Retail Centers Research Articles

Kurasi Produk UMKM Kabupaten Probolinggo dalam Meningkatkan Daya Saing di Pasar Retail Modern

This MSMEs product curation assistance is motivated by the many potential MSMEs in Probolinggo Regency that have not been optimally developed. The purpose of this curation is to encourage MSMEs in Probolinggo Regency to compete in modern and even export markets. In addition, curating products for MSMEs can ensure that these products meet the quality and feasibility standards required by consumers. This curation assistance is a collaboration between Business Center at the University of Nurul Jadid, Rumah Kurasi, and the Probolinggo District Office of Cooperatives, Micro Enterprises, Trade and Industry. There were 20 business participants who participated in the product curation assistance. The curation process begins with product photos for digitalization needs, interviews, then giving a curation report. The curation results show that 14 MSMEs have modern market qualifications and 6 MSMEs have traditional market qualifications. The output of this curation assistance is a “Business to Business (B2B) - Business Matching” event or bringing together Probolinggo District MSMEs with buyers from shops, retail, restaurants and souvenir centers throughout Malang held at the Malang Creative Center. They will select suitable products to be sold in their stores based on the buyers' wishes and product quality standards.

Mapping the Sustainability of Waste-to-Energy Processes for Food Loss and Waste in Mexico—Part 1: Energy Feasibility Study

Mexico generated 8.9 Mt of food loss and waste (FLW) at food distribution and retail centers in the year 2022. Traditional management methods in Latin America primarily involve final disposal sites, contributing to national greenhouse gas emissions of 0.22 Mt CO2 eq y−1. This creates an urgent need for sustainable valorization strategies for FLW to mitigate environmental impacts. This comprehensive study analyzes the geographical distribution of FLW generation and proposes a valorization approach using WtE-AD plants. Geographic information systems were employed for geographical analysis, life cycle assessment was used for environmental evaluation, and circular economy business models were applied for sustainability assessment. The primary objective of this first part of the contribution is to evaluate the technical feasibility of implementing waste-to-energy anaerobic digestion (WtE-AD) plants for FLW management in Mexico considering their geographical locations. The results demonstrate that WtE-AD plants with treatment capacities exceeding 8 t d−1 can achieve positive energy balances and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Specific findings indicate that these plants are viable for large-scale implementation, with larger plants showing resilience to increased transport distances while maintaining energy efficiency. The results highlight the critical influence of methane yields and transport distances on plant energy performance. This study underscores the importance of strategically placing and scaling WtE-AD plants to optimize resource efficiency and environmental sustainability. These findings provide essential insights for policymakers and stakeholders advocating for the transition of Mexico’s food supply chain toward a circular economy. Future parts of this study will explore detailed economic analyses and the policy frameworks necessary for the large-scale implementation of WtE-AD plants in Mexico. Further research should continue to develop innovative strategies to enhance the techno-economic and environmental performance of WtE-AD processes, ensuring sustainable FLW management and energy recovery.

Bacteriological Quality of Beef Sold at different Retail Points in Owo Metropolis

The present study aimed to investigate the bacteriological characteristics of fresh beef sold in various retail centers within the Owo communities, located in Ondo State, Nigeria. Samples were collected from six different locations using a systematic random sampling method, with two samples collected from each location—one in the morning (M) and the other in the evening (E). The standard procedure for isolating microorganisms was followed. Morphological and biochemical characterization of isolates are presented in Table 1, while Table 2 displays bacterial counts on the fresh beef samples over a period of ten days. On the first day of analysis, the sample from Ikare Junction exhibited the highest bacterial counts (152 x 105cfu/g for the morning sample and 276 x 105cfu/g for the evening sample), which was statistically significant (p±>0.05). Conversely, the sample from Ehin-ogbe had the lowest bacterial count (36 x 105cfu/g) in the morning, while the sample from Ijebu had 116 x 105cfu/g in the evening. There was a noteworthy (p±>0.05) disparity between morning and evening samples across all locations, with the evening samples consistently showing higher bacterial counts. This discrepancy could be attributed to prolonged exposure to contamination over time. Table 1 also revealed the probable organisms according to the biochemical and morphological characterization of the isolates. The isolates were E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Citrobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidemidis, Bacillus subtilis, K. preumomiae, Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Preteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. The presence of these organisms in fresh beef depicts a deplorable state of poor hygienic and sanitary practices employed in the slaughtering and processing of fresh beef. Their presence indicates a public health hazard and gives a warning signal for the possible occurrence of food-borne intoxication. Proper hygiene practices should be observed during handling, marketing, and calls for concerted efforts on the part of relevant authorities to check the trend since it is a public health challenge.

