Retail Food Prices Research Articles

Retail food prices in the Czech Republic - the influence of selected factors

During the last decade (2000–2010), we have witnessed an unprecedented rise in food prices, especially from the world and European market viewpoint. The article aims to analyze the development of prices in the food market in the Czech Republic and to identify the influence of global and European prices development on domestic food price development and price development of selected food products. The article focuses primarily on the sensitivity of Czech food price development and especially on sensitivity of the selected commodity aggregations price development on the global and European market price growth. Furthermore, it is analyzed the impact of changes in value added tax rate from 10% to 14% on food prices in general and then on the prices of selected food products in retails network. The results of the analysis are following. The Czech food market reacts sensitively to changes in food prices on the global market as well as on the EU market but the EU price development is determining for the CR. In terms of price response to change in the VAT rate, it appears that the growth rate is not absorbed on the production side but it is largely transferred to consumer prices. The selected food sample also showed high responsiveness in the development of prices to changes in the EU market prices but there are certain variations given by specifics of the Czech market.

Abstract 059: Do Healthier Foods or Diet Patterns Cost More Than Less Healthy Options? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Conventional wisdom holds that healthier foods cost more than less healthy options. Yet, this research question has not been systematically evaluated, including consideration of types of foods and diet patterns and definitions of healthfulness. Methods: Using MOOSE guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prices of healthier vs less healthy foods and diet patterns, evaluating and accounting for key sources of heterogeneity. We searched PubMed, related articles, and citations for original studies comparing retail food prices by metrics of healthfulness. We estimated pooled price differences per serving for different food groups and per day for diet patterns. We also evaluated prices per calorie and weighted by intensity of differences in healthfulness of foods/diets being compared (range 1 to 10, determined in duplicate). Results: Of 1,101 articles, 26 met inclusion criteria. Among food groups, meats/protein had largest price differences by healthfulness ( Figure ): healthier options cost $0.33/serving (95% CI 0.19, 0.47) more than less healthy options, with heterogeneity by type of protein source. Comparing extremes (e.g., quintile 5 vs 1) of diet patterns (20 studies evaluating 13 metrics, e.g. energy density, Mediterranean diet), healthier diet patterns cost $1.43/day (0.82, 2.04) and $1.92/2000 calories (1.57, 2.26) more, with some heterogeneity by type of diet pattern (to be shown). Results were similar weighted by intensity of differences in healthfulness or stratified by study location. Conclusions: This systematic assessment quantifies price differences of healthier vs less healthy foods, including for specific food types, diet patterns, intensities of differences, and units of cost (serving, day, calorie). Healthier diet patterns and some healthier foods cost more; for diet patterns, the pooled price difference was ~$1.50/day. These findings highlight both the nuanced challenges and the opportunities for reducing financial barriers to healthy eating.

Diet costs and energy density in the diet of German children and adolescents

This study examined the association between energy density (ED, g/kJ) and diet costs (\[euro]/day) in a sample of 494 German children and adolescents aged 4-18 years using 1100 3-day-weighed dietary records from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study (open cohort study) and retail food prices of 341 empirically selected recorded food items including special brands. ED was negatively associated with diet costs (β=-0.20 kJ/g, P<0.0007) with a non-linear term (β=0.01 kJ/g*kJ/g, P=0.0440). Diet costs increased with age (β=0.32 yr, P<0.0001) with a negative non-linear term (β=-0.01 yr*yr; P<0.0001). In conclusion, the inverse association between diet costs and ED was more pronounced in the older than in the younger age groups and in low-ED diets than in high-ED diets. Higher % diet costs of fruit/vegetables could be compensated by lower % diet costs of meat/sausage to lower ED without increasing diet costs.

Recent Global Food Price Shocks: Causes, Consequences and Lessons for African Governments and Donors

