Retaliatory Violence Research Articles

163 Assault-Injured Youth in the Emergency Centers of Khayelitsha, South Africa: Population Characteristics and Opportunities for Intervention

Violence is a leading cause of death worldwide for youth 15-29. A growing body of literature describes assault-injured youth in United States emergency departments, identifying risk factors for re-injury and mortality, and developing targeted interventions. Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately affected by violence, but little research on assault-injured youth exists in these settings. This study aims to describe the population of assault-injured youth in the emergency centers of Khayelitsha township, South Africa. Survey and chart review of 14 to 24-year-old assault-injured patients and non-assault-injured sex-matched controls presenting to the two 24-hour emergency centers in Khayelitsha (Khayelitsha Hospital Emergency Center and Site B Community Health Center) between August - November 2016. Enrollment occurred Fridays at 7pm to Mondays at 7am. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate associations of behavioral and other factors with assault injury. In total 513 patients were enrolled: 324 assault-injured patients and 189 controls (131 medical, 58 accidental injuries). Overall 28% were female (n=146) and 72% were male (n=367). The mean age was 20.5 years. Compared to male controls, assault-injured males were more likely to report carrying a knife in the past 30 days (OR 2.6), and threatening/injuring someone else with a weapon in the past 6 months (OR 3.4). Compared to female controls, assault-injured females were more likely to report homelessness in the past 30 days (OR 2.6). Assault-injured patients of both sexes were more likely than controls to give a 30-day history of drinking any alcohol (OR 6.3), binge drinking (OR 6.7) and smoking cigarettes (OR 4.0). They were also significantly more likely to report any physical fight (OR 4.4) or any physical fight requiring medical care in the past 6 months (OR 5.08), and lifetime history of arrest (OR 5.1) or conviction (OR 6.7). Assault-injured patients were significantly less likely to endorse enrollment in an educational institution (OR 0.5) and membership in a religious group (OR 0.1). Significant differences were NOT found for: current employment; household poverty; or 6-month history of depression or suicide attempt. Assailants were frequently known to the victim - 20% family/friend, 15% acquaintance, 6% romantic partner. Gang members comprised 11% of assailants. One quarter of patients anticipate violent retaliation as a consequence of their injury. Drugs and/or alcohol were used by victims prior to 78% of the assaults. Significant differences were not detected between females (76%) and males (79%). Assault-injured females were significantly more likely than males to report assaults at home, with a “struck by/against” mechanism, and without weapons used. They were also more likely to list “romantic partner” as the assailant. Overall, 47% of assault-injured youth and 15% of controls reported a history of a fight requiring medical treatment in the past 6 months. Assault-injured males (259) greatly outnumbered non-assault-injured males (108) presenting for care, so it was not possible to enroll male controls on a 1-1 basis. Violence is a chronic and recurring disease, suggesting opportunities for interventions during health care contacts. Based on these data, future secondary violence prevention initiatives should target drug and alcohol use, as well as criminal behavior.

Race, violence and neoliberalism: crime fiction in the era of Ferguson and Black Lives Matter

ABSTRACTThis paper uses recent instances of police killings of African-American men, and of the retaliatory violence that has flared up in cities across the US, and of the emergence of Black Lives Matter since 2012, as a starting point to think about how well crime fiction can help us to make sense of the larger problem of political violence in the contemporary US. Crime fiction is well-placed to offer insight into the problem of race, drugs, poverty and policing but by paying close attention to The Wire, Walter Mosley's Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned and Chester Himes's Plan B, I argue that the issue of depicting police violence in a form where the law must in part be validated and that is narratively orientated towards rational explanation and resolution requires careful consideration. What is different about our contemporary moment is not simply that young black men are being killed by the police or that violent retaliation inevitably follows but rather that these circumstances are also tied to the precariousness experienced by poor black people under neoliberalism. The issue at stake is how exemplary crime fictions make sense of, and critically interrogate, the relationship between race, violence and neoliberalism.

The social origins of gender differences in anticipated feelings of guilt and shame following delinquency

In this study, we investigate gender differences in adolescents’ anticipated feelings of guilt and shame for engaging in shoplifting and retaliatory violence. More specifically, we examine the extent to which interpersonal relations with parents and teachers, perceived peer delinquency and traditional gender role beliefs have different effects on levels of shame-guilt among males and females, and to what extent these variables mediate gender differences in shame-guilt. We use data collected in a sample of 852 adolescents in Genk, a multi-ethnic city in the north-east of Belgium. Our findings confirm those of earlier research indicating that females experience a considerably higher threat of shame-guilt for engaging in delinquency than males. Factors explaining males’ and females’ anticipated shame-guilt feelings are similar in the case of shoplifting, but different in the case of violence. Differential exposure to peer delinquency and parental follow-up partially mediate the effect of gender on shame-guilt for engaging in shoplifting. Among males, endorsement of traditional masculinity predicts lower levels of shame-guilt for engaging in shoplifting and violence. Among females, endorsement of traditional femininity predicts lower levels of shame-guilt for engaging in shoplifting, but has no effect on shame-guilt for engaging in violence. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the contribution of shame-guilt to the social control of delinquency across gender.