THEFT DETECTION WITH CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION USING MACHINE LEARNING

One of the main goals of video surveillance research and practical implementations is abnormal event detection. In order to improve public safety, the usage of surveillance cameras in public spaces—such as roadways, crosswalks, banks, retail centers, etc.—is expanding. One of the most important tasks in video surveillance is the detection of anomalous occurrences, such as criminal activity, traffic accidents, or crimes. In general, abnormal events are rare in comparison to normal activities. A useful anomaly detection system aims to pinpoint the anomaly's temporal range and instantly notify users when any behavior deviates from expected norms. Consequently, it is possible to think of anomaly identification as coarse-grained video knowledge that separates anomalies from regular patterns. Classification techniques can be used to further categories an anomaly into one of the specific activities once it has been recognized. An overview of anomaly detection is provided in this work, with a particular emphasis on applications in banking operations. Banking operations involve a wide range of daily, weekly, and monthly tasks and exchanges carried out by or impacting several parties, including staff members, clients, debtors, and outside organizations. Events could develop gradually, and early identification greatly reduces the likelihood of negative consequences and, in certain situations, even completely prevents them. Finding people at unfavorable periods is accomplished using anomaly detection based on time series. This research offers a machine learning based anomaly detection technique to discriminate between normal and abnormal occurrences. A comparison is made between the biometric identity of the captured face and the biometric identities of known criminals. If a match is found, we can identify and capture the culprit right away.

Geographic life cycle assessment of food loss and waste management in Mexico: The reality of distribution and retail centers

The modernization of the global food sector has intensified waste generation, prompting a critical examination of sustainability. Following a geographical and life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, this study quantifies and evaluates the environmental impact of food loss and waste (FLW) in the Mexican food supply chain (FSC) distribution and retail stages and presents the first national inventory of FLW generation with a geographical approach. LCA and geographic information systems are integrated to comprehensively assess FLW, revealing that Mexico generated 8.95 Mt. of FLW in the year 2022, which translates to 0.217 Mt. CO2 eq y−1, mainly caused by FLW decomposition in final disposal sites (FDS). A positive correlation between gross domestic product and greenhouse gas emissions was observed, highlighting the impact of economic activities on FLW generation and emissions. Higher transportation distances are noted in the northern regions of the country, linked to fewer FDS, this underscores high diesel consumption, up to 10 m3 y−1 for each FDS. The study emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable practices and circular strategies in the Mexican food sector. These findings provide crucial insights for decision-making and lay the groundwork for transitioning to a circular economy, aligning economic activities with long-term sustainability goals and comply the agreements established by Mexico at COP28. As a pioneering effort, this national inventory informs policy and industry initiatives to mitigate environmental impacts and foster sustainability in the food supply chain.

EXTRACTING AND PRIORITIZING THE ATTRACTIVENESS PARAMETERS OF SHOPPING CENTERS UNDER INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY NUMBERS

Shopping center plays an important role in distribution system and marketing. These canters provide an appropriate atmosphere for customers; so that, the customers achieve the best service within a short time. However, there is an intense competition among shopping centers to attract more customers for increasing the profit. Therefore, a powerful model assists authorities in identifying the critical competitive aspects and directing their efforts toward performance improvement. However, a number of strategies have been developed to identify the most relevant components. The Delphi technique under intuitionistic fuzzy environment, called intuitionistic fuzzy Delphi method (IFDM) study, is a group-based technique that can simply formulate the uncertainty imposed by decision making circle. On the other hand, multi criteria decision making (MCDM) method such as analytical network process (ANP) is a mathematical tool for taking into account mutual relationships in order to rank a number of criteria. Nonetheless, the ANP is unable to account for the uncertainty involved in the decision-making process. Similarly, the intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) can express ambiguity and vagueness by utilizing the given scale. Because the IFS is robust in dealing with complexity and ambiguity, the IFS-GANP (an integrated model of the IFS and ANP methods under group decision) can result in a more specific description of the situation. As a result, the IFS-GANP approach outperforms both conventional ANP and fuzzy ANP. To demonstrate the model’s feasibility, a case study rating the essential aspects impacting the attractiveness of retail centers is shown. The result demonstrates factor C31 (Location) with value of 0.202 plays the greatest role in attracting customers.