Dramatic increases in international agricultural commodity prices began in 2006 and peaked in July 2008. An equally remarkable and rapid decline of those prices then ensued, accompanied by extreme volatility in those prices. The trend in food prices lagged the rapid increases in other commodity prices, including oil and metals, but accompanied those other prices in the downward part of the cycle. Not all agricultural commodities increased to the same extent—grains and oilseed prices increased the most, with rice among the most expensive at the peak and rising as much as crude oil, while prices of some African exports (cocoa, coffee and cotton) increased to a much smaller extent than the grains. High commodity prices quickly raised farmgate prices in developed countries. In developing countries, poor market integration and border barriers may have limited pass-through of these prices to the farmgate, but there was more rapid food price and general inflation than occurred in many developed countries. Countries were impacted to differing extents, and food riots occurred in the most affected cases. It has been noted that underlying fundamentals of food price inflation differ by the extent of development, as poor countries have smaller distribution costs but higher budget shares in basic staples. Import dependence, tradable versus non-tradable status of grains and whether there were home goods substitutes influenced the extent of price transmission. Many developing countries reacted by altering trade and domestic agricultural policies and attempted to stabilise domestic markets. Importing countries reduced tariffs and taxes in many cases, and food subsidies were increased in some cases. Export taxes were enacted to protect domestic users, and bans of exports were applied in some extreme cases—explaining the especially large increase in rice prices. While impacts on domestic prices vary across country cases, disentangling the role of policy response from market integration would require further work. Policy responses were complicated by disagreement at the time that prices were rising as to whether the increases would be permanent or short lived, which in turn depends on the root causes of the increases—over which there has been considerable debate. Consensus has emerged on some factors, while controversy over macroeconomic relationships persists. They were also complicated by dynamic adjustments of related prices, which were not instantaneous. For example, fertiliser prices did not fall until several months after grain prices fell. Policy responses of national governments in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world contrast sharply with initiatives recommended by the international community. International organisations, development banks and donors emphasise emergency relief and longer term agricultural development, whereas national governments heavily utilised market interventions through trade and domestic policy. In this paper, we will first explore the factors that have been offered to explain the run-up and subsequent down-turn in agricultural commodity prices. Explanations have included supply and utilisation events, competition for grains and oilseeds as food versus fuel, and financial factors such as currency changes that exaggerated prices measured in dollars. Interactions between these factors will matter to the resulting outcomes, so specific contributions cannot be assigned. Moreover, debate persists on the exogenous mechanisms driving these changes, which are often interrelated (e.g., worldwide economic boom and then global recession, speculation in commodities). The goal will be to identify factors likely to drive commodity prices in the future and to provide some understanding of the dynamics and persistence of the observed global price changes. The next part of the paper will explore how those global price changes were transmitted to developing country markets. The extent of farmgate price changes and retail food price adjustments will be documented to the extent feasible. The roles of border policy, domestic agricultural policy, market integration and retail food margins will be considered. Special emphasis will be placed on what actual policy adjustments were taken and how well they worked. Given the presumed underlying causes of high and then low food prices, and the uncertainty of future global commodity prices, policy options now available to developing countries will be explored. These will include short-run safety nets, market interventions and long-run incentives to agricultural development. In this part, special emphasis will be put on what happened in Africa and how it should respond in the future. Some of the key issues in the current debate on expanding African agricultural sectors, including price stabilisation and fertiliser subsidisation, will be explored. In the process, we will evaluate how far various methodologies have taken us in providing an understanding of the consequences of these recent events, and providing a sound basis for policy recommendations.

How Much Lower are Prices at Discount Stores? An Examination of Retail Food Prices

Nontraditional stores, including mass merchandisers, supercenters, club warehouse and dollar stores, have increased their food offerings over the past 15 years and often promote themselves as lower priced alternatives to traditional supermarkets. How much lower are food prices at these stores? In order to better understand nontraditional stores’ impact on the cost of food, ERS analysts evaluate food price differences between nontraditional and traditional stores at the national and market level using 2004-06 Nielsen Homescan data. Findings show that nontraditional retailers offer lower prices than traditional stores even after controlling for brand and package size. Comparisons of identical items, at the Universal Product Code (UPC) level, show an expenditure-weighted average price discount of 7.5 percent, with differences ranging from 3 to 28 percent lower in nontraditional stores than in traditional stores. Nontraditional stores in metro areas where such stores have a higher-than-average market share have smaller and less frequent price discounts than those in areas where such stores have a lower market share.

Short-term Temporal Stability in Observed Retail Food Characteristics

Objective Use of direct observation to characterize neighborhood retail food environments is increasing, but to date most studies have relied on a single observation. If food availability, prices, and quality vary over short time periods, repeated measures may be needed to portray these food characteristics. This study evaluated short-term (2-week), within-season temporal stability in retail food availability, prices, and quality. Design In-person observations of retail food stores at 2 time points, 2 weeks apart. Setting Southwest Chicago, IL. Sample 157 food stores. Main Outcome Measures Availability and prices of food items selected from the following food groups: fruit, vegetables, grains, meats and beans, and dairy, as well as fresh produce quality. Analysis Temporal stability was tested for availability using a McNemar test and for price and quality using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Measures of food availability and prices as well as fresh produce quality at stores were generally stable at the 2 time points. Conclusions and Implications This study suggests that a single observation may be sufficient to accurately characterize within-season food availability, food prices, and fresh produce quality.

