Body Water Retention Research Articles

Macromineral status, water balance and kidney function of goats fed two cactus cladodes species

The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of diets with two cactus cladodes species on macrominerals metabolism, water balance, and kidney function markers of feedlot goats. Thirty-six castrated male undefined breed goats (19.0 ± 2.81kg initial body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design, in three dietary treatments: diet containing Tifton-85 hay as exclusive roughage (control), diet with partial replacement (75%) of Tifton-85 hay by Miúda cactus cladodes (Nopalea) or Orelha de Elefante Mexicana cactus cladodes (OEM) (Opuntia), with twelve replicates per treatment. The feedlot lasted 100 days. Dietary and total Ca and Mg intakes were higher (P = 0.001) in goats fed cactus cladodes, regardless of species. The faeces of animals fed the control diet had twice (P = 0.049) as much K compared to the diet containing OEM cactus cladodes. Only OEM cactus cladodes caused increase (P = 0.001) in urinary Ca concentration, in relation to animals fed control diet. Goats fed cactus cladodes showed, on average, 45.8% more (P = 0.001) serum Mg. Diets containing cactus cladodes induced lower (P = 0.001) voluntary water intake and higher (P = 0.001) body water retention. The values of creatinine (P = 0.006) and total protein (P = 0.008) in the urine were affected by diets. For the given duration of the experiment, the partial replacement (75%) of Tifton-85 hay by cactus cladodes in diets for goats is recommended because it improves intake of macrominerals calcium and magnesium, and increase body water retention, without impairing kidney function.

Physiological changes and behavioral responses in heat-stressed goats under humid tropical environment.

Kacang (K) and Kacang Etawah (KE) cross goats are the major goat breeds that are important for farming livelihood and income and recognized for their tolerance to hot and humid tropical climates. As global warming progresses, the daily maximum temperature (Tmax) is predicted to be continuously increased, which will challenge goat production in the future. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological and behavioral responses of the goats to the elevated Tmax. Six K and six KE female goats were housed in a normal environment (average Tmax: 33°C; temperature humidity index (THI): 76 to 86) for 6 weeks and then in a hot environment (average Tmax: 38°C; THI: 76 to 92) for 7 weeks. During hot conditions, rectal, rectal surface, and skin temperature, respiration rate, hemoglobin, and cholesterol increased (p < 0.05), whereas glucose blood levels decreased (p < 0.01). Dry matter (DM) intake was lowered (p < 0.01), and DM digestibility was elevated (p < 0.01), whereas drinking water and body water retention were lowered but varied (p < 0.05) during hot weeks. Lying time increased during the hot weeks in both breeds (p < 0.01), whereas lying and ruminating as well as total ruminating time was longer (p < 0.05) in KE goats compared to K goats, which explain the greater (p < 0.05) DM digestibility in KE goats. The effect of the elevated Tmax might be less severe since it also depends on the duration of the Tmax and the variation of daily THI.

731-P: Impact of 3 Weeks of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet and Exercise on Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Lifestyle interventions, including dietary adjustment and exercise, are important for weight loss in the context of obesity. Objective: This study aimed to compare the short-term effects of a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) and exercise nondiabetic overweight and obese adults. Design: A total of 45 eligible subjects were randomized into a low-carbohydrate diet group (LC, n=22) and an exercise group (EX, n=23); the participants adopted a LCD (carbohydrate intake &amp;lt; 30 mins/day) for 3 weeks. Weekly follow-ups were conducted and flash glucose monitoring sensors were used.≥50 g/day) or performed moderate-to-vigorous exercise ( Results: After the 3-week intervention, body mass index, total fat% and total fat mass (FM), waist circumference, visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat area decreased significantly in both the LC and EX, but the LC lost 2.32 kg more weight than the EX. Total fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water (TBW) in the LC were significantly reduced but remained unchanged in the EX. Triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) decreased in the EX, while TGs decreased and LDL-c increased in the LC. Glycemic variability and insulin resistance were improved in both groups, but the effect in the LC was faster and greater. Mean sensor glucose declined significantly in the LC. Three days after stopping the intervention, body weight, FM and FFM increased significantly in the LC, and most of the FFM regained was TBW, which remained stable in the EX. Conclusion: A short-term LCD was more effective for weight loss and glycemic stability than exercise, and it mainly reduced body fat and body water. However, body weight was regained to a greater extent after stopping the LCD, which was due to body water retention. Exercise was less effective for fat loss than LCD and had no significant influence on body water. Disclosure J. Zhou: None. L. Cai: None. J. Yin: None. X. Ma: None. Y. Mo: None. L. Cheng: None. W. Lu: None. Y. Bao: None. W. Jia: None.

