Analysis Of Variance Results Research Articles

Influence of Knitting Structure and Metal Wire Amount on Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Knitted Fabrics

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of knitting structure and metal wire amount on the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of knitted fabrics comparatively. Single jersey, single pique, weft locknit, and cross miss fabrics involving stainless steel or copper wires were produced on a flat knitting machine. A free space measurement technique was used for the EMSE measurements in an anechoic chamber. The variance analysis results of the EMSE values reveal that the effect of knitting structure, metal wire type, metal wire amount, and incident wave frequency is highly significant. It was observed that fabrics with tuck and miss loop structures had higher EMSE values than single jersey fabrics. It was found that single pique fabrics had higher EMSE values than single jersey fabrics that contain twice as much metal wire. It indicates that changing the knitting structure is more effective than changing the metal wire amount.

Modeling and optimizing femtosecond laser process parameters for high-efficient and near damage-free micromachining of single-crystal GaN substrate

This paper presents a high-efficient and near damage-free micromachining method for gallium nitride (GaN) using femtosecond laser direct writing. To provide a precise selection principle of process parameters, the influences and interactions on GaN processing of parameters are systematically studied. Variance analysis results of single factor experiments show that laser power, scan speed, scan times and repetition frequency mainly influence the microgroove depth, microgroove width, heat-affected zone (HAZ) and material removal rate (MRR). In addition, the response surface method (RSM) indicates the interaction between scan times and repetition frequency has an appreciable influence on HAZ. And the interaction between scan speed and laser power plays a key role in MRR. Quadratic polynomial prediction models have been established by RSM and have discrepancies of less than 9.5% compared with the experimental results. The optimized parameters are important to achieve the desired control and high efficiency of femtosecond laser micromachining of single-crystal GaN substrate.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic content & antioxidant activity of hog plum (Spondias pinnata L. f. kurz) pulp by response surface methodology

BackgroundThe pulp of hog plum (Spondias pinnata L. f. kurz) has been documented as a potential source of nutritional, physiological, and pharmacological purposes due to its phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. However, an optimal extraction condition for hog plum pulp remains elusive. Optimization of extraction process conditions using Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique has recently attracted research interest. ObjectivesThe present study focused on optimizing the UAE extraction conditions of TPC and antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) from hog plum pulp by using response surface methodology (RSM). MethodsThe RSM with a three-factor-three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the extraction conditions. The BBD was used to investigate the effects of three independent variables, X1: ultrasonic temperature (40–60 °C), X2: ultrasonic time (30–60 min), and X3: ethanol concentration (40–80%) on TPC, DPPH and FRAP assays. Fifteen experimental trials have been carried out to optimize the UAE extraction conditions. A second-order polynomial model was used for predicting the responses. Statistically, the model was validated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). ResultsThe ANOVA results revealed that UAE extraction temperature, time, and ethanol concentration had a significant (p < 0.01) influence on the TPC, DPPH, and FRAP, suggesting that all extraction parameters included in this investigation were crucial to the optimization process. For TPC, DPPH, and FRAP, the R2 values were 0.9976, 0.9943, and 0.9989, respectively, indicating that the models developed based on second-order polynomials were satisfactorily accurate for analyzing interactions between parameters (response and independent variables). RSM analysis showed that the optimal extraction parameters which maximized TPC, DPPH, and FRAP were 52.03 °C temperature, 30 min, time, and 79.99% ethanol. Under optimal conditions, experimental values for TPC, DPPH, and FRAP were 370 ± 26 mg GAE/100g DM, 57 ± 7%, and 7650 ± 460 mg AAE/100 g DM, respectively. The experimental values showed a good agreement with the predicted values with residual standard error values below 0.2% under optimum conditions. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) demonstrate that the TPC showed a weak positive correlation with DPPH (r = 0.3508) and moderate correlation with FRAP (r = 0.3963). ConclusionThe experimental results agreed with the predicted values, confirming the model's appropriateness and RSM's efficacy in optimizing the UAE extraction conditions. This optimized UAE extraction method may be effective in the industrial extraction process; moreover, further research should be conducted to determine the efficacy of these extracts when applied to food.