Commodity Prices and Food Inflation

Commodity prices rose at unprecedented rates between 2007 and 2008. In the year between July 2007 and July 2008, corn prices rose 51.9%, soybean prices 74.4%, wheat prices 104.5%, and milk prices by 41.4%. As farm prices reached their peaks, policy makers became concerned over the potential impact on retail food price inflation. And when farm prices be gan to fall in late 2008, interest shifted to how fast or whether retail prices followed (Boyle 2009). Leibtag (2008) argues that the surge in commodity prices had little impact on con sumer prices because commodity inputs form a small part of the final product. Although true for some highly processed foods such as break fast cereals, cookies, and breads, farm prices form a significant part of the retail price for fresh produce, meat, and dairy products. In fact pass-through rates from farm to retail prices are likely to vary depending on the nature of the production process (Gardner 1975), the competitiveness of the vertical supply channel (Bulow and Pfleiderer 1983; Kim and Cotterill 2008), the number of products sold (Hamil ton 2009) and even the direction of the price change (Frey and Manera 2007). The pass through rate is a simple and important concept but highly complex to measure. Previous research on this issue assumes

How Much and How Quick? Pass through of Commodity and Input Cost Changes to Retail Food Prices

How Much and How Quick? Pass through of Commodity and Input Cost Changes to Retail Food Prices

Market power and trade promotions in US supermarkets

PurposeTrade promotions are manufacturer incentives directed to retailers rather than to consumers, aiming at influencing retailer's sales, prices and merchandising practices. Although they are a growing element in the promotional mix of food manufacturers worldwide, trade promotions often raise concerns about their impacts on performance and coordination in the food supply chain, which in turn affect retail food prices. This paper aims to measure the influence of market power on the outcomes of trade promotions negotiated between food manufacturers and supermarkets.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs Rangan's conceptual model to develop hypotheses about the links between three dimensions of market power (size, brand and institutional power) and trade promotion budgets and their allocation between discount‐ and performance‐based types. The paper employs trade promotion data collected from 36 supermarkets in the USA to statistically test these links.FindingsThe results suggest that brand, size, and institutional power of food manufacturers and retailers affect trade promotion budgets and their allocation among discount‐ and performance‐based types. Food manufacturers have relatively more control over their trade promotion budgets whereas retailers may have more influence on the allocation decisions.Originality/valueThe findings can help food manufacturers and retailers identify institutional, brand and size variables that may help them leverage trade promotion negotiations. The results are relevant to policymakers, in particular for the study of antitrust and performance issues in the food distribution system.

Monetary cost of dietary energy is negatively associated with BMI and waist circumference, but not with other metabolic risk factors, in young Japanese women

Little is known about the relationship of dietary cost to health status. The present cross-sectional study examined the association between the monetary cost of dietary energy (Japanese yen/4184 kJ) and several metabolic risk factors. Monetary cost of dietary energy was estimated based on dietary intake assessed by a self-administered diet history questionnaire and retail food prices. Body height and weight, from which BMI was derived, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured and fasting blood samples were collected for biochemical measurements. A total of fifteen universities and colleges in Japan. A total of 1136 female Japanese dietetic students aged 18-22 years. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, monetary cost of dietary energy was significantly and negatively associated with BMI (P for trend = 0.0024). Monetary cost of dietary energy also showed a significant and negative association with waist circumference independently of potential confounding factors, including BMI (P for trend = 0.0003). No significant associations were observed for other metabolic risk factors examined (P for trend = 0.10-0.88). The monetary cost of dietary energy was independently and negatively associated with both BMI and waist circumference, but not other metabolic risk factors, in a group of young Japanese women.