Violent firearm-related conflicts among high-risk youth: An event-level and daily calendar analysis.

Firearm homicide is the leading cause of violence-related youth mortality. To inform prevention efforts, we analyzed event-level data to identify unique precursors to firearm conflicts. Youth (ages:14-24) seeking Emergency Department (ED) treatment for assault or for other reasons and reporting past 6-month drug use were enrolled in a 2-year longitudinal study. Time-line follow-back substance use/aggression modules were administered at baseline and each 6-month follow-up. Violent non-partner conflicts were combined across time-points. Regression analyzed: a)antecedents of firearm-related conflicts (i.e., threats/use) as compared to non-firearm conflicts; and b)substance use on conflict (vs. non-conflict) days for those engaged in firearm conflict. During the 24-months, we found that 421-youth reported involvement in violent non-partner conflict (n=829-conflicts;197-firearm/632-non-firearm). Among firearm conflicts, 24.9% involved aggression and 92.9% involved victimization. Retaliation was the most common motivation for firearm-aggression (51.0%), while "shot for no reason" (29.5%) and conflicts motivated by arguments over "personal belongings" (24.0%) were most common for firearm-victimization. Male sex (AOR=5.14), Black race (AOR=2.75), a ED visit for assault (AOR=3.46), marijuana use before the conflict (AOR=2.02), and conflicts motivated by retaliation (AOR=4.57) or personal belongings (AOR=2.28) increased the odds that a conflict involved firearms. Alcohol (AOR=2.80), marijuana (AOR=1.63), and prescription drugs (AOR=4.06) had a higher association with conflict (vs. non-conflict) days among youth reporting firearm conflict. Overall, we found that firearm conflicts are differentially associated with substance use and violence motivations. Addressing substance use, interrupting the cycle of retaliatory violence, and developing conflict resolution strategies that address escalation over infringement on personal belongings may aid in decreasing and preventing adolescent firearm violence.

Inter-Ethnic Relations in Kosovo

Abstract The paper aims to analyse the state of inter-ethnic relations in Kosovo between ethnic Albanians and ethnic Serbs, with special focus on the period after unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo in 2008. Inter-ethnic conflict in Kosovo has exclusively been over its territory since both Serbs and Albanians have made claims about history and ethno-demography to justify their alleged exclusive right to this ethnically mixed region. Consequently, inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo have been rather problematic throughout the most of the 20th century. During this period Albanians in Kosovo have been subjected to discrimination, intimidation and even mass expulsion by Yugoslav/Serb authorities. In late 1990s, these relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo have progressively worsened and finally escalated in an armed warfare in 1999. Immediately after the war, Serbs in Kosovo were occasionally exposed to acts of inter-ethnic and retaliatory violence. Inter-ethnic relations between the two major ethnicities continued to be tense and fragile after independence of Kosovo in 2008. Dramatic changes of ethnic composition structure, atrocities and huge number of refugees due to the war, have left a legacy of deep mistrust and animosities between Albanians and Serbs in the newly created state. Consequently, Serbs in Kosovo have from the beginning refused to recognize Kosovo’s independence and have rigorously refused any governance by Kosovo authorities. Serbian community, especially in the North, claims stronger territorial autonomy, even separatism and unification with Serbia. The paper claims that in Kosovo inter-ethnic and interstate relations are basically the components of the same equation. Therefore, paper concludes that only overall improvement of relations between Kosovo and Serbia could contribute to overall relaxation of inter-ethnic relations between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo. Unfortunately, the latest incidents between Kosovo and Serbia have increased the tensions between the two sides to alarming levels.

Third-Person Effect, Religiosity and Support for Censorship of Satirical Religious Cartoons

ABSTRACTThe violent attack on the staff of Charlie Hebdo and an earlier plot to kill cartoonists from the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten raise the issue of censorship of satirical religious cartoons to avoid potential retaliatory violence from those offended by the cartoons. With third-person effect (TPE) as the theoretical underpinning, this study examined the relationship among TPE, religiosity, and support for censorship of religious satirical cartoons. Data were collected in May 2015. A national sample of participants (N=374) was acquired through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. The results show that individuals with a higher degree of religiosity are more likely to support censorship of satirical religious cartoons, and though TPE is not positively correlated to support for censorship, respondents’ perception of the effect of the cartoons on themselves may indicate an increased propensity for supporting censorship.