Genetic Diversity of Legionella pneumophila Isolates from Artificial Water Sources in Brazil

Legionella pneumophila (Lp) is a Gram-negative bacterium found in natural and artificial aquatic environments and inhalation of contaminated aerosols can cause severe pneumonia known as Legionnaires’ Disease (LD). In Brazil there is hardly any information about this pathogen, so we studied the genetic variation of forty Legionella spp. isolates obtained from hotels, malls, laboratories, retail centers, and companies after culturing in BCYE medium. These isolates were collected from various sources in nine Brazilian states. Molecular identification of the samples was carried out using Sequence-Based Typing (SBT), which consists of sequencing and analysis of seven genes (flaA, pilE, asd, mip, mompS, proA, and neuA) to define a Sequence Type (ST). Eleven STs were identified among 34/40 isolates, of which eight have been previously described (ST1, ST80, ST152, ST242, ST664, ST1185, ST1464, ST1642) and three were new STs (ST2960, ST2962, and ST2963), the former identified in five different cooling towers in the city of São Paulo. The ST1 that is widely distributed in many countries was also the most prevalent in this study. In addition, other STs that we observed have also been associated with legionellosis in other countries, reinforcing the potential of these isolates to cause LD in Brazil. Unfortunately, no human isolates could be characterized until presently, but our observations strongly suggest the need of surveillance implementation system and control measures of Legionella spp. in Brazil, including the use of more sensitive genotyping procedures besides ST.

A new commercial boundary dataset for metropolitan areas in the USA and Canada, built from open data

The purpose of this study is to define the geographic boundaries of commercial areas by creating a consistent definition, combining various commercial area types, including downtowns, retail centres, financial districts, and other employment subcentres. Our research involved the collection of office, retail and job density data from 69 metropolitan regions across USA and Canada. Using this data, we conducted an unsupervised image segmentation model and clustering methods to identify distinctive commercial geographic boundaries. As a result, we identified 23,751 commercial areas, providing a detailed perspective on the commercial landscape of metropolitan areas in the USA and Canada. In addition, the generated boundaries were successfully validated through comparison with previously established commerce-related boundaries. The output of this study has implications for urban and regional planning and economic development, delivering valuable insights into the overall commercial geography in the region. The commercial boundary and used codes are freely available on the School of Cities Github, and users can reuse, reproduce and modify the boundaries.

Association between local amenities, travel behaviours and urban planning: A spatial analysis of a nationwide UK household panel study.

IntroductionGlobally, there has been a recent resurgence in planning policies focused on local living (such as the 20-min neighbourhood) with proposed benefits of creating sustainable and healthy places. The policies aim to provide improved spatial access to local amenities within short walkable distances of home to encourage walking and cycling and discourage car use, however these pathways have not been examined. This study aimed to quantify the density and diversity of local amenities and their association with daily/weekly travel behaviours. MethodsWe used data from Understanding Society, a national panel survey of UK adults. Spatial data were used to quantify the number and diversity of amenities that have previously been associated with active travel and focused on in 20-min neighbourhood policies within small geographical areas across the UK. These were linked to individual-level data describing daily and weekly travel behaviour for: walking (at least 10-min), cycling, car and bus use. Logistic regression models measured the association between individual amenities, their diversity and daily/weekly travel, whilst controlling for individual factors such as age, sex and employment, residing in a retail centre, as well as area-level urbanicity and deprivation. ResultsOur analysis revealed variations in active travel and car usage patterns by sex, employment status, urbanicity, and area-level deprivation. Local amenities were associated with daily travel behaviours with more amenities generally associated with more frequent walking and less regular bus and car travel. Furthermore, increased amenity diversity was associated with reduced daily car use (OR: 0.77, p < 0.001). Similar patterns were apparent for weekly travel outcomes. ConclusionsBoth access to specific local amenities as well as their diversity are both important neighbourhood factors for achieving shifts from motorised to active transport modes. Policy makers and planners need to ensure the diversity of local amenities are included in local living policies.

