Emergency Thoracotomy Research Articles

Emergency Department Management of Patients with Thoracic Trauma: PRISMA Scoping Review

The prognosis for patients with thoracic trauma depends largely on the management presented in the emergency department (ED), along with other major factors. This PRISMA scoping review explored ED management for patients with thoracic trauma. A systematic review study was conducted and initially 157 articles were identified through database research. After screening, following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and checking for other eligibility conditions, the studies were reduced to 11 articles. Each included study was assessed for quality independently by two reviewers using a modified form of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2). The survival rate following emergency thoracotomy is approximately 9-12%, whereas, for blunt trauma, the survival rate is 1 to 2 %. 85% of patients may be treated by emergency physicians after employing minor procedures. The frequency of hospitalization reduced to 24% from 49% along with a decline in the duration of hospitalization. The diagnostic accuracy for ultrasonography (US) is 80% with sensitivity and specificity for any rib fracture, whereas the efficacy of computed tomography (CT) scans for independent use is controversial. The findings outlined that the management given in the ED to the patients with thoracic trauma is significantly effective witnessing the decline in the rate of hospitalizations as well as hospital re-admissions, duration of hospital stay, and mortality rate. However, diagnostic tools are still surrounded by controversies and contradictory results, which need intensive investigation to guarantee the validation of the diagnosis.

Should an emergency physician be a "surgeon" in a rural area? A case of blunt cardiac rupture successfully treated by an emergency physician.

Blunt cardiac rupture is a life-threatening injury that requires surgical repair by cardiovascular or trauma surgeons. We report a case of blunt cardiac rupture in a rural area in which emergency physicians performed emergency department thoracotomy and surgical repair to save the patient's life. This case involved an 18-year-old female who was injured in a traffic accident and underwent emergency thoracotomy and surgical repair. The patient's left thorax was deformed, and sonographic assessment revealed pericardial effusion. She experienced cardiopulmonary arrest 13 min after hospital arrival. An emergency physician performed an emergency department thoracotomy. The clots were removed from the surface of the left ventricle, followed by wound compression to control bleeding from the ruptured left ventricular wall. After the recovery of spontaneous circulation, the emergency physician sutured the ruptured heart. The patient survived with good neurological function. In rural areas, blunt cardiac rupture may require emergency department thoracotomy and cardiac repair by emergency physicians. The establishment of educational systems that include continuous education on trauma surgical procedures and consensus guidelines is needed to assist rural emergency physicians in performing surgical procedures.

Resuscitative Thoracotomy for Traumatic Cardiac Arrest: Potential Impact of Resource Constraint on Outcomes and Blood Product Utilization

IntroductionResuscitative thoracotomy (RT) in the setting of traumatic arrest serves as a vital but resource-intensive intervention. The COVID-19 pandemic has created critical shortages, sharpening the focus on efficient resource utilization. This study aims to compare RT performance and blood product utilization before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic for patients in traumatic cardiac arrest. MethodsAll patients undergoing RT for traumatic cardiac arrest in the emergency department at our American College of Surgeons–verified Level 1 trauma center (August 01, 2017-July 31, 2022) were included in this retrospective observational study. Study groups were dichotomized into pre-COVID (before October 03, 2020) versus COVID (from October 03, 2020 on) based on patient arrival date demographics, clinical/injury data, and outcomes were collected. The primary outcome was blood product transfusion <4 h after presentation. Results445 RTs (2% of 23,488 trauma encounters) were performed over the study period: Pre-COVID, n = 209 (2%) versus COVID, n = 236 (2%) (P = 0.697). Survival to discharge was equivalent Pre-COVID versus COVID (n = 22, 11% versus n = 21, 9%, P = 0.562). RT patients during COVID consumed a median of 1 unit less packed red blood cells at the 4 h measurement (3.0 [1.8-7.0] versus 3.9 [2.0-10.0] units, P = 0.012) and 1 unit less of platelets at the 4 h measurement (4.3 [2.6-10.0] versus 5.7 [2.9-14.4] units, P = 0.012) compared to Pre-COVID. These findings were persistent after performing multivariable negative binomial regression. ConclusionsRates of RT and survival after RT remained consistent during the pandemic. Despite comparable RT frequency, packed red blood cells and platelet transfusions were reduced, likely reflecting resource expenditure minimization during the severe blood shortages that occurred during the pandemic. RT performance for patients in traumatic arrest may, therefore, be feasible during global pandemics at prepandemic frequencies as long as particular attention is paid to resource expenditure.