Couples Therapy for Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Intimate partner violence is a serious public health problem accompanied by substantial morbidity and mortality. Despite its documented impact on health, there is no widely recognized treatment of choice. Some studies indicate that couples suffering from situational violence may benefit from couples therapy, but professionals are cautious to risk the possibility of violent retaliation between partners. After a comprehensive literature search of 1,733 citations, this systematic review and meta-analysis compiles the results of six studies to investigate the effectiveness of couples therapy as a treatment for violence. Preliminary data suggest that couples therapy is a viable treatment in select situations.

Effects of Prohibition and Decriminalization on Drug Market Conflict

Research SummaryTo reduce individual and social harms, most nations prohibit certain psychoactive drugs. Yet, prior scholarship has suggested that prohibition reduces illicit drug sellers’ access to law and thereby increases predation against and retaliation by them. No prior study, however, has directly tested that theory by comparing drug sellers of different legal statuses operating in a single place and time. This study analyzes rates of victimization, legal mobilization, and violent retaliation in three retail drug markets in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: the legally regulated alcohol trade of cafés, the decriminalized cannabis market of “coffeeshops,” and the illegal street drug market. Results from interviews conducted with 50 sellers in each market indicate, as expected, that illicit drug dealers have the highest rates of victimization and violent retaliation and the lowest rates of legal mobilization. Contrary to expectations, we find coffeeshops experience less victimization than cafés and have similar rates of violent retaliation and legal mobilization.Policy ImplicationsOur findings suggest that state regulation of drug markets affects victimization and conflict management of sellers, but the relationship does not seem to be linear. Prohibition undercuts the state's regulatory capacity by producing zones of virtual statelessness in which formal means of dispute resolution are unavailable, and thus, victimization and retaliation are more common. At the other extreme is laissez faire regulation, which may make sellers more likely to address problems only after they occur (instead of preventing their occurrence). The Dutch government originally instituted coffeeshops as a harm‐reduction method meant to separate the market for cannabis from that of hard drugs. The policy also seems to work well when it comes to reducing victimization, perhaps by encouraging the use of preventive measures by coffeeshop owners and employees. The Dutch experience offers lessons for drug policy reforms elsewhere.

Carnivalesque humor, emotional paradoxes, and street protests in Thailand

AbstractConventional wisdom has it that street protests are typically driven by rage due to grievances perceived to inflict on a group. This emotive atmosphere can shape protest methods to be vandalistic to the point where armed attacks against targeted opponents are justified. This paper suggests that rage-influenced struggle can be counterproductive as it obstructs a movement from building a coalition board enough to challenge the ruling elites it opposes. This paper argues that carnivalization of protests can prevent this setback in two directions. First, it potentially transforms protesters’ collective emotion from rage to cheerfulness. This effect may lessen a possibility where protesters project violent revenge on those thought to represent the ruling elites. Second, while helping protesters to address sources of their grievances, carnivalesque protests create a “friendly” image that may convince a public audience outside the movement to support its cause. In assessing a political process of carnivalesque protests, this paper bases its analysis on an account of protest actions by Thailand's Red Sunday group emerging after the 2010 crackdown.