Life cycle assessment of apricot puree concentrate production

The key factors influencing the ecological impact of the food industry include intensive components such as waste management, logistics, energy consumption, and raw material usage. Holistically, these also offer a range of environmentally friendly improvement opportunities. The fruit juice industry needs the Life Cycle Assessment for sustainable improvements, especially for concentrated juice that requires high-energy evaporation. The study aims to conduct a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment of apricot puree concentrate production in Sultanhisar, Turkey. Open-access Agribalyse database and OpenLCA software and the ReCiPe impact assessment method have been used. The functional unit is chosen as 1 kg concentrated apricot puree transported to the retail center. The research results indicate that apricot production is the primary contributor, followed by harvested apricot transportation as the secondary factor, and evaporation as the tertiary factor to all environmental impacts approximately. Sensitivity, uncertainty, and scenario analyses are carried out. Sustainable improvement scenarios, in terms of photovoltaic utilization, result in a minor reduction in Global Warming Potential, ranging from 0.82% to 1.65%. On the contrary, logistics adjustments emphasize a significant hotspot with a reduction impact of 16.71%–19.67%.

Recycling English town centres – from retail to healthcare: surveys, views and next steps

PurposeMany town centres in England exhibit high retail property vacancies and require regeneration. Several alternatives for the replacement of town centre retail (TCR) have been suggested, one of which is healthcare. The healthcare sector in England is in distress, with the National Health Service (NHS) tackling extensive patient waiting lists, whilst operating from an ageing estate. This paper is an introductory study that uses seven carefully selected personalised surveys to raise academic awareness of the importance and potential of integrating healthcare into town centres and calls for large-scale research to establish the statistical validity of the reported observations.Design/methodology/approachThis study is developed from an interpretative standpoint. Through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders specific to retail-to-healthcare conversions, this study reports stakeholders' perspectives on opportunities and limitations for such conversions to give direction for large statistical research in the future.FindingsAll participants support the integration of healthcare into town centres and agreed that diagnostic services, mental health support and primary care services are appropriate for provision within town centres. The participants advocate large-scale change in town centres in England, with integrated healthcare co-located with complementary services to fit with wider regeneration plans. Participants prefer adaptation of existing buildings where technically feasible and emphasise the importance of obtaining the buy-in of other stakeholders whilst expressing concerns about the uncertainty of capital funding availability.Originality/valueThis is the first study to analyse the practice of retail-to-healthcare conversions in town centres. These are still rare in England and projects are complex. The market experience is limited, and thus, the literature is scarce. This study fills this void and provides a starting point for future quantitative research in this area and informs the new town-planning policies.

Mask recognition in computer vision technology

In order to lessen the strain on employees and the potential for carelessness, intelligent identification is required in China where there is a scarcity of staff to monitor the wearing of masks in public areas. In this work, we use a mask recognition technique to determine which members of the population weren't wearing masks by using the CNN and the VGG16 model. The ideas of data augmentation, dropout, non malicious, and transfer learning are used in the proposed study. This method may be used at hospitals, retail centers, transit hubs, dining establishments, and other community gatherings that require monitoring.

Synergy of Road Network Planning Indices on Central Retail District Pedestrian Evacuation Efficiency

Pedestrian evacuation is an important measure to ensure disaster safety in central retail districts, the efficiency of which is affected by the synergy of road network planning indices. This paper established the typical forms of central retail district (CRD) road networks in terms of block form, network structure and road grade, taking China as an example. The experiment was designed using the orthogonal design of experiment (ODOE) method and quantified the evacuation time under different road network planning indices levels through the Anylogic simulation platform. Using range and variance analysis methods, the synergy of network density, network connectivity, road type and road width on pedestrian evacuation efficiency were studied from the perspectives of significance, importance and optimal level. The results showed that the type of CRD will affect the importance of network planning indices, and that the network connectivity is insignificant (P 0.477/0.581) in synergy; networks with wide pedestrian primary roads (30.1~40.0 m), medium secondary roads (3.1~5.0 m/side) and high density (11.0~13.0 km/km2) have the highest evacuation efficiency. From the perspective of evacuees, this paper put forward urban design implications on CRD road networks to improve their capacity for disaster prevention and reduction.

