Retarded Position Research Articles

SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO REDUCING THE ENERGY OF THE PARKING RETARDER POSITION OF A SORTING DEVICE WITH TARGET GRAVITY BRAKING OF CUTS

The main disadvantage of a sorting device with target gravity braking of cuts is the necessity to use a powerful parking retarder position. In order to reduce the energy of this position, it is proposed to install an auxiliary brake position on the descending part of the device to transfer there part of the work on regulating the rolling speed of cuts of a certain mass. For the given operating conditions, the required energy of these positions and the optimal design parameters of the sorting device were determined, and recommendations were developed for braking the cuts at the auxiliary brake position based on the results of simulation modeling of the rolling of the design runners. The structural parameters were optimized using the developed mathematical model, where the height of the sorting device is the optimization criterion. The optimization calculations were performed both for favorable and unfavorable conditions of the runners rolling. The results of the simulation modeling of the rolling of the design runners proved that the maximum braking value at the auxiliary brake position (0.74 m e. h.) for the specified operating conditions is provided when braking the cuts weighing more than 34.8 tons. To simplify the process of braking such cuts at the auxiliary braking position, it is proposed to use low-energy retarders whose rated energy is less than the maximum possible braking value at this position. The reason of it is that when more powerful retarders are used at the auxiliary braking position, not only the degree of braking of each cut should be determined, but also the duration of their braking, which to some extent complicates the process of speed control and may require automation of operation of this position. If low-energy retarders UVSK-11 with the rated energy of 0.6 m e. h. are used at the auxiliary brake position, the required energy of the park brake position is reduced by 0.57 m e. h. At the same time, all cuts weighing more than 30.8 tons should be braked at the auxiliary brake position. Based on the studies, it was concluded that the installation of an auxiliary brake position on the descending part of the sorting device with target gravity braking of cuts would reduce capital investments in construction and mechanization, as well as the costs associated with the operation of this device.

On apparent faster-than-light behavior of moving electric fields

For every observer, however distant, the electric field of a uniformly moving charge is always directed away from, or points towards, the instantaneous present position of the charge and not away from, or towards, the retarded position at which the observer sees it (due to the finite speed of light). This fact is a well-established consequence of, among others, the application of the Li\'enard-Wiechert potentials, and its significance for fundamental physics is probably not fully appreciated. Here we show how and why this property has non-negligible consequences for what we take for granted about the relativity of simultaneity and faster-than-light communication. In particular, if we consider two opposite electric charges whose distance shrinks to zero at a constant velocity (shrinking electric dipole), then the cancellation of the total field seems to be instantaneous everywhere in space and in every inertial reference frame. A simple variant of the shrinking electric dipole setup appears to allow a sort of faster-than-light communication of information. Our results provide simple theoretical support to the conclusions of recent experiments on the propagation speed of Coulomb and magnetic fields. It would also be interesting to explore any possible connection between our findings and quantum non-locality.

УТОЧНЕННЫЙ ПРИМЕР РАСЧЕТА ВРЕМЕНИ И СКОРОСТИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ ВАГОНА НА УЧАСТКЕ КОЛЕСНОЙ БАЗЫ ПЕРВОЙ ТОРМОЗНОЙ ПОЗИЦИИ СОРТИРОВОЧНОЙ ГОРКИ ПРИ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИИ ПОПУТНОГО ВЕТРА

УТОЧНЕННЫЙ ПРИМЕР РАСЧЕТА ВРЕМЕНИ И СКОРОСТИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ ВАГОНА НА УЧАСТКЕ КОЛЕСНОЙ БАЗЫ ПЕРВОЙ ТОРМОЗНОЙ ПОЗИЦИИ СОРТИРОВОЧНОЙ ГОРКИ ПРИ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИИ ПОПУТНОГО ВЕТРА