Heresies by Orlando Ricardo Menes

Reviewed by: Heresies by Orlando Ricardo Menes Tom Griffen (bio) Orlando Ricardo Menes. Heresies. University of New Mexico Press. Orlando Ricardo Menes’s fourth book of poetry, Heresies, is an exquisite follow-up to his 2013 Prairie Schooner Book Prize-winning collection, Fetish (UNP). It compacts his past experiences, religious beliefs, and historical opinions into a lush journey through his magical imagination. In an interview with West Branch Wired, Orlando Ricardo Menes said, “I cannot bear any type of disassociation, division, fragmentation. I have a passion for amalgamation, not just as a trope but as a way of thinking, a style of living.” Heresies embodies this statement. [End Page 179] Most of Heresies is written in long-lines of free verse, sometimes with a slanting rhyme scheme that wanes just as it makes itself known. In “Toussaint L’Ouverture Imprisoned at Fort de Joux,” Menes propels readers forward with scattered sounds that hold echoes, “my plantation / of snow where trees shiver without leaves, my icy cell where wind / cuts like blades of cane, jailers tapping taunts on iron bars.” Or, as in “St. Dollar Welcomes Cuban Refugees at the Freedom Tower,” irregular cadence links unlikely imagery: Scrap love of country, junk allpieties. Your Lady of Charity marches in olive green down theMalecón, your apostle Martí a dummy blathering the communistcreed. Homesick? Drink a cuba libre on the beach. Lines of independent melody repeatedly soften alarming moments, for example, “then back to port the nuns snag orphans,” and, “Let’s fry his juicy eyes, boil the brain.” Traditional forms also make an appearance. “Ghazal For Mango,” dedicated to Derek Walcott, suggests that death occurs at the moment perfection is achieved. “To Indians, the dying geezer is / a mango about to drop.” And “Cuban Villanelle” is an antipastoral homage replete with promiscuity, child abuse and violent revenge. Here, the built-in repetition works like so many of Menes’s own craft decisions, to achieve a lush complexity devoid of pretension. Heresies contains a prudent and meticulous sequencing of forty-nine poems. Nearly half have a Catholic saint in the title, such as: “St. Catejan, Patron of Gamblers” and “St. Cecilia of the Andes, Patroness of Musical Butchers” and “St. Rose Counsels the Washerwomen of Lima.” Some of these saints are the tutelary spirit of the named trade; others seem to be the poet’s invention. Heavenly advocates intercede with the human realm and invoke the importance of the natural world. “Water is the / parchment of angels, & I read their scribbles in purls, riΔes, rings & / eddies, prophecies that sizzle in my ears.” The saintly counsel accepts human folly and contradicts parochial doctrine. “To abstain is mortal sin. Beware of teetotalers / who scorn the Eucharist, tempting with grape juice or ginger beer, / heretics who deny that God’s clouds rained alcohol, life’s water, on / the seventh day. Praise be to His seven spirits: gin, vodka, whiskey, rum, tequila, brandy & schnapps.” Menes weaves Yoruban orishas with Christian icons, placing them in variance of established norms. Though these “heresies” usually pit one ideology against another, they ought not be considered renunciations. A devout sensibility mixes with stern reality, giving the poet accessible language to better understand and communicate this tangled existence. In “St. Primitivo, Patron of Heretics, Exhorts His Catechumens,” he writes “Utility is holier than ritual. Put those fonts / to good use as bird baths, those missals as mulch, those catafalques / as oxcarts.” After mentioning Richard Crashaw, the seventeenth-century metaphysical [End Page 180] poet whose work is also influenced by Spanish mysticism, Menes asks, “Isn’t irreverence a sign of holiness?” Then, as if suggesting religion could be more engaging, Menes states, “If I had my own creed, the Mass / would be a spectacle of gaffes, riddles, puns, tricks, tongue twisters, even slapstick, the Three Stooges my Trinity.” He claims, “their liturgy / of jokes the surest path to grace in a fallen world.” Menes frequently uses limestone as a faith metaphor; patient, porous, and brittle, it is vulnerable to natural elements. He writes, “The poorest among you know that / happiness springs from hardship. How well you mill limestone into / flour, make cheese from tree sap. You are by...

The ascent of man: Theoretical and empirical evidence for blatant dehumanization.

Dehumanization is a central concept in the study of intergroup relations. Yet although theoretical and methodological advances in subtle, "everyday" dehumanization have progressed rapidly, blatant dehumanization remains understudied. The present research attempts to refocus theoretical and empirical attention on blatant dehumanization, examining when and why it provides explanatory power beyond subtle dehumanization. To accomplish this, we introduce and validate a blatant measure of dehumanization based on the popular depiction of evolutionary progress in the "Ascent of Man." We compare blatant dehumanization to established conceptualizations of subtle and implicit dehumanization, including infrahumanization, perceptions of human nature and human uniqueness, and implicit associations between ingroup-outgroup and human-animal concepts. Across 7 studies conducted in 3 countries, we demonstrate that blatant dehumanization is (a) more strongly associated with individual differences in support for hierarchy than subtle or implicit dehumanization, (b) uniquely predictive of numerous consequential attitudes and behaviors toward multiple outgroup targets, (c) predictive above prejudice, and (d) reliable over time. Finally, we show that blatant-but not subtle-dehumanization spikes immediately after incidents of real intergroup violence and strongly predicts support for aggressive actions like torture and retaliatory violence (after the Boston Marathon bombings and Woolwich attacks in England). This research extends theory on the role of dehumanization in intergroup relations and intergroup conflict and provides an intuitive, validated empirical tool to reliably measure blatant dehumanization.

The Process and Partnerships Behind Insight Policing

Between 2012 and 2014, civilian conflict analysis and resolution researchers partnered with two American police departments to develop and pilot Insight Policing, a community-based, problem-solving policing strategy that integrates Insight conflict resolution skills with policing skills to help reduce retaliatory violence and enhance police legitimacy in the moment of enforcement. Although responding to conflict is familiar to police officers, Insight Policing offers a new orientation to do so. Its development was possible because the researchers were invited to collaborate, responded to the needs of the departments, and delivered their training in a way that was compatible with existing policing norms and practice. This article explores how the partnerships developed and the way that Insight conflict resolution principles guided their success.