Balloon Rises Above: REBOA at Zone 1 May Be Superior to Resuscitative Thoracotomy.

The use of Zone 1 REBOA for life-threatening trauma has increased dramatically. The Aortic Occlusion for Resuscitation in Trauma and Acute Care Surgery database was queried for blunt and penetrating trauma between 2013 and 2021. Outcomes were examined both for mechanisms of injury combined and separately and for combinations of abdominal injury with and without traumatic brain injury and chest injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] score >2). A total of 531 patients underwent REBOA (408 with blunt injury and 123 with penetrating injury) and 1,603 (595 with blunt injury and 1,008 with penetrating injury) underwent resuscitative thoracotomy (RT). Mean age was 38.5 ± 16 years and mean injury severity score was 34.5 ± 21; 57.7% had chest AIS score of more than 2, 21.8% had head AIS score of more than 2, and 37.3% had abdominal AIS score of more than 2. Admission Glasgow Coma Scale was 4.9 + 4, and systolic blood pressure at aortic occlusion (AO) was 22 + 40 mmHg. No differences in outcomes in REBOA or RT patients were identified between institutions (p > 0.5). After inverse probability weighting, Glasgow Coma Scale, age, injury severity score, systolic blood pressure at AO, CPR at AO, and blood product transfusion, REBOA was superior to RT in both blunt (odds ratio [OR] 4.7, 95% CI 1.9 to 11.7) and penetrating (OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.7 to 14) injuries, across all spectrums of injury (p < 0.01). Overall mortality was significantly higher for AO more than 90 minutes compared with less than 30 minutes in blunt (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 15) and penetrating (OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 25) injuries. Duration of AO more than 60 minutes was significantly associated with mortality after penetrating abdominal injury (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 22) and abdomen and head (OR 5.3, 95% CI 1.6 to 18). In-hospital survival is higher for patients undergoing REBOA than RT for all injury patterns. Complete AO by REBOA or RT should be limited to less than 30 minutes. Neither hospital and procedure volume nor trauma verification level impacts outcomes for REBOA or RT.

The Impact of Out-of-Hospital Time and Prehospital Intubation on Return of Spontaneous Circulation following Resuscitative Thoracotomy in Traumatic Cardiac Arrest

Introduction Resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) is a critical procedure performed in certain trauma patients in extremis, with extremely low survival rates. Currently, there is a paucity of data pertaining to prehospital variables and their predictive role in survival outcomes in traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) patients requiring RT. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of prehospital intubation and out-of-hospital time (OOHT) on return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and survival in TCA requiring RT. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of trauma patients presenting to two level-1 trauma centers, St. Michael’s Hospital and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, in Toronto, Canada (January 1, 2005-December 31, 2020). Our exposures of interest were any prehospital intubation attempt and OOHT. Primary and secondary outcome measures were ROSC post-RT and survival to hospital discharge, respectively, and data analysis was performed using univariate logistic regression. Results A total of 195 patients were included, of which 86% were male, and the mean age was 33 years. ROSC and survival to hospital discharge were achieved in 30% and 5% of patients, respectively. Of those who survived to discharge, 89% sustained penetrating trauma. There was no association between OOHT and ROSC (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.97–1.03) or survival (OR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.94–1.05). The odds of ROSC were lower in penetrating trauma in the presence of any prehospital intubation attempt (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.19–0.82, p = 0.01). ROSC was less likely among all patients with no prehospital signs of life (SOL) compared to those who had prehospital SOL (OR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.13–0.69, p < 0.01). Conclusions There was a significant association between prehospital intubation and lower likelihoods of ROSC in the penetrating TCA population requiring RT, as well as with the absence of prehospital SOL in all patients. OOHT did not appear to significantly impact ROSC or survival.

