, and sample ages by 210 Pb. Only copper and nickel show enhanced concentrations in layers covering the mining period, indicating a retention of these elements. However, the more detailed comparison of ore production rates and concentrations in age-dated samples show clearly that only copper is likely to be permanently fixed, while nickel doesn't reflect the mining activity. Even though copper is retained in the upper part of the profile, a possible redeposition of this element by secondary processes (e.g., water table fluctuations) can not be excluded. This question will be resolved by further investigations, e.g. by pore water profiles.

Genetic Defects in Copper Metabolism

Genetic defects in copper metabolism highlight the delicate balance mammalian systems have developed to maintain normal copper homeostasis. Menkes disease, the mottled mouse, the Atox-1-deficient mouse and the ctr1 knockout mouse reveal the importance of adequate copper intake during embryogenesis and early development, especially in the central nervous system. The toxicity associated with excess copper as manifest in Wilson disease, the toxic milk mouse, the LEC rat and copper toxicosis in the Bedlington terrier demonstrate the profound cellular susceptibility to copper overload, in particular, in the brain and liver. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) contains 95% of the copper found in human serum, and inherited loss of this protein results in diabetes, retinal degeneration and neurodegeneration. Despite normal copper metabolism, aceruloplasminemic patients and the Cp knockout mouse have disturbed iron homeostasis and mild hepatic copper retention. These genetic disorders of copper metabolism provide valuable insight into the mechanisms regulating copper homeostasis and models to further dissect the role of this essential metal in health and disease.

Adsorption of metal cations from aqueous solution onto a natural and a model biocomposite

Batch adsorption studies have shown that a solid material (CACMM) extracted from a cactus was able to sorb Cu 2 , Cd 2 ,C r 3 , CrO4 ,F e 3 ,N i 2 ,P b 2 and Zn 2 from aqueous solutions in the concentration range 100/1000 mg l 1 . Fractions of CACMM with different particle diameter presented different sorption patterns upon the studied metal cations. Copper retention was much greater than that of other cations for all the fractions under identical experimental conditions with a maximum efficiency of 84% for 1000 mg l 1 Cu 2 solutions. Adsorption magnitude onto large particles of CACMM1 (450 (mm) decreased in the series Cu 2 � /Ni 2 � /Cr 3 � /Pb 2 � /Zn 2 � /Cd 2 � /Fe 3 that correlates with the stability constants of the respective oxalate complexes indicating that the interaction of the metal cations follows a surface adsorption/complexation mechanism. The composition of a model composite, which simulates the sorption capacity of the natural cactus powders upon copper, was found. # 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Gestational Status on Apparent Absorption and Retention of Copper and Zinc in Mature Angus Cows and Suffolk Ewes

Six mature purebred Angus cows (3.5±1.5 years of age, 631.36±8.63 kg), three pregnant (250±7 days pregnant) and three non-pregnant and eight mature Suffolk ewes (5±1.2 years of age, 68.18±2.3 kg) four pregnant (115±5 days pregnant) and four non- pregnant were utilized in a five-day metabolic trial to determine the effects of gestational status (pregnant vs. non-pregnant) on apparent absorption and retention of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Animals were selected based on body weight, age, and gestational status, and randomly assigned to metabolic crates for total fecal and urine collection. Animals were allowed to acclimate to their new environment for seven days. Pregnant and non-pregnant cows and ewes were then paired (within a species) by body weight and pair-fed throughout the 5 day collection period. Copper and Zn intakes were similar for pregnant and non-pregnant animals within a species. Apparent absorption of Cu (p<0.06) and Zn (p<0.04) were higher in pregnant cows relative to non-pregnant cows. Pregnant cows also had a higher apparent retention of Cu (p<0.05) and Zn (p<0.06) relative to non-pregnant cows. Pregnant ewes had a higher (p<0.01) apparent absorption and retention of Zn compared to non-pregnant ewes. However, apparent absorption and retention of Cu were similar for pregnant and non-pregnant ewes. These data indicate that certain physiological and/or metabolic parameters are altered in pregnant cows and ewes consuming an alfalfa-based diet that enhance the apparent absorption and retention of certain trace minerals. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 4 : 515-518)