보복범죄 관련 법제연구

보복범죄로 인한 사회적 불안이 심화되고 있다. 최근인 2014년 12월 27일에도 충북 보은에서는 자신을 신고한 병원을 찾아가 11차례에 걸쳐 보복폭행 등을 자행한 피의자가 검거되는 사건이 있었다. 과거 병원측의 신고로 형사입건이 되어 수감생활을 했다는 이유였다. 이와 같은 사건은 우리 주변에서 자주 발생하는 편이다. 우리에게도 엄연히 관련 법 규정과 제도가 존재한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 유사한 현상이 반복되고 있다는 것은 이 부분의 형사사법시스템이 제 기능을 다하고 있는지 의문이 들게 한다. 미온적으로 대처하는 보복범죄는 사회안전망의 근간을 위협하고 많은 국민들에게 범죄로 인한 두려움을 주게 된다. 보복범죄가 발생하게 되면 대다수의 국민들은 경찰을 비롯한 형사사법활동에 대하여 의구심을 가지며 형사사법기관에 대하여도 불신을 갖게 되는 것이 일반적이다. 이는 국민들의 신고정신을 위축시키고 결국 범죄율의 증가와 갖가지 사회문제를 발생시킨다. 법적 제도적 통제장치가 엄연히 존재하고 있으면서도 보복범죄는 오히려 증가하는 추세이다. 본 연구는 국내 보복범죄 동향을 살펴보고 그에 다른 법적 제도적 대책을 논의하고자한다. Social unrest from retaliatory crimes is increasingly becoming problematic. Recently, there was an accident involving a suspect who went to a hospital and committed acts of retaliatory violence 11 times. This person's reasoning was that he was imprisoned due to the hospital's reporting to the police. He was consequently arrested in Boeun Choongbook on December 27th 2014. Accidents like this one take place frequently around our surroundings. There are regulations and systems in place. Nevertheless, similar cases that continue to take place makes us wonder if criminal judicial systems work well. Lukewarm responses to retaliatory crimes is not only threatening social security, but also placing fears in the minds of ordinary citizens. If retaliatory crimes take place, most citizens become apprehensive about criminal judicial activities of the police and mistrust for criminal judicial system. This at times discourages people from reporting incidents and could eventually increase crime rate and cause various social problems. Even though there are legal and systemic control measures, retaliatory crime is an increasing trend. This study is going to examine tendencies of internal retaliatory crimes and discuss legal-systemical responses.

“Ride or Die”: Therapeutic Interventions for Retaliatory Violence Among Youth

Background: Violence among youth continues to be a serious public health concern across the nation. Researchers have increasingly argued that effective violence preventions efforts and practice must consider the lived experience of youth. Retaliatory violence (i.e., violence in response to a perceived attack or threat) is a major concern and risk issue for young people, and has been increasingly linked to lethal violence. Primary care and mental health practitioners can play a vital role in helping young people who struggle with retaliatory violence to understand the emotions and decisions associated with these situations. However, there is limited research advising clinicians on how to help youth negotiate these issues in treatment. Methods: In this paper, we offer a brief review of the literature regarding youth and retaliatory violence, discuss the role of psychotherapy with this population using case reports, and offer clinical recommendations for clinicians working with this population. Clinical case reports from a community clinic in an urban neighborhood in the northeast are utilized to illustrate challenges and successes involved in psychotherapy aimed at helping youth manage retaliatory violence. Results: Clinician responses that validate the complexity of threat and identity issues experienced by clients but also offer face saving non-violent options are beneficial. We also discuss gender and fighting behaviors that have implications for how girls learn to resolve conflicts in later life. Conclusions: It is critical that clinicians use interventions that are grounded in the norms in which youth live and help them generate non-violent responses to perceived threats, but enable both parties to save face and therefore preserve a sense of identity and dignity. Keywords: Retaliatory violence, youth violence, violence prevention.

“You Can’t Touch Me, You Can’t Touch Me”: Inter-gender violence and aggression in the PG era of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) programming

Cultivation theory posits that media sources may contribute to the development and subsequent internalization of distorted beliefs about violence by viewers. The present study examined representations of inter-gender violence and aggression in one form of violent media, World Wrestling Entertainment, from the period of 1 January to 1 July 2011 to assess narratives conveyed about violence between men and women. A total of 105 hours of televised episodes of World Wrestling Entertainment’s two highest rated shows were data sources for this analysis. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Three core themes pertaining to male–female violence were identified: (a) females as perpetrators of retaliatory physical violence against males, (b) males as perpetrators of physical, sexual, and verbal aggression to intimidate females, and (c) justifications for female violence against men behaving badly. Findings are considered in light of feminist and gender symmetry perspectives on male–female violence.