Nonoperative Management of Iatrogenic Right Atrial Appendage Pseudoaneurysm During Catheter Ablation

Atrial pseudoaneurysms are exceedingly rare. Cardiac pseudoaneurysms are at risk for rupture, which may be catastrophic and require emergent thoracotomy for definitive treatment. We report a case of right atrial appendage perforation during catheter ablation leading to tamponade and right atrium pseudoaneurysm.

Delayed severe hemothorax caused by a staple line of a bullectomy performed 11 years earlier

BackgroundAt present, relatively few lung surgeries are performed without endostaplers. Although there are few staple-related adverse events, severe events must be shared to improve safety.Case presentationA 74-year-old male suddenly collapsed and was transferred to the Emergency Rescue department. He had shock vitals and contrast-enhanced CT revealed extensive right hemothorax with contrast leakage. He lost consciousness and tension massive hemothorax was suspected. We performed emergency thoracotomy at two sites and were able to achieve hemostasis and save the patient. Upon examining the patient's medical history after his condition stabilized, it was revealed that he was a lung cancer patient who was taking ramucirumab and cilostazol. In addition, the CT scan taken one month before onset revealed the bleeding site of the fifth intercostal artery were almost contact with the staple line from a prior right spontaneous pneumothorax surgery that was performed 11 years previously, which was seemed to damage the intercostal artery.ConclusionDespite the difficulty in achieving hemostasis due to drug administration history, we successfully treated a case of remote period massive hemothorax attributed to staples, thereby saving the patient. When using drugs that increase the risk of bleeding events, it may be important to consider the position of the staple line while assessing the risk. In the emergent or ICU setting, if the initial incision is not effective, the placement of a new second incision may be valuable.

A108Using a high-fidelity part-task model as a replacement for animal models to enhance emergency medicine thoracotomy training

A local course has been delivered since 2018 to provide training in rare, time-critical, life-saving procedures that emergency medicine trainees may need to perform, including emergency lateral thoracotomy. Previously pig thoraxes have been used to provide thoracotomy training in this course. In 2022 a part-task model was purchased for thoracotomy training to replace this. We compare the use of this to animal models in our provision of simulation teaching of this skill. Animal models are useful due to availability, low cost, and provision of hands-on experience for learners. However, there are associated ethical, religious, psychological limitations with using animals for educational purposes. They may less accurately represent human anatomy and pathology. Their timely acquisition can pose a challenge with defrosting requirements and variable condition which can impact on the quality of training. There are infection risks due to fluid leakage, associated unpleasant odour and animal products require incineration for disposal. The high-fidelity part-task mannequin can anatomically and physiologically replicate the thoracotomy experience to provide realistic simulation training. The mannequin is equipped with realistic external human features and internal organ anatomy, including a beating heat and blood, to provide an immersive training experience. It is reusable with repair, which could be cost-effective long term and more environmentally-friendly. This model enables thoracotomy skill practice in a safe, controlled environment without infection risk. Another advantage is the ability to provide standardized training, better allowing for objective evaluation of performance which can be challenging with animal models. This model ( The immersive lateral thoracotomy model we are using, which is fully repairable to be used multiple times for authentic learner experience There are disadvantages to use of this model for the department, but the overall learning experience and sustainability is felt to be superior to animal models for training in emergency thoracotomy. Authors confirm that all relevant ethical standards for research conduct and dissemination have been met. The submitting author confirms that relevant ethical approval was granted, if applicable.