Monetary cost of self-reported diet in relation to biomarker-based estimates of nutrient intake in young Japanese women

All previous studies on monetary diet cost have examined the relationship of monetary cost of self-reported diet to self-reported, rather than biomarker-based, estimates of dietary intake. The present cross-sectional study examined the association between monetary costs of self-reported diet and biomarker-based estimates of nutrient intake. Monetary diet cost (Japanese yen/1000 kJ) was calculated based on dietary intake information from a self-administered, comprehensive diet history questionnaire using retail food prices. Biomarker-based estimates of nutrient intake (percentage of energy for protein and mg/1000 kJ for K and Na) were estimated based on 24 h urinary excretion and estimated energy expenditure. A total of fifteen universities and colleges in Japan. A total of 1046 female Japanese dietetic students aged 18-22 years. Total monetary diet cost showed a significant positive association with biomarker-based estimates of protein, K and Na. Vegetables and fish were not only the main contributors to total monetary diet cost (16.4 % and 15.5 %, respectively) but also were relatively strongly correlated with total monetary diet cost (Pearson's correlation coefficient: 0.70 and 0.68, respectively). Monetary cost of vegetables was significantly positively associated with all three nutrients, while that of fish showed a significant and positive association only with protein. Total monetary cost of self-reported diet was positively associated with biomarker-based estimates of protein, K and Na intake in young Japanese women, and appeared mainly to be explained by the monetary costs of vegetables and fish.

The Food versus Fuel Debate: Implications for Consumers

The effects of biofuel production on commodity prices and their transmission to retail food prices are discussed. Factors driving higher commodity prices are tight global supplies and increased demand of corn ethanol in the short term. Evidence suggests that higher corn prices contribute to food price inflation for some food items. These include eggs, poultry, pork, beef and milk. The findings imply that food price inflation for these items is related to increased production of corn ethanol, primarily because of high oil prices. Higher oil prices also increase fuel and energy costs, which increase marketing costs for all food categories.

Monetary Diet Cost is Associated with not only Favorable but also Unfavorable Aspects of Diet in Pregnant Japanese Women: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study.

While several observational studies in European countries have shown that higher monetary diet cost is associated with healthier diets, information on the relationship of cost to diet quality in other countries is sparse, including Japan. This cross-sectional study examined the association between monetary diet cost and dietary intake in a group of pregnant Japanese women. Subjects were 596 pregnant Japanese housewives. Dietary intake was estimated using a validated, self-administered, comprehensive diet history questionnaire. Monetary diet cost was calculated using retail food prices. Values of monetary diet cost and nutrient and food intake were energy-adjusted using the density method. Monetary diet cost was associated positively with the intake of protein, total fat, saturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamins A, D, E, C, and folate, and inversely with that of carbohydrate. For foods, cost was associated positively with the intake of potatoes, pulses and nuts, fish and shellfish, meat, dairy products, vegetables, and fruits, and inversely with that of rice and bread. No association was seen for noodles, confectioneries and sugars, fats and oils, or eggs. Cost was also associated inversely with dietary energy density. In conclusion, monetary diet cost was associated with not only favorable aspects of diet, including a higher intake of dietary fiber, key vitamins and minerals, fruits, and vegetables and lower dietary energy density, but also unfavorable aspects, including a higher intake of fat and sodium and lower intake of carbohydrate and rice, in a group of pregnant Japanese women.

Comparability of weighed dietary records and a self-administered diet history questionnaire for estimating monetary cost of dietary energy.

An increasing number of studies have estimated monetary diet cost using various dietary assessment methods, based on databases on retail food prices, for investigating its association with dietary intake and health outcomes. However, information regarding the comparability of monetary diet cost across dietary assessment methods is absolutely lacking. This study compared monetary cost of dietary energy estimated from weighed dietary records (DRs) with that estimated from a self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ). The subjects were 92 Japanese women aged 31-69 years and 92 Japanese men aged 32-76 years. The DHQ (assessing diet during the preceding month) and 4-day DRs (one weekend day and three weekdays) were completed in each season over a 1-year period (DHQs1-4 and DRs1-4, respectively). An additional DHQ was completed at one year after completing DHQ1 (DHQ5). Monetary cost of dietary energy (Japanese yen/4184 kJ) was calculated using food intake information derived from each dietary assessment method, based on retail food prices. Pearson correlation between the mean of DRs1-4 and mean of DHQs1-4 was 0.64 for women and 0.69 for men. Pearson correlation between the mean of DRs1-4 and DHQ1 was 0.60 for women and 0.52 for men, while intraclass correlation between DHQ1 and DHQ5 was 0.64 for women and 0.51 for men. These data indicate reasonable comparability of monetary cost of dietary energy across DR and a DHQ as well as usefulness of a single administration of the DHQ for estimating monetary cost of dietary energy.