Statistically 2 Level Factorial by Design Expert: In-vitro Design and Formulation of Levitiracetam Extended Release Tablets

Abstract: Background: Levitiracetam is an antiepileptic medication that falls into the BCS Class I drug classification. It is used to treat specific types of seizures in adults and children with epilepsy because of its high solubility and permeability. Aim: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the extended release tablets of levitiracetam by direct compression using HPMCK100, HPMCK15and Xanthan gum/Ethyl cellulose effect of the dissolution rate by 2 level factorial designs by Design expert software. Materials and Methods: The Design Expert software used to 2 level factorial designs, the three independent components of X1: drug: HPMCK 100, X2: HPMC K15 and X3: Ethyl cellulose/Xanthan gum was used to do analysis of variance (ANOVA), 3D surface plots, counter plots, optimization, and desirability. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate drug-excipient compatibility. Results and Conclusion: The drug release from all the tablets was diffusion control as indicated by the linear Higuchi plots. The release data was analyzed Peppas equation the release exponent (n) was found to be in the range 0.76-0.93. Amount all the levetiracetam tablets prepared formulation F2 formulated employing HPMC K100 60 mg, HMPCK15 25 mg, Xanthane gum 25 mg. In the all cases formulations F1, F3, F4, F5,F8 Indicates nonfickain diffusion and F2, F6, F7 Indicates super case II transport as release mechanism. The formulation F2 was released 100% drug release in a 8 hr. It is fulfill specifications for extended release tablets. The results of ANOVA of dependent variables indicated that the individual and combined effect of the 3 factors is significant (p< 0.05). The design expert software used to find 2 level factorial design, surface, counter plots, optimization and desirability. The optimized formula did better on the desirability level (1.0), indicating that it was a good fit. The FTIR spectra of pure drug and mixture with various excipients, indicates no chemical interaction between drug and excipients. Keywords: Extended release, Design expert software, Levitiracetam, Direct compression, Drug release 8hr.

Investigation of Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate in Demulsifying Crude Oil-in-Water Emulsions.

This research investigated the performance of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS), a double-chain anionic surfactant, in breaking crude oil-in-water emulsions. The response surface methodology was used to consider the effect of the DSS concentration, oil concentration, and shaking time on demulsification efficiency and obtain optimum demulsification conditions. Further single-factor experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of salinity, crude oil conditions (fresh and weathered), and gravity separation settling time. The results showed that DSS efficiently demulsified stable emulsions under different oil concentrations (500–3000 mg/L) within 15 min shaking time. Increasing DSS concentration to 900 mg/L (critical micelle concentration) increased the demulsification efficiency to 99%. DSS not only improved the demulsification efficiency but also did not impede the demulsifier interfacial adsorption at the oil–water interface due to the presence of the double-chain structure. The low molecular weight enables the homogeneous distribution of DSS molecules in the emulsion, leading to a high demulsification efficiency within 15 min. Analysis of variance results indicated the importance of considering the interaction of oil concentration and shaking time in demulsification. DSS could reduce the total extractable petroleum hydrocarbons in the separated water to <10 mg/L without gravity separation and could achieve promising demulsification performance at high salinity (36 g/L) and various concentrations of fresh and weathered oil. The demulsification mechanism was explained by analyzing the microscopic images and the transmittance of the emulsion. DSS could be an efficient double-chain anionic surfactant in demulsifying stable oil-in-water emulsions.