The Virtues of a Good Fight: Assessing the Ethics of Fighting in the National Hockey League

Violence in sports is under intense public scrutiny. One hotly disputed issue concerns the acceptability of violent retaliation in sports, particular in the form of fighting in the National Hockey League (NHL). The question posed here is: Can fighting in the NHL be virtuous? Some think not, maintaining that fighting is undisciplined and ostensibly at odds with the virtues of good temper and justice. Contrary to this conclusion, this paper presents arguments that support the view that fighting in the NHL can be virtuous and clearly and consistently action guiding if certain conditions are met. These conditions require that fighting as a practice helps to provide an education in the virtues, is reasonably safe, is good for the community of participants, and is part of a morally sensitive and progressive tradition and organizational structure. Yet in the end, while fighting in the NHL can be morally justified, recognizing and instilling the virtues of a good fight would require some rather significant formal and informal changes to the game.

Gender and the Acceptance of Retaliatory Violence Among Acquaintance, Dating, and Marital Relationships.

Those who contemplate retaliatory violence against female intimate partners face two conflicting social norms: chivalry norms that discourage violence against women and social norms that may excuse or even support hitting back when one is victimized. Using a sample of 400 undergraduates, this study examines the degree to which norms discouraging violence against women extend to retaliatory acts of violence and whether normative protection of women varies across type of relationship. Findings indicate that relationship status affects men's approval of retaliation by women but not their approval of retaliation by men. In contrast, relationship status affects women's approval of retaliation by men but not their approval of retaliation by women. These findings are consistent with the idea that both men and women subscribe to chivalry norms that inhibit male aggression toward women. Norms that discourage retaliation against women are not limited to wives. Both men and women are more supportive of women's retaliation against men than men's retaliation against women. Men are particularly likely to endorse retaliation by wives against their husbands.

Cosmology and the Polis: The Social Construction of Space and Time in the Tragedies of Aeschylus by Richard Seaford