DESIGN IMPROVEMENT OF SORTING HUMPS'S NECK PLAN ON THE TECHNICAL STATIONS

The plan construction of humps neck has a large influence on the movement and duration of cuts rolling down. The capital investments to building and the operating costs during hump operation first of all depend of the neck’s parameters. The findings of investigation of neck’s parameters influence to the construction length are given in this article. By the construction length is understand the unfolded neck length from the top hump to park retarder position without taking the switches length into account. The analysis of existing methods of optimization the hump neck shows that they do not fully characterize the object, because they do not include many of the features of sorting humps operation. As a result, the optimization problem of hump necks needs further inquiry. As the review of standard construction of hump necks shows, there are not more than two additional curves on the descent part of the sorting hump. Thereupon it was developed the method of determine all values of rotation angles on the descent part of the hump. It permits to design neck plan keeping the normative requirements and to choose the best values of angles. It was proved, that the minimum construction length is when the sum of angles on the descent part of the hump is the maximum. Also it was developed the method of optimization of coupling sections parameters in placing a park retarder position on a straight path for the main mating curve. The researches of number bunches influence to its construction length are made in this article. Studies have shown that the increase of the number bunches permits to reduce the construction length per 10–15 %. Also decrease of the average distance from the top hump to considering point has been observed. But, at the same time increase of number of bunches reduce to increase of required number of retarders on the descent part of the sorting hump and to complicate the control process. Thus, the problem of selection of the efficient number of the hump neck must be solved based on the feasibility study. The findings of investigation can be use during new construction and the reconstruction of the existing sorting humps.// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "tstt.diit.edu.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

OPTIMIZATION OF THE DESIGN TRACK DEVELOPMENT HUMPS LOW POWER

The lower-power sorting humps are all-important during the car traffic volume serving. The most of humps are manual. The application of humps mechanization needs the sizeable reconstruction of humps neck. The method of the determining the optimal construction of a lower-power sorting hump neck is given in this article. The minimum © Колесник А. І. 2014 of the construction length of the tracks was chosen as a criterion of optimality. By the construction length is understand the unfolded neck length from the top hump to park retarder position without taking the switches length into account. The analysis of existing methods of optimization the hump neck shows that they do not fully characterize the object, because they do not include many of the features of sorting humps operation. It is found that the values of the angles of rotations of the slope of the hump have an essential influence on the parameters of rounding-off curves on sorting tracks. Due to change of parameters of rounding-off curves comes the minimum of the hump construction length. Studies have shown the inverse functional binding between the value of the angle of rotations of the slope of the hump and the neck construction length. This binding is under placing a park retarder position both on a straight path for the main mating curve and within the limits of mating curves. At the same time parameters of mating curves on each path are optimized so that the park retarding position in the track bunch has to be located at a minimum distance from the top of the hump. Studies have shown that maximization values of the angles of rotations of the slope of the hump allow to reduce the construction length of the lower-power sorting humps neck by 10-15 %. The maximum angles of the slope calculating by the iteration method. Using of the proposed method during new construction and the reconstruction of the existing lower-power sorting humps allow to reduce the need for rail-sleeper grid and also to reduce the operating costs.

PRODUCT PLACEMENT FOR COPLING CURVES PARK RETARDERS ON THE STRAIGHTS MARSHALLING LINES

The method of the determination of the optimal parameters of coupling curves in case allocation of the yard retarder position in the straight track section behind the main coupling curve is given in this article. The criterion of optimality is the minimum of the distance between the wisp switch and yard retarder position. Using this method during design and reconstruction of the sorting humps allows to reduce the length of the neck and thus to increase the length of sorting tracks and to improve the operating benefits of sorting equipments.

Design of Engineered Drainable Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) Cladding

Abstract During the last ten years, the authors have investigated a number of buildings with leakage and deterioration problems associated with exterior walls clad with exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS). These systems were “barrier” walls applied to materials that degrade rapidly from exposure to moisture, such as gypsum board sheathing. These wall systems lacked backup waterproofing and flashing elements and relied on surface seals as the sole means of controlling water penetration (leakage). While these systems are appealing due to their aesthetic features, light weight and insulating characteristics, they are vulnerable to performance problems as a result of failed surface seals, leakage through window frame corners and poor installation practices. Installation of internal flashings is difficult at best because the primary waterproofing layer (the lamina) is on the face of the cladding rather than in the plane of the flashing. In this paper, the authors review the essential differences between barrier and drainable EIFS. The primary focus of the paper is to examine the various components of an engineered drainable EIFS including waterproofing membranes, drainage plane grids, methods of attachment, and consideration for use of a vapor retarder (position) within the wall cross section. Detailing of wall penetrations, particularly for windows and doors will be presented as will location of flashings and weep mechanisms in multi story construction. Design considerations will be illustrated in two case studies where barrier EIFS was replaced with an engineered drainable system, one in a relatively warm climate (southern California) and the other in a relatively cold climate (Massachusetts).