ONE FACTOR RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM) FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF ORAL VENLAFAXINE HCL CONTROLLED RELEASE ORGANOGEL

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop the oral Venlafaxine HCl controlled-release organogel (organogel–CR) by using one-factor response surface methodology (RSM). Methods: In this study, Drug-excipient compatibility was evaluated by FT-IR. A total of 14 experimental runs were carried out employing the detailed conditions designed by a single factor completely randomized design based on the response surface methodology was used to check the concentration effect of 12-Hydroxy stearic acid (12-HSA) at different cooling rates on drug release at 10 h (Q10) and after 12 h (Q12). Multiple linear regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and graphical representation of the influence factor were performed by using design expert 12. The developed organogel was also evaluated for viscosity, strength, transition temperature, diffusivity and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Prepared organogel was filled in the capsule and investigated for weight variation, drug content, erosion of organogel and In vitro drug release study. Results: FT-IR results showed that there was no chemical interaction between the drug and excipients. The SEM photograph indicates that the developed organogel was highly viscous with 3D network structure. The experimental confirmation tests showed a correlation between the predicted and experimental responses (R2 = 0.9937 and 0.9709). The results of ANOVA suggested that calculated F values of all dependent variables are greater than tabulated values. The optimal point obtained was located in the valid region and the optimum in vitro release of the predicted batch containing 7.9% concentration of 12-HSA with gradual cooling rate. To validate the evolved mathematical models, a checkpoint was selected and its desirability value was found to be 0.866. Conclusion: Oral controlled release Venlafaxine HCl organogel fix the problem of repeated dosing and patient noncompliance.

The Percentage of Male and Female Argulus Infesting Cyprinidae Fish in Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

Background: One cause of fish disease is the Argulus parasite. Both male and female Argulus were found to infect fish. This study aims to determine the percentage difference of male and female Argulus that infect Cyprinidae in Magelang Regency. Methods: The present study used a survey method. The independent variables in this study are carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus), comet goldfish (Carassius auratus), koi fish (C. carpio koi) and the sex of the Argulus parasite. The dependent variable of this study was the sex percentage of the Argulus parasite. The data analysis was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA) then followed by Duncan’s multiple range test to find out the differences between treatments. Result: The first ANOVA result showed no significant difference (p greater than 0.05), the second ANOVA showed significantly different results (p less than 0.05) and the third ANOVA reveals no significantly different percentage (p greater than 0.05). The highest infestation rate of male Argulus japonicus is found in koi fish (C. carpio koi) is 60% and the lowest is in comet goldfish, which is 38.46%. Whereas infestation of female A. japonicus in carp, goldfish, comet goldfish and koi fish also obtained a similar result.

Process optimization, characterization and economic evaluation of nanoparticles derived from galvanic sludge for photodegradation of 4-nitrophenol under natural sunlight

The United Arab Emirates has an average of 10 h of sunlight and is available almost throughout the year. This energy has a huge potential to be utilized in photodegrading wastewater. To engineer a sustainable photocatalyst, the waste (galvanic sludge) obtained from the galvanization industry was utilized to degrade 4-nitrophenol under natural sunlight. Detailed morphological, chemical, and optical characterization of galvanic sludge (GS) was performed by UV-DRS, FESEM-EDX, XRD, XPS, PL, FTIR, and GC-MS. RSM-CCD was utilized for optimizing the three key parameters, such as pH, photocatalyst loading, and 4-nitrophenol concentration. The highest photodegradation efficiency of about 94.5% was obtained for a 4-nitrophenol concentration of 30 ppm with a photocatalyst loading of 0.02 g at a pH of 6 with 0.01 mL of H2O2. Based on the analysis of variance results, the R2 value of the overall model was 98.1%, which indicated that the obtained model was well suited for degrading 4-nitrophenol. An economic evaluation was performed for applicability in the real world. For this photodegradation model, the cost of treatment was determined to be USD 17.5/m3. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time we have innovatively used GS as an efficient photocatalyst for treating 4-nitrophenol.