Monetary costs of dietary energy reported by young Japanese women: association with food and nutrient intake and body mass index

Little is known about the relationship of monetary diet costs to dietary intake and obesity, particularly in non-Western populations. This study examined monetary cost of dietary energy in relation to diet quality and body mass index (BMI) among young Japanese women. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated, self-administered, diet history questionnaire. Diet costs were estimated using retail food prices. Monetary cost of dietary energy (Japanese yen 1000 kcal-1) was then calculated. BMI was computed from self-reported body weight and height. A total of 3931 female Japanese dietetic students aged 18-20 years. Monetary cost of dietary energy was positively associated with intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish and shellfish, and pulses; however, higher monetary cost of dietary energy was also associated with higher consumption of fat and oil, meat and energy-containing beverages, and lower consumption of cereals (rice, bread and noodles) (all P for trend <0.01). At the nutrient level, monetary cost of dietary energy was positively associated with intakes of dietary fibre and key vitamins and minerals, but also associated positively with intakes of fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol and sodium, and negatively with carbohydrate intake (all P for trend <0.0001). After adjustment for possible confounders, monetary cost of dietary energy was quite weakly but significantly negatively associated with BMI (P for trend = 0.0197). Increasing monetary cost of dietary energy was associated with both favourable and unfavourable dietary intake patterns and a quite small decrease in BMI in young Japanese women.

ASYMMETRIC PRICE TRANSMISSION AND MARKET CONCENTRATION: AN INVESTIGATION INTO FOUR SOUTH AFRICAN AGRO‐FOOD INDUSTRIES

Abstract “Market power is like the wind. You can feel it but you cannot see it” (Kohls and Uhl 2002, p 270) During 2002 and 2003 retail food prices in South Africa increased dramatically. These increases put the spotlight on the concentration and market power of food manufacturing firms and retailers in the food supply chain. The proprietary nature of information on processes within the supply chain makes it difficult to identify uncompetitive behaviour. This paper reports on the application of a series of econometric analyses to test for asymmetric price transmission in the South African agro‐food sector. The paper specifically seeks to show how market concentration increases the degree of asymmetry by comparing different levels of asymmetry between commodity and retail prices in the South African Economy. The results show that in South Africa industries that are considered to be concentrated at some level show a high degree of asymmetric price transmission, which, however, decreases when the retail product is perishable.

Soviet Power and the Countryside: Policy Innovation and Institutional Decay by Neil J. Melvin, and: Agriculture in Transition: Land Policies and Evolving Farm Structures in Post-Soviet Countries by Zvi Lerman, Csaba Csaki, and Gershon Feder, and: The Vanishing Hectare: Property and Value in Postsocialist Transylvania by Katherine Verdery (review)