BOOK REVIEWS Cosmologyand thePolis: TheSocial Construction ofSpaceand Timein the Tragediesof Aeschylus.ByRICHARDSEAFORD.Cambridgeand New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2012. Pp. xiii + 366. Hardcover,$110.00. ISBN 978-1-107-00927-1. his bold and complex book develops a line of argument that Seaford has beenpursuingsinceReciprocityandRitual(1994)andMoneyandtheEarly GreekMind(2004).ItshowshowessentialelementsoftheGreekpolis— ritual, money, spatio-temporal structures—are also reflected in Greek drama and philosophy, with particular emphasison Aeschylus. Essential to Seaford’s analysis is the chronotope, a spatio-temporal unity that correlates socially constructed conceptions of uniform and analogous spatial and temporal frameworks. These frameworks are cognitive structures corresponding to communal and socially integrative practices, such as ritual, which articulates both space (in the form of, e.g. space covered by sacred processions) and time (through, e.g. sacred calendars). Earlier (Homeric) chronotopes, configured by reciprocity and plunder rather thanbyspatiallyfixed(landed)propertyasthemeansforwealthacquisition,show little interest in consistently articulating spatial relations, and construct time principallyin terms ofgenealogiesand ofreciprocal relations between ruling families. Bycontrast,the ascendancyofthe“aetiological”chronotopeinthecontextof the polis foregrounds the interconnection ofcultic, political, and cosmic space, by emphasizingcomprehensiveness(itembracesallcomponentsofthecosmos)and collectivity(thecommunityappropriatesandstructuresspace).Aetiologicaltime, too, unites mythic past and cultic present, especially as ritual regularly re-enacts events of the mythic past in the present, and homogenizes, through repeated circularity , the perception oftime as a linear sequence. Finally, in the “monetized” chronotope, time and space are imagined as potentially unlimited, insofar as money has the same purchasing power at any place or time,and also (unlike pre-monetarywealth) the capacity to accumulate unlimitedly , as well as being unlimited in scope qua universal standard (it can be exchangedwithallthings ).ThischronotopeinformingsomePresocraticphilosophy (esp.Anaximander and Heraclitus) and the politicalreformsof Solon. Seaford is particularly interested in the tension between the (socially integrative ) aetiological chronotope on the one hand and the (potentially disruptive) T BOOK REVIEWS 375 monetizedchronotopeontheother.Byarticulatingdistinctions,ritualimposesorderonmythicorsocialchaos ,andthuslimitsthepotentiallyunlimited.Money,on the contrary, by collapsing distinctions through a universal standard, permits unlimitedexchangesand unlimited accumulation over space and time. Seaford’sinsightsinto thetension between thesetwo chronotopesare subsequently applied on Aeschylus, in what is perhaps the most engaging part of his book. In Supplices, he argues, the multiple crises caused by the Danaids’ rejection of marriage—and their interstitial state as reflected in the location of their supplication at an altar that is neither in the royal abode nor in the agora—would have beenresolvedattheendofthetrilogy,withtheestablishmentofpoliscultordering gender relations, aswell asrelations between oikosand polis. In Septem,thetensionbetweenthechorus’ritual lament,whichintegratesthe polis, and its rejection by Eteocles, the introversion of the royal household, is resolvedbytheannihilationofthelatterbutalsobyitssubsequentcommemoration in hero cult and concomitant lamentation. Especially stimulating here is the discussion of how the new frame of thought represented by monetization is grafted onto older mythico-religious patterns, so that the ancestral curse is conceived (in the Oresteia) in terms ofa debt to be exacted in due time. In Agamemnon,Clytemnestra’sinitialcontrolbothofritualandofgeographic space (through the beacon sequence) perverts these into instrumentsof the royal house’sdestruction.Likewise,inChoephori,allusionstomysticritualattheclimactic scenessurroundingthetyrannicideareagain perverse,sincetheyfacilitate matricide in a distinctly non-public context (the introverted royal house). In Eumenides , however, Orestes’ supplication of Athena’s image takes place in civic space, in contrast to his earlier supplication in the god’s “house” in Delphi. Likewise, the Erinyes,who had threatened topursueOrestesover limitlessspace,areeventually contained, through public ritual in civic space, within the confines of the earth, therebylinkingpolisand cosmos. Thesameritualalsodistinguishesandimposesorderon theperverseunityof oppositesrepresented earlier inthe trilogyby the cycleofviolent reciprocity. This unity has a parallel in the non-differentiation inherent in monetary transactions and in the accumulation of monetary wealth. It is embodied by the Erinyes, who stand for both chronological homogeneity (their power to exact punishment is equallyvalidatalltimes)andspatialhomogeneity(theycanexactpunishmentanywhere ). In moments of crisis in tragedy, spatial and temporal homogeneity are emphasized: the remote space brings crisis into the immediate space (royal 376 BOOK REVIEWS house), and structurally similar actions (e.g. violent revenge) are cyclically repeated .Ritualbringsresolutionbydifferentiatingtheopposites:spaceisreclaimed by the community, and cyclical, repetitive suffering gives way to permanent wellbeing . The book also offers a wealth of insights into topics related to the interplay betweenthelimitednessofritualandtheunlimitednessofmonetizedwealth.Isingle out the discussion of “form-parallelism”—the juxtaposition of words or phrases that are parallel and often antithetical—as a vehicle for conveying ideas both ofantithesisand ofa deeper unity. For instance, in Septem 911–14 form...

Arsino of Egypt and Macedon: A Royal Life by Elizabeth Donnelly CarneyBerenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt by Dee L. Clayman