Prehospital Management of Penetrating Neck Injuries: An Evaluation of Practice

ObjectivePenetrating neck injuries (PNIs) can occur at multiple anatomic sites and involve airway, nerve, vascular, and gastrointestinal structures. They pose a unique challenge to clinicians, especially in the prehospital setting. Published guidance on the prehospital management of PNIs is limited, and there is no review of the current prehospital practice. MethodsA retrospective electronic case note review of PNIs managed within 1 UK helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) over a 7-year period was undertaken. Data were collected on the zone of injury, mechanism of injury, prehospital times, patient demographics, prehospital interventions, and on-scene mortality. ResultsNinety-eight patients met the study inclusion criteria, 40% of whom had zone 2 neck injuries. Eighty-three percent were male with a mean age of 42 years. The predominant injury mechanism was interpersonal violence (51%) followed by self-harm (47%). Fifteen percent underwent prehospital emergency anesthesia, 17% underwent prehospital blood transfusion, and 30% had a hemostatic dressing applied. No patients underwent cervical spine immobilization. One percent underwent resuscitative thoracotomy. Five percent were pronounced life extinct after HEMS arrival following interventions by the HEMS team. ConclusionTime-critical and emergent interventions in this select patient population must be minimal and focus on optimizing care during rapid transfer to the hospital. Airway and hemorrhagic pathologies must be managed, often concomitantly. Targeted injury prevention to reduce interpersonal violence must ensue. The author group intends to devise a national Delphi and derive consensus guidelines for the management of prehospital PNIs.

Needs Assessment for a Resuscitative Thoracotomy Curriculum for General Surgery Residents in the Northeast Region

Resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) is a high-acuity low occurrence (HALO) procedure with which general surgical resident (GSR) experience and confidence are unknown. We sought to identify and describe this educational gap by conducting a targeted needs assessment for an RT curriculum for GSRs. An online regional needs assessment survey was conducted for an RT curriculum for GSRs. The survey was developed by a group of trauma stakeholders and revised after being piloted on a small, representative group of GSRs. We surveyed GSRs in the Northeast region regarding their experience and confidence with RT; interest in an RT curriculum; and content, format, and scope for an RT curriculum. The survey response rate was 43%, reflecting the viewpoints of GSRs at 8 major training centers across the Northeast. Only 13% of respondents were interested in pursuing a career in Trauma and Critical Care despite 97% of them training at a Level I Trauma Center. Twenty-nine percent and 33% of GSRs had ever assisted with or performed RT, respectively. Twenty-one percent of GSRs reported feeling confident performing RT. Most respondents (98%) agreed or strongly agreed that an RT curriculum would add value to their general surgery education. The most positively rated content topics were resuscitative maneuvers (100% positive responses [PR]), when to cease resuscitative efforts (100% PR), and morbidity and mortality associated with RT (98% PR). The most highly rated learning methods were individual RT simulation time (97% PR) and a tour of the trauma bay equipment (97% PR). This needs assessment demonstrates a lack of experience and confidence with RT, a strong learner interest in an RT curriculum, and a desire for experiential learning methods. Learning objectives are defined herein, and the next steps involve developing educational materials for an RT curriculum for GSRs.

The Success Rate of Emergency Department Thoracotomy for Emergency Penetrating Chest Trauma

Background and Aim: Trauma is considered one of the causes of mortality worldwide, among which chest injury is responsible for most of these deaths. This study aims to investigate the success rate of emergency thoracotomy in penetrating chest trauma in the emergency department of Shahid Beheshti and Farghani Hospital. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively by reviewing the files of patients with penetrating trauma from 2011 to 2021. The inclusion criteria comprised all cases that underwent emergency thoracotomy with chest trauma. Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria were incomplete cases and cases that underwent thoracotomy for other reasons (such as non-emergency thoracotomy, open heart operation, or non-traumatic thoracotomy). In addition, the files of other patients who had underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases were excluded from the study. The study variables, including age, gender, mechanism of trauma, the severity of the trauma, area of ​​trauma, vital signs on arrival, time to reach the operating room, and death or survival of patients were extracted from patient files and entered into the SPSS software, version 22. Finally, the data were analyzed by the Chi-square test and the paired t-tests. The significance level for all tests was considered 0.5. Results: The average age of the patients was 32.67±13.16 years and 50(34.7%) patients were female while 94(65.3%) patients were male. A total of 91(63.2%) patients died and 53(36.8%) patients survived. The average time from injury to thoracotomy in the emergency department was 20.4±8.9 minutes. Thoracotomy was successful in 19(13.2%) women and 94 (65.3%) men. No significant correlation was found between gender (P=0.82), the mechanism of injury (P=0.58), the severity of injury (P=0.27), and the location of injury (P=0.15). The referral method of patients with successful thoracotomy was not found (P=0.39). The average duration of patients reaching the hospital until thoracotomy was performed in the emergency department was 17.5±6.69 minutes among the patients who survived and 22.14±9.6 among the patients who died. A significant correlation was found between the time from the injury and thoracotomy and the success of thoracotomy in patients (P=0.03). Conclusion: Finally, the results showed as the average time between injury and thoracotomy gets shorter, the chance of success in thoracotomy increases.