REVIEWS 783 expressedabout the abilityof the integrativeprocess to overcome some of the most damaging legacies of the Yugoslavwars but the analysisabout the EU's capabilitiesand staying-powermight have been more hard-headed.Chapters on 'Ethnic Albanian-Cross-Border Operations' and 'Airpower in Limited Wars'show the difficultyin findinga centralcommon theme froma book that emerged from a 200I conference at FloridaAtlantic University. But some of chapters in this collection that focus on international responses to the politicization of ethnic antagonism and state collapse are likely to be of enduringvalue. Department ofPeace Studies TOMGALLAGHER University ofBradford Melvin, Neil J. Soviet PowerandtheCountgyside. PolicyInnovation andInstitutional Decay.St Antony's Series. Palgrave, Basingstoke and New York, 2003. xvi + 279 pp. Glossary.Tables. Notes. Bibliography.Index. ?5O.OO. Lerman, Zvi, Csaki, Csaba and Feder, Gershon. Agriculture in Transition. Land Policies andEvolving FarmStructures inPost-Soviet Countries. Lexington Books, Lanham, MD, Boulder, CO and Oxford, 2004. vii + 254 pp. Figures. Tables. Bibliography.Index. ?s 5.00 (paperback). Verdery, Katherine. The Vanishing Hectare:Property and Valuein Postsocialist Transylvania. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY and London, 2004. xx + 426 pp. Tables. Figures. Maps. Illustrations. Notes. Glossary. Bibliography.Index. $26.oo: I5.95. MARX'S disparagementof the 'idiocy of village life' has unintentionallybeen reflected in the relative paucity of books on the Soviet and transition economies devoted specifically to rural development, in comparison with those on industry,trade and the economy generally.The appearancein 2004 of the monumentalTherearsof Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, I93I-I933 (Basingstoke and New York)by R. W. Davies and Stephen Wheatcroft, to be followed by their 7he Tragedy oftheSovietCountgyside (New Haven, CT, 2005), and of the three books under review is hence a notable benchmark. The authors of these three works deploy a relevant range of social sciences to analyse the epilogue of collectivization and the prologue of reprivatizationin the five decades since Khrushchev attempted to mollify the Soviet peasantry and released some of the forces which contributed to the eventual dismantlement of collectivization in the USSR and throughout Central and South-East Europe. Melvin, a political scientist at Leeds University, begins with Khrushchev'sfarm amalgamation campaign of I950 and its apotheosis in 'agro-towns'and ends with their abandonment in the early i 980s, drawing upon architecture, urbanism, geography and sociology. Lerman, Csaki and Federare economists, respectivelyat the Hebrew UniversityofJerusalem, the Budapest University of Economic Sciences and the World Bank's Development Research Group, who initially came together as members of the first WorldBankagriculturalmissionto the then USSR in i99i, and who compare and contrastsubsequent agrarianpolicies in twenty-two transitioncountries. 784 SEER, 83, 4, 2005 Verdery is an anthropologist at the University of Michigan who plots the ethnography of interacting labour, lineage, land ownership, incentives and communality in a Romanian village, with due regard to the changing economic, legal, political and historical influences of Communist and postCommunist national and local governments. The books are products of comprehensive research, each underwritten in different ways. Melvin's examination of ruralinstitutionsand their governmental controllersis based upon detailed scrutinyof three sets of Russian Government archives, and on field work in nine Russian regions and seven other CIS republics. Lerman, Csaki and Feder use national officialand World Bank documentation in the countries concerned, including World BankFarmSurveys arisingfrom missions to nine countries in which they have severally participated. Verdery made systematicvisitsto a Romanian village,AurelVlaicu, between I 973 and 200 I, culminating in a set of oral history interviews recorded in 2000 and 2001. Although collective and statefarmingor problemsarisingfrom its dissolution are centralto the three books, they fundamentallydifferin institutionalfocus. Taking the modification of Stalin's simplistickolkhoz/sovkhoz model for rural settlementsas his case study, Melvin analyseswhat might be termed 'institutional ecology' the effect of public opinion and specialistparticipationon the activityand competition of public and Partyagencies. Lerman,Csakiand Feder 'is primarilyabout land policies and farmingstructuresas components of institutionalchange in the ruralsectorin transitioncountries'(p. 2). In both books the launch of agrarian institutionalchange is by a political leader Nikita Khrushchevin I950 for the firstphase and MikhailGorbachevin I985 forthe second -but only thelattertackled'thetraditionalpolicyin allsocialist countries [. . .] to maintain low and stable retailfood prices for the benefit of [urban]consumers'(p. 4 ), which 'allowedfarmsto functionindefinitelyunder softbudget constraintswithout proper profitaccountability'(p. 44). A necessary condition for the hardening of...

The ILO October Inquiry: Statistics on Occupational Wages and Hours of Work and on Retail Food Prices

Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and SocietyVolume 44, Issue 1 p. 193-196 The ILO October Inquiry: Statistics on Occupational Wages and Hours of Work and on Retail Food Prices M.-T. DUPRÉ, M.-T. DUPRÉ Labor Statistician, ILO Bureau of Statistics, GenevaSearch for more papers by this author M.-T. DUPRÉ, M.-T. DUPRÉ Labor Statistician, ILO Bureau of Statistics, GenevaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 December 2004 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0019-8676.2004.00378.xCitations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume44, Issue1January 2005Pages 193-196 RelatedInformation

Mean spillover effects in agricultural prices: The case of Greece

AbstractThis article investigates the behavior of agricultural input prices, agricultural output prices, and retail food prices using the cointegration/error–correction methodology. The findings support “cost push” and “demand pull” theories, because disequilibrium at the input level is transmitted to the retail level, and vice versa, through the output level. The estimated error–correction coefficients and price responses indicate, first, imperfect price transmission among agricultural input, output, and retail food prices, and second, that agricultural output prices are more flexible than agricultural input and retail food prices. [EconLit citations: Q110; Q130]. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 425–437, 2003.

Agricultural price volatility spillover effects: the case of Greece

This paper investigates volatility spillover effects across agricultural input prices, agricultural output prices and retail food prices using the technique of Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) models. The empirical findings show that the volatility of both agricultural input and retail food prices exerts significant, positive spillover effects on the volatility of agricultural output prices. Moreover, the volatility of agricultural output prices has a significant, positive impact on its own volatility. Agricultural output prices are shown to be more volatile than agricultural input and retail food prices. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.