Performance, Body Water Balance, Ingestive Behavior and Blood Metabolites in Goats Fed with Cactus Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller) Silage Subjected to An Intermittent Water Supply

This study evaluated the performance, body water balance, ingestive behavior and blood metabolites in goats fed with cactus pear silage subjected to an intermittent water supply. Thirty-six goats were distributed in a randomized block design arranged as a 3 × 3 factorial with cactus pear silage in the goats’ diet (on a 0%, 21% and 42% dry matter-DM basis) and water offer frequency (ad libitum, and 24 and 48 h water restrictions). There was an interaction only between the cactus pear silage level and water offerings for drinking water. Goats fed 42% cactus pear silage had greater intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates, energy, Ca, Mg and Na minerals, water intake, urinary water excretion, body water retention and nutrient digestibility. Cactus pear silage inclusion up to a 42% rate reduced eating and ruminating time and increased the time spent idling as well as the eating and the ruminating efficiency rate. Water restriction at 48 h reduced drinking water intake. Performance and blood metabolites were not affected by cactus silage inclusion or water offering. Cactus pear silage inclusion at up to 42% for goats is recommended during periods of water shortage in semiarid and arid regions because it improves eating, the ruminating efficiency rate, and body water retention; cactus pear silage inclusion at this rate reduces water consumption and it does not affect the performance or health of the animals.

Development of Korean Menstrual Symptom Scale for University Students.

To develop Korean Menstrual Symptom Scale (KMSS) for university students and test its reliability and validity. The scale was developed by intensive literature review, development of preliminary items, verification of content validity, development of secondary items, verification of construct validity, and extraction of final items. Thirty-nine items were constructed. Data for validity and reliability testing were collected with a questionnaire survey from 391 university students. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and reliability coefficients (Cronbach's α) with the SPSS program. There were 37 final items which were sorted into six factors: 'negative affection (8 items)', 'change of activity level (7 items)', 'physical symptom (9 items)', 'mood change (9 items)', 'change in concentration level (4 items)', and 'body water retention (5 items)'. The cumulative percent of variance was 63.3%. Regarding the reliability of the scale, its Cronbach's α was 0.96. Cronbach's α values for these factors ranged from 0.75 to 0.91. The KMSS demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. Repeated research is needed to measure menstrual symptom experienced by women of variable ages.

Characterization of a set of abdominal neuroendocrine cells that regulate stress physiology using colocalized diuretic peptides in Drosophila

Multiple neuropeptides are known to regulate water and ion balance in Drosophila melanogaster. Several of these peptides also have other functions in physiology and behavior. Examples are corticotropin-releasing factor-like diuretic hormone (diuretic hormone 44; DH44) and leucokinin (LK), both of which induce fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules (MTs), but also regulate stress responses, feeding, circadian activity and other behaviors. Here, we investigated the functional relations between the LK and DH44 signaling systems. DH44 and LK peptides are only colocalized in a set of abdominal neurosecretory cells (ABLKs). Targeted knockdown of each of these peptides in ABLKs leads to increased resistance to desiccation, starvation and ionic stress. Food ingestion is diminished by knockdown of DH44, but not LK, and water retention is increased by LK knockdown only. Thus, the two colocalized peptides display similar systemic actions, but differ with respect to regulation of feeding and body water retention. We also demonstrated that DH44 and LK have additive effects on fluid secretion by MTs. It is likely that the colocalized peptides are coreleased from ABLKs into the circulation and act on the tubules where they target different cell types and signaling systems to regulate diuresis and stress tolerance. Additional targets seem to be specific for each of the two peptides and subserve regulation of feeding and water retention. Our data suggest that the ABLKs and hormonal actions are sufficient for many of the known DH44 and LK functions, and that the remaining neurons in the CNS play other functional roles.