The Role of Policymakers in Potential Strengthening to Improve the Safety of the Vegetable in the Supply Chain: SWOT Analysis during COVID-19

Background: Fresh vegetables can play an important role in health and food security. This study aimed to assess the safety of the vegetable supply chain in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic by strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis.&#x0D; Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted in two phases in 2021. First, in the cross-sectional study, 192 staff were randomly selected from five major centers of vegetable retail centers. Then, semi-structured interviews were done with ten stakeholders, and a SWOT analysis was completed.&#x0D; Results: Half of the participants had desirable hygienic practices, 39.6% had acceptable, and 8.9% had weak practice scores. The practice of participants whose educational level was BSc and above was better than that of illiterates (OR =15.38, 95% CI =1.61-14.57, P=0.01). SWOT analysis results identified a poor shelf-life of vegetables, weak technology in planting, harvesting, and distributing vegetables.&#x0D; Conclusion: Policymakers can utilize the practical solutions for taking action in the potential strengthening of vegetable safety in the supply chain to improve public health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Problems in Road Construction at Local Level

Any nation's infrastructure development encompasses social infrastructure as well as economic infrastructure, or the growth of diverse sectors. Simultaneously created social infrastructure can lead the economic infrastructure in total development at the appropriate level. The capabilities and technical advancement of social infrastructures like retail centers, restaurants, medical facility zones, and schools are well defined, as are the evolving requirements of economic infrastructures like roads, sewage, electricity, open spaces, and gardens. To maintain effective social infrastructure, it is necessary to develop sectors such as education, health, social security, water supply, housing, and sanitation. The study would like to suggest that adequate budget allocation should be conducted during planning process; proper road design, implementation and effective procurement system should be carried out, and management of enough construction materials, suitable equipment, and coordination with local people should be performed. Furthermore, provision of drain while constructing rural road must be included during preparation of DPR along with the watershed management is necessary and establishment of laboratory for material test is necessary in Municipality to assure quality construction along with provision of training for the user committee to provide technical knowledge is necessary.

Motives, other meat sources and socioeconomic status predict number of consumers with preference for two antelope species served in Enugu-Nigeria

Conservationists are raising concerns about escalating rates of illegal hunting and trading of wildlife resource for food (meat). Hunting of wild animals is associated with complex motivations and drivers that include the high demand for high-value luxury products or a preference for a particular wild animal that consumers consider nutritious over other commercial meat products. Despite the fact that the preference for animal meat from the wild could be a contributory factor hampering most conservation efforts, more studies are still focusing more on habitat destruction rather than bushmeat trade. We investigated the factors influencing preference for antelopes compared with other forms of meat (commercial and non-antelope bushmeat) sold at bushmeat retail centers of Enugu-Nigeria. Data was collected from retailers and a face-to-face interview of respondents at four different centers (selected by cluster probability sampling method) of the three rural areas over a 12-month period. A total of 283 bushbucks (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) and 211 common duikers (Sylvicapra grimmia) were provided by hunters to the retail centers. Data from 1884 semi-structured questionnaires (administered by simple random sampling) indicate most respondents preferred to consume antelope meat because it is readily availability. The duiker was consumed for its morphology and resemblance to goat. In the absence of antelope, the non-antelope bushmeat (guinea fowl) and commercial meat (pork) were consumed due to affordability. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMMs) analyses indicated that respondent age, occupation and motives were significantly related to the number of consumers of antelopes and other sources of meat at the retail centers. The younger consumers of age range 18–35 years consumed antelope and other forms of meat at the retail centers due to health benefits, while businessmen, due to availability. The selection of antelopes by the younger consumers could be an indication of a push to healthier living which may be motivated by status-seeking attitude that could in turn affect future conservation of wildlife resources.

Asymmetric Information of Product Authenticity on C2C E-Commerce Platforms: How Can Inspection Services Help?