Effectiveness of Family-Centered Care Education in Care Knowledge of Caregivers of Hemodialysis Patients

Background: Many families of dialysis patients consider the lack of knowledge about the disease and type of care as the main reason for the difficulty in providing effective care to patients. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of family-centered care education in the care knowledge of caregivers of hemodialysis patients. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 80 main primary caregivers of hemodialysis patients in two teaching hospitals associated with Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, southeast Iran, in 2021. The family caregivers were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups (40 in each group) using permutation blocks. The experimental group received the family-based training program, and the control group received the usual care plan. The data were collected using the care knowledge questionnaire before and one month after the intervention. Then, the data were analyzed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, paired samples t-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) by SPSS software (version 22) with a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: The mean scores of caregivers’ knowledge in the intervention group before and after the intervention were 10.42 ± 3.23 and 21.47 ± 3.21 (P = 0.001) and in the control group were 11.27 ± 3.90 and 12.45 ± 3.40 (P = 0.12). Furthermore, the results of the independent samples t-test showed that the care knowledge of the participants in the intervention group improved significantly after the intervention (P = 0.001), compared to that of the control group (P = 0.12). The results of ANOVA showed that the mean scores of care knowledge of caregivers in the two groups were significantly different after the intervention (P = 0.001) Conclusions: Providing family-centered care education with the involvement of family caregivers can improve the care knowledge of the caregivers of hemodialysis patients. Given the significant role of caregivers in providing care services to these patients, special attention needs to be paid to the education of caregivers in educational programs.

High Pressure Resistant Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Pipe Design

In this study, a total of 6 different composites were obtained by adding 5%, 10% and 15% chopped aramid fiber reinforcement in 6 mm dimensions to each of the polypropylene and polyethylene matrix elements under the same production method and same conditions. The reinforcement and matrix materials were mixed using the extrusion method and then formed into plates by the press molding technique. Tensile and charpy tests of these composites were performed and their mechanical properties were examined. S/N ratios were calculated for the mechanical properties of the composites and the effect of matrix, fiber and additive ratios on mechanical properties was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the Signal/Noise (S/N) ratios and ANOVA results, it was observed that the composites had different effects on the mechanical properties. Pipes are designed considering the mechanical properties of composite materials with 15% aramid fiber added to each matrix element. The composite pipe design to be pressure tested was designed in Solidworks program with a length of 500 mm according to ISO 1167 standards. Pipe dimensions with an outer diameter of 125mm, which are used as a standard in natural gas infrastructure works, are taken as reference.

Kerentanan Relatif Beras terhadap Hama Kumbang Bubuk Gabah (Rhyzopertha dominica (F.))

The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is a primary pest that causes damage to stored cereals such as corn, grain, rice, wheat, sorghum, tubers, and starch-containing substrates and packaging made from wood. R. dominica not only cause losses in terms of quantity but also affect quality during the storage period through their feeding activities. The study aimed to determine the level of susceptibility to rice during storage to R. dominica. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Malikussaleh University, Aceh which began from November 2019 to February 2020. The study was done in the form of laboratory experiments using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) nonfactorial with a total treatment of 10 rice varieties. The results of variance analysis using the Duncan Multiple Range test showed that the susceptibility level of rice to R. dominica infestation was classified into moderate category. The highest percentage of weight loss was found in Mekongga varieties (1,95%) while the lowest in Inpari 30 (0,73%)

Exploring influencing factors for private sector participation in PPP power projects: case of Ghana

PurposeDemand for private investment in infrastructure, notably in the power sector remains high, and this is anticipated to expand with the passage of time. Very little research currently exists on the power sector and specifically the private sector influencing factors (PSIFs) for entering into public–private partnerships (PPPs). The purpose of this study is to explore influencing factors for private sector participation in PPP power projects in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachUsing purposive and snowball sampling techniques, questionnaires were used to gather responses from experts in the PPP power sector domain in a two-round Delphi survey. Reliability analysis was conducted using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and level of agreement tested using Kendall’s concordance. Mean score ranking, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square test were the main analysis conducted on the influencing factors.FindingsThe most significant PSIFs were: obtaining of investment support; improvement in private sector’s international image; synergy with public sector; sharing of risks; and gaining of profits. From ANOVA results, all the influencing factors had no significant different perception between the number of years in PPP practice and the motivations for the private sector entering into PPP power projects. Using Chi-square, the association between the variables indicated they were statistically significant.Practical implicationsThe findings in this study are significant for multinational power generation firms that seek to enter the Ghanaian energy sector to help fill the generation gap and deficit.Originality/valueThe output of this research contributes to the checklist of influencing factors for private sector participation in PPP power projects and enhances the development of PPP practice.