Pilot Study Examining the Effects of Atropine on Performance during Uncompensable Heat Stress

In many operational scenarios, hypohydration can be corrected with oral rehydration following the work interval. Although rare, there are potential situations that require extended intervals of uncompensable heat stress exposure while working in personal protective equipment (PPE). Under these conditions, retention of body water may be valuable to preserve work capacity and reduce cardiovascular strain. We conducted a pilot study comparing intramuscular atropine sulfate versus saline placebo to establish the safety profile of the protocol and to provide pilot data for future investigations. Five, healthy, heat-acclimated subjects completed this crossover design laboratory study. Each subject performed up to one hour of exertion in a hot environment while wearing a chemical resistant coverall. Atropine sulfate (0.02 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of sterile saline was administered by intramuscular injection. Core temperature, heart rate, perceptual measures, and changes in body mass were measured. All five subjects completed the acclimation period and both protocols. No adverse events occurred, and no pharmacologically induced delirium was identified. Change in body mass was less following exercise influenced by atropine sulfate (p = 0.002). Exertion time tended to be longer in the atropine sulfate arm (p = 0.08). Other measures appeared similar between groups. Intramuscular atropine sulfate reduced sweating and tended to increase the work interval under uncompensable heat stress when compared to saline placebo. Heart rate and temperature changes during exertion were similar in both conditions suggesting that the influence of an anticholinergic agent on thermoregulation may be minimal during uncompensable heat stress. Key words: thermoregulation; cholinolytic; anticholinergic; reaction time

Vasopressin regulation of sodium transport in the distal nephron and collecting duct.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is released from the posterior pituitary gland during states of hyperosmolality or hypovolemia. AVP is a peptide hormone, with antidiuretic and antinatriuretic properties. It allows the kidneys to increase body water retention predominantly by increasing the cell surface expression of aquaporin water channels in the collecting duct alongside increasing the osmotic driving forces for water reabsorption. The antinatriuretic effects of AVP are mediated by the regulation of sodium transport throughout the distal nephron, from the thick ascending limb through to the collecting duct, which in turn partially facilitates osmotic movement of water. In this review, we will discuss the regulatory role of AVP in sodium transport and summarize the effects of AVP on various molecular targets, including the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter NKCC2, the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter NCC, and the epithelial sodium channel ENaC.

Is increased water consumption among older adults associated with improvements in glucose homeostasis?

Obesity and impaired glucose homeostasis in older adults place these individuals at risk for diabetes. Dehydration, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance are related; while aging and dehydration are associated with decreased glucose tolerance, weight loss can improve glycemia. For older adults following hypocaloric diets, additional water consumption may lead to greater weight loss. Further more, research suggests an association between insulin resistance and the body water retention hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP). Analysis of the association between plasma copeptin (an AVP derivative) and fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) may provide further insight into the relationship between dehydration and diabetes risk. Our objective was to investigate the possibility that increased water consumption among older adults (n = 29, BMI = 31 ± 1 kg/m2, age = 62 ± 1 years) could improve glucose homeostasis beyond that observed with weight loss, as well as associations between plasma copeptin and diabetes risk. This retrospective analysis utilized data from a previous investigation, in which obese/overweight older adults were assigned to one of two groups: 1) Water: consume 500 ml of water prior to three daily meals over a 12-week hypocaloric diet intervention, or 2) Non-water: hypocaloric diet alone. In the present analysis, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, and plasma copeptin were evaluated, and compared to urinary specific gravity (USG), drinking water consumption, and body weight. Analyses performed using group assignment, volume of drinking water consumed or among a subgroup pair-matched for weight loss and sex did not reveal significant differences between groups. However in the full sample, plasma insulin concentration was associated with USG (r = 0.512, P