Gravimagnetism, causality, and aberration of gravity in the gravitational light-ray deflection experiments

Experimental verification of the existence of gravimagnetic fields generated by currents of matter is important for a complete understanding and formulation of gravitational physics. Although the rotational (intrinsic) gravimagnetic field has been extensively studied and is now being measured by the Gravity Probe B, the extrinsic gravimagnetic field generated by the translational current of matter is less well studied. The present paper uses the post-Newtonian parametrized Einstein and light geodesics equations to show that the extrinsic gravimagnetic field generated by the translational current of matter can be measured by observing the relativistic time delay and/or light deflection caused by the moving mass. We prove that the extrinsic gravimagnetic field is generated by the relativistic effect of the aberration of the gravity force caused by the Lorentz transformation of the metric tensor and the Levi–Civita connection. We show that the Lorentz transformation of the gravity field variables is equivalent to the technique of the retarded Lienard–Wiechert gravitational potentials predicting that a light particle is deflected by gravitational field of a moving body from its retarded position so that both general-relativistic phenomena—the aberration and the retardation of gravity—are tightly connected and observing the aberration of gravity proves that gravity has a causal nature. We explain in this framework the 2002 deflection experiment of a quasar by Jupiter where the aberration of gravity from its orbital motion was measured with accuracy 20%. We describe a theory of VLBI experiment to measure the gravitational deflection of radio waves from a quasar by the Sun, as viewed by a moving observer from the geocentric frame, to improve the measurement accuracy of the aberration of gravity to a few percent.

Glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase in Plasmodium falciparum.

The pathways of glucose utilization for energy production in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, have been studied extensively. Little is known, however, about the reactions by which glucose is converted into complex carbohydrates in the parasite, and knowledge of the catabolism of these substances is likewise scanty. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether the parasites possess a key enzyme of glucosamine catabolism, i.e. glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (EC 5.3.1.40), which catalyses the conversion of the sugar phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate and ammonia. Lysates of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes had substantially higher deaminase activity than control samples from normal erythrocytes, and an even higher specific activity was observed in extracts of isolated parasites, amounting to 20-40 times that of uninfected cells. Anion exchange chromatography indicated that the parasite deaminase eluted in a retarded position when compared to the elution profile of the erythrocyte enzyme. The charge difference suggested by these findings was established more directly by chromatofocusing, which indicated pI values of 6.85 and 8.55 for the parasite and erythrocyte deaminases, respectively. Other differences were also observed, notably a greater thermolability on the part of the parasite enzyme. These results indicated that the parasites synthesize a specific deaminase that is distinct from the normal erythrocyte enzyme. Studies on synchronized parasite cultures further indicated that the parasite deaminase is developmentally regulated, because a dramatic increase in activity levels occurred during the later stages of parasite development.

Separation of sugars by ion-exclusion chromatography on a cation-exchange resin

A method for the separation of N-acetylmannosamine and N-acetylglucosamine is described, which consists of chromatography of the two sugars on a column (30 × 1 cm) of the cation-exchange resin, Dowex 50W-X2, in borate buffer at pH 7.8. N-Acetylmannosamine is eluted near the void volume, while N-acetylglucosamine emerges in a more retarded position. It is postulated that the separation occurs as a result of the combined effects of ion exclusion and gel permeation. Thus, in borate solution, N-acetylmannosamine presumably exists largely as a negatively charged complex and is therefore excluded from the sulfonated polystyrene matrix, while N-acetylglucosamine occurs mainly as the free sugar in the equilibrium mixture and, being a neutral compound, has free access to the porous resin. The proposed mechanism for the separation was supported by the finding that glucose and glucose 6-phosphate could also be separated on a column of the same resin, with water as the eluent.

Retarded and apparent positions: their geometry

Light from a fast moving point object does not arrive at an observer's eye from the direction where the object currently is, but from the direction of its retarded position. If stereoscopic vision is used however, so that distance can be judged, the object does not generally appear to be at its retarded position, but at a different distance away, depending on the orientation of the 'eye pair'. These effects are analysed geometrically, invoking elementary plane projective geometry.