Multiple regression analyses to determine the effect of sweating rate and tattoo characteristics on sweat outcome measures during exercise

PurposeTo compare local sweating rate (LSR) and local sweat sodium ([Na+]), chloride ([Cl−]), and potassium ([K+]) concentrations of tattooed skin and contralateral non-tattooed skin during exercise. MethodsThirty-three recreational exercisers (17 men, 16 women) with ≥ 1 unilateral permanent tattoo on the torso/arms were tested during cycling, running, or fitness sessions (26 ± 4 °C and 54 ± 13% relative humidity). Forty-eight tattoos with a range of ink colors, ages (3 weeks to 20 years), and densities (10–100%) were included. Before exercise, the skin was cleaned with alcohol and patches (3 M Tegaderm + Pad) were placed on the tattooed and contralateral non-tattooed skin. LSR was calculated from sweat mass (0.80 ± 0.31 g), patch surface area (11.9 cm2), and duration (62 ± 14 min). Sweat [Na+], [Cl−], and [K+] were measured via ion chromatography.ResultsBased on the analysis of variance results, there were no differences between tattooed and non-tattooed skin for LSR (1.16 ± 0.52 vs. 1.12 ± 0.53 mg/cm2/min; p = 0.51), sweat [Na+] (60.2 ± 23.5 vs. 58.5 ± 22.7 mmol/L; p = 0.27), sweat [Cl−] (52.1 ± 22.4 vs. 50.6 ± 22.0 mmol/L; p = 0.31), or sweat [K+] (5.8 ± 1.6 vs. 5.9 ± 1.4 mmol/L; p = 0.31). Multiple regression analyses suggested that younger tattoos were associated with higher sweat [Na+] (p = 0.045) and colorful tattoos were associated with higher sweat [Cl−] (p = 0.04) compared with contralateral non-tattooed skin. Otherwise, there were no effects of LSR or tattoo characteristics on regression models for LSR or sweat electrolyte concentrations.ConclusionThere were no effects of tattoos on LSR and sweat [K+] during exercise-induced sweating, but tattoo age and color had small effects on sweat [Na+] and sweat [Cl−], respectively.Clinical trial identifiersNCT04240951 was registered on January 27, 2020 and NCT04920266 was registered on June 9, 2021.

Effect of Emotional Valence on Working Memory of Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES) Patients

Background The present study investigated how emotional valence influenced the working memory of patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) as compared to healthy individuals. Methods Emotional-N-Back task (E-N-back task) was administered to 15 PNES patients and equal number of healthy individuals. A 2 × 3 one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Correct detection (accuracy) and reaction (RT) time were recorded as behavioral performance measures. Results The ANOVA result of correct detection (accuracy) measure revealed significant difference in the performance of patients with PNES as compared with healthy individual, F (2, 48) = 17.08, p = 0.001. However, on the measure of reaction time (RT), both groups performed equally and there was no significant difference, F (2, 48) = 1.13, p = 0.33. Also the results of present study showed that patients with PNES are quicker in identifying unpleasant picture stimuli, which is evident from their mean comparison: unpleasant ( M = 65.55, SD = 15.66), pleasant ( M = 58.22, SD = 20.03), and neutral ( M = 45.11, SD = 23.13). Conclusion Conclusively, the finding of the present study shows a significant effect of emotional valence on working memory of patients with PNES on the measure of correct detection (accuracy), but not for second measure, i.e., reaction time this clearly reveals that patients with PNES are poor at emotional–cognitive integration, specifically at working memory level.