Renal Function and Vasopressin During Marathon Running

Over the past 2 decades, exercise-associated hyponatraemia (EAH) has emerged as an important complication of prolonged endurance physical activities. Data collected since the first reports of EAH have strongly implicated a dilutional hyponatraemia from inappropriate retention of body water as the primary cause of EAH. Although high rates of fluid consumption clearly contribute to the pathogenesis of EAH, a review of the available data does not support the view that EAH can be ascribed solely to excess drinking. Because the kidney is exquisitely sensitive to low plasma levels of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) and because many non-osmotic stimuli to AVP secretion normally occur during prolonged endurance exercise activity, it is more likely that a combination of higher than normal fluid intakes in the setting of modest elevations of plasma AVP levels from a variety of potential stimuli during prolonged physical activity accounts for the majority of cases of EAH. In any individual, the degree to which AVP secretion is stimulated and whether it can be suppressed with sufficient fluid ingestion, will determine their susceptibility to EAH as a result of fluid ingestion both before and after physical activity, accounting for the high degree of individual variability in the occurrence of this potentially life-threatening metabolic disorder.

Comparison of body water retention during water deprivation between swamp buffaloes and Friesian cattle

The vasopressin (VP) and aldosterone responses of swamp buffaloes and Friesian cattle were compared during 3 days of ad libitum water availability and 3 days of water deprivation. During the period of hydration, buffaloes showed significantly higher VP concentrations (2.31±0.09 v. 1.23±0.07 pg/ml), in spite of larger water excretion rate through urine, relative to cattle. During the period of dehydration, although VP increased progressively in both species, the concentration in the buffaloes (66.7±18.6 pg/ml) was five times higher than that of the cattle (12.5±3.2 pg/ml) on Day 3. Even though the rate of urine excretion in the buffaloes decreased markedly during water deprivation, the total volume of urine excretion was still greater than that of the cattle. Haematocrit, serum osmotic pressure and total protein in both species increased significantly during water deprivation, but the rate of the increase was greater in buffaloes than in cattle. There was no correlation between sodium or potassium excretion and aldosterone concentration in either species. These results demonstrated that the VP elevation in buffaloes was largely attributable to the greater decrease of plasma volume caused by the greater water excretion. The lower retentivity of plasma volume probably means that buffaloes have a greater dependence on external water rather than to conserve internal water, because of the evolutionary adaptation of buffaloes to wet environments.

Pressure sores among malnourished necropsied adults--preliminary data.

Pressure sores are common among bedridden, elderly, or malnourished patients, and may occur in terminal ill patients because of impaired mobility, fecal or urinary incontinence, and decreased healing capacity. The aim of this study was to compare frequency of pressure sores between malnourished and non-malnourished necropsied adults. All (n = 201) adults (age >/= 18 years) autopsied between 1986 and 1996 at the Teaching Hospital of Triangulo Mineiro Medical School (Uberaba) were eligible for the study. Gender, race, weight, height and main diagnoses were recorded. Ninety-six cases were excluded because of probable body water retention (congestive heart failure, hepatic insufficiency, nephrotic syndrome) or pressure sores secondary to peripheral vascular ischemia. Body mass index (BMI) was used to define malnourished (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and non-malnourished (BMI > 18.5kg/m2) groups. Except for weight (42.5kg; range: 28-57 vs. 60; 36-134.5kg) and BMI (16.9; range: 12.4-18.5 vs. 22.7; range: 18.5-54.6kg/m2), respectively, there were no statistical differences among 43 malnourished and 62 non-malnourished cases in relation to age (54.9 +/- 20.4 vs. 52.9 +/- 17.9 years), percentage of white persons (74.4 vs. 64.5%), male gender (76.7 vs. 69.3%) and main diagnoses. Five malnourished (11. 6%) and 7 (11.5%) non-malnourished cases had pressure sores (p=0.89). Pressure sores were equally common findings in necropsied persons with protein-energy malnutrition, as assessed by body mass index.