376 BOOK REVIEWS house), and structurally similar actions (e.g. violent revenge) are cyclically repeated .Ritualbringsresolutionbydifferentiatingtheopposites:spaceisreclaimed by the community, and cyclical, repetitive suffering gives way to permanent wellbeing . The book also offers a wealth of insights into topics related to the interplay betweenthelimitednessofritualandtheunlimitednessofmonetizedwealth.Isingle out the discussion of “form-parallelism”—the juxtaposition of words or phrases that are parallel and often antithetical—as a vehicle for conveying ideas both ofantithesisand ofa deeper unity. For instance, in Septem 911–14 form-parallelism in lamentation for the fratricidal brothers assimilates their unnatural opposition to their unnatural unity in both origin (incest) and death. In Aeschylus, thisrhetorical device signifies the deferral or subversionof completion byemphasizing that the opposites are bound together in endless tension— a conception (also Heraclitean) associated with the homogenizing power of money, which assimilatesdifferentcommoditiesby remainingin itselfalways thesame. Thisisanimportantwork that redefinesour conceptionofcentral categories ofearlyGreekthought:space,time,ritual,andmoney.Itwillbeofinteresttoscholarsandadvancedstudentsworkingin theareasofclassical Greekliterature,Greek history, philosophy, and theatre.1 VAYOS LIAPIS Open University of Cyprus, vayos.liapis@ouc.ac.cy * * * * * Arsinoë of Egypt and Macedon: A Royal Life. By ELIZABETH DONNELLY CARNEY. WomeninAntiquity.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2013.Pp.215,Hardcover, $99.00. ISBN 978-0-19-536552-8. Paperback, $27.95, ISBN 978-0-19-536551-1. 1 Though generally well produced, the volume has a high number of typos. Most are relatively unobtrusive (e.g., “facilated,” p. 119; Κύκλο for Κύκλō and στεφάνō, p. 227). In a few cases, however, they may hinder comprehension (e.g., “seeing gain,” p. 198; “penalties imposed the polis,” p. 251; “benefaction combined with hostility,” p. 268). On p. 211 deleten.22(itreappears,correctly,asn.23).Thecoinage“endophony”(=intrafamilialmurder,from endon and phonos) can be misleading, esp. since “antiphony” is also used in the book. BOOK REVIEWS 377 Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt. By DEE L.CLAYMAN. Women in Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Pp. 270, Hardcover, $99.00. ISBN 978-0-19-537088-1. Paperback, $27.95. ISBN 978-0-19-537089-8. Feminism has stimulated classical research in some unexpected ways: it has, for instance, added credibility to Herodotus’s notions of historiography by confirming that women, individually as well as socially, could, and did, influence power politics,while atthe same time makingThucydides’restrictiveemphasisonmales in political or military authority look both arbitrary and, worse, patriarchal. But it has also, by (predictably) encouraging more detailed study of notable women in antiquity, shed a depressing light on just how difficult a process this is. We have long been reminded of the pitfalls involved in putting too much trust in ancient biography,especiallyofliteraryfigures:themixtureofpartiprislog-rolling,gossipy hearsay,anddeductiveinventionfromthesubject’sownworksformsaformidable obstacle to the enquirer. Even with historical characters (as Plutarch too often exemplifies ) this kind of semi-fictionalized evidence remains all too frequent, compoundedbytheaveragehistorian ’sprimeobjective,throughoutantiquity,ofoffering the reader high-minded moral exempla or,alternatively,awful warnings. When it comes to investigating women, the problem is even worse: the evidence is provided by males, who (like Thucydides) largely ignore the feminine fifty percent, and when they do take notice of it, for the most part stick to stereotypes and traditional masculine for idées reçues, whether for praise or blame. Thus even with the most famous (or notorious) subjects, there are more gaps than testimonia , and the latter are shot through with presumptive unreliability. The prospect for successful research could hardly be more discouraging. However, as the two works under review demonstrate, this hasn’t stopped determined scholars from trying. In the process critical scrutiny of dubious evidence has been refined, and ways have been found to bridge the yawning gaps that such evidence inevitably leaves. TheHellenisticAgeingeneral,and theLagiddynastyofthePtolemiesinparticular , offer well-nigh irresistible temptations to anyone seeking to improve our knowledgeofantiquity’snotablewomen.Noaccident that thefirst volumeofOxford ’s Women in Antiquity series (in which both Carney’s and Clayman’s monographsnow appear)wasdevoted to Cleopatra VII.Thatwastheendofthe dynastic line; as both Arsinoë II and Berenice II demonstrate, family-orientated power 378 BOOK REVIEWS politicswasagametheseMacedonianroyalwomenplayedfromtheget-go,sometimes as pawns, sometimes as dominant queens, butalways with ruthless, and not seldom murderous, finesse. There is one unlooked-for advantage here today: we live in an age when the lurid details of Hellenistic court intrigue no longer look quite as dismissable...

Discrepant Perspectives on Conflict Situations Among Urban Parent-Adolescent Dyads.

Parents influence urban youths' violence-related behaviors. To provide effective guidance, parents should understand how youth perceive conflict, yet little empirical research has been conducted regarding parent and youth perceptions of conflict. The aims of this article are to (a) report on the nature of discrepancies in attribution of fault, (b) present qualitative data about the varying rationales for fault attribution, and (c) use quantitative data to identify correlates of discrepancy including report of attitudes toward violence, parental communication, and parents' messages about retaliatory violence. Interviews were conducted with 101 parent/adolescent dyads. The study population consisted of African American female caretakers (n = 92; that is, mothers, grandmothers, aunts) and fathers (n = 9) and their early adolescents (mean age = 13.6). A total of 53 dyads were discrepant in identifying instigators in one or both videos. When discrepancy was present, the parent was more likely to identify the actor who reacted to the situation as at fault. In the logistic regression models, parental attitudes about retaliatory violence were a significant correlate of discrepancy, such that as parent attitudes supporting retaliatory violence increased, the odds of discrepancy decreased. The results suggest that parents and adolescents do not always view conflict situations similarly, which may inhibit effective parent-child communication, parental advice, and discipline. Individuals developing and implementing family-based violence prevention interventions need to be cognizant of the complexity of fault attribution and design strategies to promote conversations around attribution of fault and effective conflict management.