Immunopurification and characterization of human α-l-iduronidase with the use of monoclonal antibodies

alpha-L-Iduronidase from human liver was purified by a three-step five-column procedure and by immunoaffinity chromatography with a monoclonal antibody raised against purified enzyme. Seven bands identified by staining with Coomassie Blue had molecular masses of 74, 65, 60, 49, 44, 18 and 13 kDa and were present in both preparations of the liver enzyme. However, relative to the immunopurification procedure, alpha-L-iduronidase purified by the five-column procedure was considerably enriched in the 65 kDa polypeptide band. The seven bands were identified by Western-blot analysis with two different monoclonal antibodies raised against alpha-L-iduronidase. The chromatographic behaviour of alpha-L-iduronidase on the antibody column was dependent upon the quantity of enzyme loaded. Above a particular load concentration a single peak of enzyme activity was eluted, whereas at load concentrations below the critical value alpha-L-iduronidase was eluted in two peaks of activity, designated form I (eluted first) and form II (eluted second). The following properties of the two forms of alpha-L-iduronidase were determined. (1) The two forms from liver were composed of different proportions of the same seven polypeptides. (2) When individually rechromatographed on the antibody column, each form from liver shifted to a more retarded elution position but essentially retained its chromatographic behaviour relative to the other form. (3) Forms I and II of liver alpha-L-iduronidase showed no difference in their activities towards disaccharide substrates derived from two glycosaminoglycan sources, heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate. (4) The native molecular size of forms I and II of liver alpha-L-iduronidase was 65 kDa as determined by gel-permeation chromatography. (5) Immunoaffinity chromatography of extracts of human lung and kidney resulted in the separation of alpha-L-iduronidase into two forms, each with different proportions of the seven common polypeptide species. (6) Lung forms I and II were taken up readily into cultured skin fibroblasts taken from a patient with alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency. Liver forms I and II were not taken up to any significant extent. Lung form II gave intracellular contents of alpha-L-iduronidase that were more than double those of normal control fibroblasts, whereas lung form I gave contents approximately equal to normal control values. We propose that all seven polypeptides are derived from a single alpha-L-iduronidase gene product, and that different proportions of these polypeptides can function as a single alpha-L-iduronidase entity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Characterization of microsomal and cytosolic α-1,2-mannosidases from mung bean hypocotyls

Microsomal and cytosolic α-mannosidase activities, which hydrolyze α-1,2-mannosylmannose linkages in the Man 5GlcNAc 2 oligosaccharide, have been isolated from homogenates of mung bean hypocotyls. The α-1,2-mannosidase activities were readily distinguished from previously described aryl α-mannosidases by several criteria. They were optimally active in the presence of Ca 2+ between pH 5.5 and 6, they were inhibited by Zn 2+, and they had essentially no activity with p-nitrophenyl-α-mannoside. The microsomal and cytosolic α-1,2-mannosidases demonstrated specificity for oligosaccharides with terminal nonreducing α-1,2-mannosyl linkages, and they were inhibited by mannosyl-mannose disaccharides, with the inhibition decreasing in the order of α-1,2- > α-1,3- > α-1,6-mannosyl-mannose. The cytosolic α-1,2-mannosidase activity, which was present in the 100,0000 g supernatant, was separated from the aryl α-mannosidase by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The microsomal α-1,2-mannosidase, which was tightly associated with the particulate fraction, was solubilized with Triton X-100 and 0.2 m KCl. The two α-1,2-mannosidase activities were readily differentiated by gel-filtration chromatography. The solubilized microsomal enzyme chromatographed in approximately the same position as a M r 460,000 globular protein whereas the cytosolic enzyme was eluted in a retarded position, indicating a much smaller protein.

Heterogeneity of activity of the prolactin-releasing factor in the bovine hypothalamo–neurohypophysial complex

Fresh samples of bovine hypothalamic median eminence or hypophysial stalk extracted with 0.1 M-HCl and fractionated on Sephadex G-100 had two prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) components, the major one in the void volume (PRF-A) and the minor one in an elution position (partition coefficient (Kav) = 0.333) immediately after PRF-A (PRF-B). Similar fractionation of bovine posterior pituitary extracts showed two PRF peaks: PRF-A and another in a more retarded position than PRF-B (Kav = 0.645; PRF-C). Storage of bovine stalk extract at -20 degrees C for 1 year caused a shift from higher molecular weight PRF into PRF-C. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone stimulated prolactin secretion, but its dose-response slope and chromatographic mobility were quite different from those for bovine tissue extracts. Secretion of prolactin induced by extracts of bovine hypophysial stalk is calcium dependent and is inhibited by dopamine.

Interactions between mouse immunoglobulins and staphylococcal protein A.

When mouse serum or ascites is applied on protein A-Sepharose columns and washed with enough phosphate-buffered saline, a second protein peak is often eluted with the same buffer after the first major peak of unbound proteins. This second peak is almost pure Ig G1. More IgG1 plus IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 are thereafter eluted with acid saline. 90% of the IgG1 whichhad been eluted with neutral buffer could be re-eluted at the same retarded position with the same buffer. When a gradient from 0 to 3 M sodium thiocyanate was started after the major peak of unbound proteins, all IgG1 was eluted before IgG2 and IgG3. These results suggest that IgG1 has a much lower affinity for protein A than IgG2 or IgG3 and that normal mouse serum IgG1 can be purified by such a simple procedure.