Who benefits from resuscitative thoracotomies following penetrating trauma: The patient or the learner?

BackgroundResuscitative thoracotomy (RT) is a salvage procedure following traumatic cardiac arrest. We aim to evaluate RT trends and outcomes in adults with cardiac arrest following penetrating trauma to determine the effect on mortality in this population. Further, we aim to estimate the effect of hospital teaching status on the performance of resuscitative thoracotomies and mortality. MethodsWe reviewed the National Trauma Data Bank (2017–2021) for adults (≥16 years old) with penetrating trauma and prehospital cardiac arrest, stratified by the performance of a RT. We performed multivariable logistic regressions to estimate the effect of RT on mortality and the effect of hospital teaching status on the performance of resuscitative thoracotomies and mortality. Results13,115 patients met our inclusion criteria. RT occurred in 12.7% (n = 1,664) of patients. Rates of RT trended up over the study period. Crude mortality was similar in RT and Non-RT patients (95.6% vs. 94.5%, p = 0.07). There was no statistically significant difference in the adjusted odds of mortality based on RT status (OR 0.82, 95%CI 0.56–1.21). University-teaching hospitals had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.68 (95% CI 1.31–2.17) for performing a RT than non-teaching hospitals. There was no difference in the adjusted odds of mortality in patients that underwent RT based on hospital teaching status. ConclusionDespite up-trending rates, a resuscitative thoracotomy may not improve mortality in adults with penetrating, traumatic cardiac arrest. University teaching hospitals are nearly twice as likely to perform a RT than non-teaching hospitals, with no subsequent improvement in mortality.

Defining ultra-massive transfusion through a systematic review

BackgroundDespite the widespread use of ultra-massive transfusion (UMT) as an intervention for trauma patients in hemorrhagic shock, no standard definition exists. We performed a systematic review to determine a consensus definition for UMT. MethodsA search was performed from 1979 to 2022. The authors screened studies defining UMT and associated outcomes as defined by our prespecified PICO questions. The PRISMA guidelines were used. Results1662 articles met criteria for eligibility assessment, 17 for full-text review and eight for data extraction. Only two studies demonstrated a consensus definition of UMT, which used ≥20 units of red blood cell product within 24hrs. Parameters associated with increased mortality included lower blood pressure, lower pulse and lower Glasgow Coma Score at the time of presentation and a higher injury severity score and undergoing a resuscitative thoracotomy. ConclusionsThe absence of a consensus definition for UMT raises challenges from clinical, research and ethical perspectives. Based on our findings, the authors advocate for the feasibility of standardizing the definition of UMT as ≥20 units of red blood cell product within 24hrs.

Outcomes and potential for improvement in the prehospital treatment of penetrating chest injuries in a European metropolitan area: A retrospective analysis of 2009 – 2017