Influence of Colchicine Concentrations on Wheat Seeds Germination and Seedling Quality

The study investigated the effect of colchicine (C) on seeds germination, as well as morph physiological traits of wheat, where dry wheat seeds were treated with colchicine at concentrations of (C) were (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08 %) compared to soaking in distilled water (control). The variance analysis results of laboratory germination experiments as well as in field experiments under rain-fed conditions showed that there were significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) in the mean of most of the studied quantitative traits: germination quality such as germination force (%), germination energy (%), and laboratory germination (%). Leaf area (cm2 ), root spread, stem diameter (cm), as well as wet and dry weight under the influence of the different concentrations of colchicine. Where the results showed that when used wheat seeds which pre-soaked with colchicine solution at a concentration of (0.06) % for 56 hours pre-sowing, led to an obvious significant increase in all studied traits morph physiological properties and seedling vigor when compared to the control (untreated seeds - treated with distilled water only) as well as when compared with other concentrations of colchicine.

Self-Efficacy of Dietetics Educators Preparing to Implement a New National Education Model

Purpose: The Future Education Model (FEM) was introduced in 2017 and included changes to the existing dietetics education model, such as a shift in degree requirements and a change in Accreditation Standards based on competency-based programming. Starting in 2019, dietetics educators could apply to begin implementing the FEM at their institutions. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) served as the framework for this research. SCT can be used to understand individuals’ motivations in various contexts, including workplace environments like higher education. Self-efficacy is one component of SCT; self-efficacy in dietetics educators may be an important indicator of potential success implementing the mandatory FEM. The purpose of this study was to 1) determine dietetics educators’ self-efficacy towards implementing the FEM, and 2) compare self-efficacy scores based on demographic characteristics. Methods: A reliable and valid online questionnaire was developed and emailed to 520 dietetics directors in the United States. Frequencies, mean scores, and standard deviations were calculated for self-efficacy items; self-efficacy indicates potential to meet demands of implementing the FEM. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze differences between job title, age, years in higher education, and dietetics educator general self-efficacy. Results: There were 161 dietetics directors who responded (31% response rate). Dietetics directors’ mean total self-efficacy scores indicated self-efficacy towards implementing the FEM across all positions, age groups, and years in higher education. One-way ANOVA results indicated no significant differences between director age nor years in higher education and total mean self-efficacy scores, but there was a significant difference between graduate program directors’ (M=63.50, SD = 11.24) and internship directors’ (53.41, SD = 6.91) mean total self-efficacy scores (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Participants in this study were generally self-efficacious regarding implementing the FEM, a possible predictor of successful implementation when the time comes to making program changes and implementing these necessary changes.

Extraction process in Chuantieling (CTL) based on the quality by design (QbD) concept

ObjectiveThis study aimed to design and optimize the water extraction process for Chuantieling (喘贴灵, CTL) based on the concept of quality by design (QbD). MethodsThe single-factor experiments were used to select the best experimental points of CTL water extraction. On this basis, the transfer rate of ephedrine hydrochloride and sinapine thiocyanate, and the yield of the extract were evaluated as the evaluation indicators. The liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, and pH value were selected as the main factors to carry out the Box-Behnken design (BBD). A mathematical model of the critical process parameters (CPPs) and critical quality attributes (CQAs) was established, the interaction between CQAs and CPPs was examined, and the CTL extraction process design space was established and optimized, which guaranteed the stability of the process. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the main active compounds in the CTL extract. ResultsThrough single-factor experiments, the best experimental parameters were found to be a liquid-solid ratio of 8∶1, extraction time of 90 min, pH value of 4, and extraction times of three. The experimental variance analysis results of the BBD showed that the P value of the regression model was less than 0.05, and the lack-of-fit value was greater than 0.01, indicating that the constructed model had good predictive ability. The operating space of the CPPs of the CTL water extraction process was combined with the actual production situation. In the production situation, the best extraction process was nine times of water addition, 72 min of extraction time, and 4.5 of pH value. The HPLC results showed that the peak areas of ephedrine hydrochloride, sinapine thiocyanate, tetrahydropalmatine, methyl eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and 6-gingerol in the CTL extract accounted for 0.94%, 14.32%, 0.78%, 31.23%, 0.34%, and 0.44% of the total peak area, respectively. ConclusionThe water extraction process design space of CTL based on QbD was conducive to actual production operations, ensuring the stability of the process.