Problem definition: We consider a customer-to-customer (C2C) platform that provides an inspection service. Uncertain about product authenticity, a seller sells a product through the platform. Before purchasing, a buyer obtains a signal of the product authenticity from the product’s price set by the seller. The platform’s inspection service can detect a counterfeit with a probability. If the product passes the inspection, the platform sends it to the buyer and charges the seller a commission fee. Otherwise, the platform returns it to the seller and charges the seller a penalty fee. Methodology/results: We develop a two-stage game-theoretical model. In the first stage, the platform designs a contract specifying the commission and penalty fees. In the second stage, the seller signals the product authenticity by setting a price and the buyer decides whether to purchase it. This results in a contract design problem that governs a signaling game. We find that the effect of inspection is beyond merely detecting counterfeits. The inspection, even an imperfect one, changes the signaling game’s structure and incentivizes the seller whose product is likely authentic to sell through the platform. This can only be achieved by carefully choosing the commission and penalty fees. Moreover, a larger platform’s expected profit does not imply a larger commission fee or price in equilibrium. Under some mild conditions, the optimal commission increases but the optimal penalty decreases as the platform’s inspection capability improves. Managerial implications: The inspection service is not widely available among leading C2C platforms as it is considered imperfect and costly. Our study suggests that its benefit may be underestimated in practice. Moreover, the inspection can eliminate the seller’s information rent and generate more revenue for the platform. This paper provides guidance on how to set commission and penalty fees when the inspection service is provided. Funding: L. Li is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72071198] and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme [Grant 1-YWC7]. X. Fang and Y. F. Lim are grateful for the support from the Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University [Maritime and Port Authority Research Fellowship and Retail Centre of Excellence Research Grant]. Y. F. Lim is supported by the Association of South-East Asian Nations Business Research Initiative Grant [Grant G17C20421], the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong [Grants 15501920 and 15501221], and the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 71931009]. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.1186 .

Contamination with Enterococcus spp., strains of lettuces of different species acquired in Cumaná

Lettuce is one of the most common crops in the world, with high index of vitamins, minerals and fiber. Raw food consumption is closely related to foodborne illness, of which Escherichia coli O157:H7, seems to be the prime perpetrator leading to undesirable consequences. However, E. coli is not the only microorganism that can be transmitted, as reports validating the involvement of Aeromonas, Yersinia, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Campylobacter, and Salmonella have surfaced. The objective of this work was to detect the contamination of lettuces of different species acquired in several places of Cumaná, with Enterococcus strains. Of 52 lettuces acquired in food retail centers, 38% were contaminated with Enterococcus spp., strains. The best-selling lettuce was Lactuca sativa L. (25/52), but the most contaminated was Lactuca sativa var. capitata (89%). The highest average for Enterococcus was obtained in lettuces from Municipal Market. The dominant species of Enterococcus were E. faecalis (40%), and E. casseliflavus (30%); and to a lesser extent E. faecium (15%), E. gallinarum (10%), and E. avium (5%). The susceptibility profile showed that there are strains resistant to glycopeptides, fluoroquinolones, ansamycins, macrolides, phenols and tetracyclines. The clonal dissemination of two strains of E. faecalis and one strain of E. faecium by antibiotyping was demonstrated in lettuces from the municipal market. These results demonstrate that the food chain is a route of dissemination of multidrug resistant Enterococcus to the human intestinal microbiota, turning the gastrointestinal tract into a reservoir of intractable bacteria with the available antibiotics.

Online shopping can redistribute local tax revenue from urban to rural America

What is the effect of e-commerce on the geographic distribution of local sales tax revenues? Using COVID-19 as a shock to online shopping and hand-collected high-frequency data on local sales tax revenue, we document an important shift in the state and local public finance landscape. As e-commerce increases, a destination basis for remote sales taxes results in higher growth in local sales tax collections in smaller, generally more rural jurisdictions. This increase comes at the expense of larger urban retail centers, which previously enjoyed an origin basis for sales tax collections. As households replace in-person commerce with online shopping, sales taxes no longer accrue to urban centers with large concentrations of retail establishments and instead expand the tax base of smaller jurisdictions. State-level reforms that enforce sales tax compliance generally mitigate the revenue falls in larger jurisdictions and amplify the increases in smaller jurisdictions.

A Review on Grid-connected Solar-Wind Hybrid System for Electrical Application

Recently, the smart grid has been paying more and more attention to renewable energy production and electric vehicles (EVs). In order to meet the electrical load demand in India, a grid-connected solar-wind hybrid system is presented in this study. The system also includes a charging station for electric vehicles. The proposed setup is subjected to an economic analysis in order to meet both the retail center's electrical load demand and the demand for EV charging. The cost of the energy that is purchased and then sold to the utility grid is taken into account while designing the suggested system, and the utility grid and other system components are guaranteed to exchange power. By utilising optimization techniques, the component is sized to achieve the lowest levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) while decreasing the probability of a power supply failure (LPSP). The efficient management of renewable energy generation and load needs is determined to be a key to designing a system that is both affordable and dependable. Particularly in poorer nations, the proposed approach would be useful in lessening reliance on the grid's heavy load.