BackgroundTrauma is the leading cause of death in patients <45 years living in high-resource settings. However, penetrating chest injuries are still relatively rare in Europe – with an upwards trend. These cases are of particular interest to emergency medical services (EMS) due to available invasive treatment options like chest tube placement or resuscitative thoracotomy. To date, there is no sufficient data from Austria regarding penetrating chest trauma in a metropolitan area, and no reliable source to base decisions regarding further skill proficiency training on. MethodsFor this retrospective observational study, we screened all trauma emergency responses of the Viennese EMS between 01/2009 and 12/2017 and included all those with a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score ≥ IV (= potentially life-threatening). Data were derived from EMS mission documentations and hospital files, and for those cases with the injuries leading to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), we assessed the EMS cardiac arrest registry and consulted a forensic physician. ResultsWe included 480 cases of penetrating chest injuries of NACA IV-VII (83% male, 64% > 30 years old, 74% stab wounds, 16% cuts, 8% gunshot wounds, 56% inflicted by another party, 26% self-inflicted, 18% unknown). In the study period, the incidence rose from 1.4/100,000 to 3.5/100,000 capita, and overall, about one case was treated per week. In the cases with especially severe injury patterns (= NACA V-VII, 43% of total), (tension-)pneumothorax was the most common injury (29%). The highest mortality was seen in injuries to pulmonary vessels (100%) or the heart (94%). Fifty-eight patients (12% of total) deceased, whereas in 15 cases, the forensic physician stated survival could theoretically have been possible. However, only five of these CPR patients received at least unilateral thoracostomy. Regarding all penetrating chest injuries, thoracostomy had only been performed in eight patients. ConclusionsSevere cases of penetrating chest trauma are rare in Vienna and happened about once a week between 2009 and 2017. Both incidence and case load increased over the years, and potentially life-saving invasive procedures were only reluctantly applied. Therefore, a structured educational and skill retention approach aimed at both paramedics and emergency physicians should be implemented. Trial registrationRetrospective analysis without intervention.

Predictors of long-term survival in 5,680 patients admitted to a UK major trauma centre with thoracic injuries.

The long-term outcomes of chest trauma are largely unknown. We sought to determine the predictors of in-hospital and long-term survival in patients admitted to a major trauma centre (MTC) with chest injuries and to evaluate spatial patterns of injury in our network area. Retrospective analysis of data collected on the National Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) database using multivariate analysis and Cox regression analysis. Spatial analysis was performed using ArcGis 10.7.1. Some 5,680 patients were admitted with chest trauma between December 1999 and December 2019. Median patient age was 45 years and the median Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 20. The proportion of patients who had an operation was 39.8%. Age, blood transfusion, head injury, shock, emergency thoracotomy and heart disease were predictors of hospital mortality (p < 0.05). However, having an operation on concomitant injuries was protective. ISS and Glasgow Coma Score were discriminators of in-hospital mortality (C-indices 0.76 and 0.80, respectively). The 10-year survival values for patients who survived to discharge from hospital and who were aged <40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and >80 years were 99%, 93%, 95%, 87%, 75% and 43%, respectively. Preadmission lung disease and alcohol/drug misuse were poor predictors of long-term survival (p < 0.05). Hotspot analysis revealed the areas with the highest incidents were all close to the MTC. The MTC is geographically central to areas with high numbers of trauma incidents. Although emergency thoracotomy was a predictor of poor in-hospital outcomes, having surgery for concomitant injuries improved outcomes. Patients surviving to discharge have good long-term survivals.

Pediatric emergency resuscitative thoracotomy: A Western Trauma Association, Pediatric Trauma Society, and Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma collaborative critical decisions algorithm.

Literature synthesis and expert opinion, Level V.

Utility of VATS in Thoracic Trauma: When? Why? and How?

Background: Thoracoscopy/VATS is an under utilized modality in thoracic trauma. In this article we aim to review the utility of thoracoscopy in chest trauma patients. We have also illustrated a case from our hospital, to demonstrate the effective use of VATS in trauma. Main Body: Indications for VATS in trauma can be divided into emergency, early and late, based on the timing of the intervention. In emergency situations, if the patient is hemodynamically stable, VATS can be used to control bleeding from the chest wall and intercostal vessels, it can also be useful for evacuation of clots, removal of foreign bodies, diagnosing diaphragmatic injuries and to visualize other internal organs of the thoracic cavity. In a delayed setting it can be used for evaluation and control of persistent pneumothorax, repair of lung lacerations and diaphragmatic injuries and also for fixing rib fractures. Uniportal VATS is a new technology that is coming up quickly, but is yet to be proven superior to traditional 3 port VATS in chest trauma. Conclusion: VATS is an important tool in the armamentarium of surgeons involved in dealing with chest trauma. However, it is not a substitute for emergency thoracotomy, but can only be a supplement to it.