Hydrophobic and carbohydrate-recognition chromatographies of collagen glucosyltransferase.

Collagen glucosyltransferase from chick embryos and human foetal tissues was found to have a high affinity for columns of concanavalin-A-agarose, which was markedly reduced in the presence of α-methyl d-mannoside. The results suggest the presence of carbohydrate units in the enzyme molecule. However, high mannoside concentrations were required for an effective elution, and the peak of the enzyme activity was eluted in a retarded position compared with the protein peak. Elution was greatly enhanced by the addition of ethylene glycol to the buffer containing the mannoside, and most of the enzyme activity could be eluted with ethylene glycol even in the absence of the mannoside. These data suggest that hydrophobic interaction contributed to the affinity of the enzyme for concanavalin-A-agarose. The role of hydrophobic interaction was studied further by using valyl-agarose. Collagen glucosyltransferase became bound to this material in the presence of ammonium sulphate under conditions in which most of the other proteins did not, and it could be eluted with a decreasing ammonium sulphate concentration gradient. In addition, the enzyme could be eluted with ethylene glycol from two specific affinity columns, namely collagen-agarose and UDP-glucose-derivative-agarose, suggesting that hydrophobic interaction may stabilize the enzyme · substrate complex formed with these two columns. An application of this information on hydrophobic and carbohydrate recognition for improving the purification procedure for the enzyme is discussed.

The Packard Diesel Engine

In a nine‐cylinder radial compression‐ignition engine, a single venturi passage 15 which serves for the admission of air and the exhaust of each cylinder is controlled by a valve 17 opened through a pushrod 19, and fuel is discharged through a nozzle, Fig. 8, controlled by a spring‐loaded valve 30 held off its seat by a stop 33. Fuel for all the cylinders is circulated through a manifold 40 and is delivered to the pumps through ports 41. Fuel is trapped by a plunger 39 and forced past a pair of non‐return valves 38 and a passage 34 to its appropriate fuel nozzle. The plunger is withdrawn by a spring 42, its forcing stroke being effected by a link 44 which bears on a camactuated lever 50, 51, 52. The stroke of the plunger is adjusted by toothed gearing 47, 48 which rotates a ring 46 carrying links 45 pivoted to the links 44. The fuel‐pump actuating cam 54 has four lobes and is driven through gearing 59 . . 62 at one‐eighth the speed of the crank shaft; this cam also operates the cylinder valves 17. The pumps may also be driven by a cam 73 having a single lobe and rotating at the speed of the crank shaft to which it is keyed. The high‐speed single‐lobe cam is operative when starting and times the fuel injection to occur just before top dead‐centre whereas the cam 54 times the injection so that it occurs 40 deg. to 20 deg. before the top dead‐centre. The starting gear comprises a motor 24 having a sliding dog clutch 25 which engages jaws 77 on a sleeve 76 mounted in a second sleeve 75. The sleeves are held against relative axial movement, but are each provided with diametrically opposed inclined slots 78, 79, Fig. 7, which impart to them a relative rotational movement. A pin 80 projects through the two slots into grooves 81 at the end of the crank shaft, and a spring 82 in the hollow portion of the crank shaft bears against a carrier 83 through which the pin 80 projects. During normal running, when the cam 54 actuates the plungers, the spring 82 forces the carrier 83 and the pin 80 to extend the sleeves 75, 76 to their rearmost position. The lobes on the cams 73, 54 are so arranged relatively that the one which is effective will shield the other from the levers 50, 51, 52. At starting, the jaw 25 is moved into engagement with the jaw 77 and the pin SO moves in its axial groove 81 to rotate the sleeves 75, 76 without imparting rotation to the crank shaft. The rotation of the sleeve 75 places the cam 54 in a retarded position so that its cam lobes are ineffective and pass under the lobe on the cam 73. As a consequence the speed of the fuel injection is increased, and as the engine starts the crank shaft overruns the jaw 25 and the spring 82 forces the sleeves 75, 76 and the pin SO to their rearmost position to establish normal running. The shifting of the cam 54 retards the actuating cam lobe 70 of the air inlet valve so that at starting the closing of the air inlet valve is delayed to allow part of the air charge to escape.