Resposta de fase aguda e níveis séricos de magnésio em pacientes hospitalizados

The acute phase response (APR) is characterized by proteolysis with decreased body cell mass, hyperglycemia, body water retention and renal dysfunction, which we hypothesised could affect magnesium serum levels. The aim of this study was to compare serum magnesium levels among hospitalized patients with or without APR. All serum magnesium results (n = 527) corresponding to a six-months period were searched at University Hospital mainframe. Relevant laboratorial and clinical details were also registered. All cases of diabetes mellitus, chronic renal insufficiency, or serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dl were excluded. APR was defined by the presence of fever plus severe trauma or infection plus leukopenia or leukocytosis. From a total of 214 patients, sixty-nine (32.2%) met the criteria for APR positivity (APR [symbol: see text]). Groups were paired for age, color, gender, diuretic use and edema presence. Hypomagnesemia was registered among 72% of cases, without statistical difference (p = 0.06) among APR [symbol: see text] and APR theta patients (63.8 vs 75.9%). Serum magnesium levels (median; range) were higher among APR [symbol: see text] cases, when compared to APR theta ones: 1.75; 1-3 vs 1.6; 0.9-2.9 m/dl, the same occurring with glycemia (115; 49-236 vs 99; 61-191 mg/dl) and serum creatinine (mean +/- SD): 0.8840 +/- 306 vs 0.803 +/- 0.257 mg/dl. Hypermagnesemia was more common among APR [symbol: see text] cases: 8.7 vs 2.1%. Our results suggest that higher magnesium serum levels seen in APR [symbol: see text] patients may be attributed to subclinical renal ischemia and possibly to increased glucose serum levels.

Studies of Water Metabolism in Essential Epilepsy: I. The Water Balance * II. Water Content of the Blood

Summary Part I. (1)The object of the experiments was to determine whether there is any connection between the incidence of grand mal seizures and the exchange of water between the epileptic organism and its environment. Certain authors have claimed a retention of water before fits and a release afterwards, with parallel changes in the volume of the urine. (2)The diurnal water exchange has been studied in two epileptics for five months, and in a third for nearly three months. Control observations have been made on a non-epileptic patient.The subjects were kept under controlled conditions with a fixed diet and water intake. (3)Values of the water balance (the nett gain in water by the body) have been calculated for two-day periods during the whole of the experiment. Water balance values in which allowance has been made for estimated daily variations in the energy metabolism have also been calculated wherever possible. The methods are fully described. (4)Changes in the fasting body weight under the controlled conditions afford a fair measure of the changes in body water. At most 10 seizures out of 22 were preceded by a rise in the weight curve, and at most 10 out of 22 were followed by a fall. (5)The calculated water balances indicate with a high degree of probability that when there was a large rise in weight during the two days before a fit, or a large fall during the two-day period consisting of the day of the fit and the following day, these weight changes were for the most part due to changes in the water content of the organism. (6)Retention of body water does not by any means invariably precede a seizure. A negative water balance was observed after more than a half of the isolated seizures. (7)Increased output of urine coincides with loss in body weight and water following a fit. (8)No regularity was observed in the alterations before and after fits of the rate of extra-renal water loss. Part II. (1)Daily measurements have been made of the fasting values of the total solids of the blood and the total and non-protein nitrogen of the plasma of the same three epileptic patients. The haemoglobin content and cell volume of the blood have also been determined for short periods. (2)There is no constant relationship between the incidence of grand mal seizures and the variations in plasma total and non-protein nitrogen and blood total solids. (3)Changes in the concentration of proteins in the plasma tend to be accompanied by simultaneous changes in the same direction of other solid constituents of the blood. (4)There appears to be a tendency for retention and release of body water, especially just before and after fits, to be accompanied by decrease and increase respectively of the total solid content of the blood. Reasons are given for supposing that these latter changes are a result of water entering and leaving the circulating blood.

Influence of Induced Variations in Electrolyte and Water Exchanges with Pitressin in Bronchial Asthma.

During the course of studies on the influence of various therapeutic procedures on the mineral and water exchanges in children suffering from bronchial asthma, it was observed that artificial fever was usually followed by remission of symptoms when the sodium chloride content of the diet was extremely low, but not when the intake of this salt was unrestricted. This observation suggested the desirability of examining more critically the relationship between the electrolyte and water balance in the mechanism of asthmatic attacks.Starling and Verney1 and McQuarrie, Manchester and Husted2 have shown that pitressin, the antidiuretic principle of the pituitary gland causes, not only a retention of body water, but a coincident absolute increase in the output of sodium and chloride in the normal subject. Therefore, when the sodium chloride intake is very low and the water intake is relatively high during a period of sustained pituitary antidiuresis, body water is retained without coincident storage of sodium chlo...