Emergency thoracotomies in traumatic cardiac arrests following blunt trauma – experiences from a German level I trauma center

PurposeResuscitative thoracotomies (RT) are the last resort to reduce mortality in patients suffering severe trauma. In recent years, indications for RT have been extended from penetrating to blunt trauma. However, discussions on efficacy are still ongoing, as data on this rarely performed procedure are often scarce. Therefore, this study analyzed RT approaches, intraoperative findings, and clinical outcome measures following RT in patients with cardiac arrest following blunt trauma.MethodsAll patients admitted to our level I trauma center's emergency room (ER) who underwent RT between 2010 and 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Retrospective chart reviews were performed for clinical data, laboratory values, injuries observed during RT, and surgical procedures. Additionally, autopsy protocols were assessed to describe injury patterns accurately.ResultsFifteen patients were included in this study with a median ISS of 57 (IQR 41–75). The 24-h survival rate was 20%, and the total survival rate was 7%. Three approaches were used to expose the thorax: Anterolateral thoracotomy, clamshell thoracotomy, and sternotomy. A wide variety of injuries were detected, which required complex surgical interventions. These included aortic cross-clamping, myocardial suture repairs, and pulmonary lobe resections.ConclusionBlunt trauma often results in severe injuries in various body regions. Therefore, potential injuries and corresponding surgical interventions must be known when performing RT. However, the chances of survival following RT in traumatic cardiac arrest cases following blunt trauma are small.

Outcomes of resuscitative and emergent thoracotomies following injury at the largest trauma center in Estonia.

An emergency department thoracotomy (EDT) is performed in critically injured patients after a recent or in an imminent cardiac arrest following trauma. Emergent thoracotomy (ET) or operation room thoracotomy is reserved for more stable patients. However, the number of these interventions performed in an European settings is limited. Thus, we initiated the current study to investigate outcomes and risk factors for mortality of patients required EDT or ET at the largest trauma center in Estonia. All patients admitted after trauma to the North Estonia Medical Centre between 1/1/2017 and 31/12/2021 subjected to EDT or ET were included. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Overall, 39 patients were included. EDT and ET were performed in 16 and 23 patients, respectively. Median age was 45 (33-53) years and 89.7% were males. The crude 30-day mortality was 56.4% being 87.5% and 34.8% in the EDT and ET group, respectively. None of the patients with pre-hospital CPR requirement, severe head injury (AIS head ≥ 3) or severe abdominal injury (AIS abdomen ≥ 3) survived. All the patients in the survival group had signs of life in the emergency department. The rate of stab wounds was significantly higher in the survival group (p = 0.007). Patients with CGS < 9 had significantly lower possibility for survival (p < 0.001). EDT and ET outcomes in Estonian trauma system are comparable to similar advanced trauma systems in Europe. Patients with GCS > 8, signs of life in the ED and with isolated penetrating chest injury had the most favorable outcomes.

Cardiac arrest in the perioperative period: a consensus guideline for identification, treatment, and prevention from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and the European Society for Trauma and Emergency Surgery.

Cardiac arrest in the operating room is a rare but potentially life-threatening event with mortality rates of more than 50%. Contributing factors are often known, and the event is recognised rapidly as patients are usually under full monitoring. This guideline covers the perioperative period and is complementary to the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines. The European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and the European Society for Trauma and Emergency Surgery jointly nominated a panel of experts to develop guidelines for the recognition, treatment and prevention of cardiac arrest in the perioperative period. A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. All searches were restricted to publications from 1980 to 2019 inclusive and to the English, French, Italian and Spanish languages. The authors also contributed individual, independent literature searches. This guideline contains background information and recommendation for the treatment of cardiac arrest in the operating room environment, and addresses controversial topics such as open chest cardiac massage (OCCM), resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion (REBOA) and resuscitative thoracotomy, pericardiocentesis, needle decompression and thoracostomy. Successful prevention and management of cardiac arrest during anaesthesia and surgery requires anticipation, early recognition and a clear treatment plan. The ready availability of expert staff and equipment must also be taken into consideration. Success not only depends on medical knowledge, technical skills and a well organised team using crew resource management but also on an institutional safety culture embedded in everyday practice through continuous education, training and multidisciplinary co-operation.