Investigation and prediction of mechanical properties of hot water treated jute/poly(lactic acid) composite laminates using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm

AbstractThe main objective of this work was to estimate the usefulness of response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) in modeling and predicting the strength of jute/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite laminates. Firstly, the impact of the hot water treatment on the thermal, molecular structure, and morphological characterizations as well as kinetic analysis of jute fibers were performed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR results showed that the hot water treatments reduced the content of lignin, hemicellulose, and impurities of the fibers. Hot water treated fibers exhibited higher thermal stabilities compared with untreated fibers as shown with TGA results. The SEM results showed effect contact surface area improved after the hot water treatment, leading to better mechanical properties of bio‐composites. Secondly, the influences of the ply orientation, plies and fiber content on the tensile strength and flexural strength of the hot water treated fibers composites were evaluated by RSM. RSM with the Box Behnken Design was utilized to establish the quadratic models of two objectives in response to input parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine percentage contribution of various parameters on two quality objectives. According to the ANOVA results, ply orientation had the most important impact on tensile strength while the ply orientation‐fiber content interaction had the most important impact on flexural strength. Finally, multi‐objective optimization was carried out to maximize tensile strength and flexural strength using the desirability function and GA. The optimized results both showed an acceptable relative error between experimental and optimized values.

Effect of Four Weeks of Ginger Supplementation Followed by Acute Eccentric and Concentric Training on Irisin and Insulin Levels, Insulin Resistance Index, and Lipid Profile of Young Women With Obesity: A Randomized Clinical trial

Background and Aim Recently, a myokine called irisin has been discovered that affects glucose level, obesity, metabolism and glucose homeostasis by browning of white adipose tissue and heat production. This study aims to evaluate the effect of four weeks of ginger supplementation followed by acute eccentric and concentric training on irisin and insulin levels, insulin resistance index, and lipid profile of young women with obesity. Methods &amp; Materials This is a randomized clinical trial. Participants were 50 young women (BMI &gt;30 kg/m2, age: 24.86±2.87 years, height: 159.66±4.20 cm, and weight: 87.42±4.61 kg). After measuring their maximum oxygen consumption, they were randomly divided into five groups, two groups of supplementation, two groups of placebo, and one control group. The training protocol consisted of two sessions of acute eccentric and concentric activity. The supplementation groups consumed 2 g of ginger powder daily for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after each activity. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Ethical Considerations This study was registered by Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Code: IRCT201104246178N1) and was approved by the ethics committee of Ilam University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.MEDILAM.REC.1395.192). Results The irisin and insulin levels between increased and the glucose level decreased significantly in the supplementation groups (P&lt;0.05). The change in insulin resistance index was not significantly different among the study groups (P&gt;0.05). Based on the results of one-way ANOVA, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein levels decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05), but the high-density lipoprotein level showed no significant difference (P&lt;0.05). The total cholesterol level was not significantly different in terms of exercise type (P&gt; 0.05) but was significantly different in terms of supplementation type (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion Long-term consumption of ginger along with regular exercise can be an effective method for lowering glucose level and causing favorable changes in irisin level, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in young women with obesity.

Optimization of properties of concrete prepared with waste glass aggregate and condensed milk can fiber using response surface methodology

Natural sand layer depletion, as a result of rapid urbanization in the modern world, has urged researchers to find a substitution of fine aggregate in concrete. While, owing to overpopulation, affluence and advanced technology non-biodegradable dumps, solid waste, by-products of industrial processes have been swelling at a significant rate. However, many of these discarded wastes, including waste glass and tin can, have the scope to be utilized in concrete. Given the problems, this study investigated the effect of glass waste (10%, 20% and 30%) as replacement of river sand along with addition of condensed milk can (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) as fiber reinforcement. Previous researchers have used these two wastes separately in concrete. In addition, there are very few papers demonstrated prediction and optimization of properties of concrete having the two wastes. This study explores the combined influences of glass fine aggregate (GFA) and condensed milk can fiber (CMCF) on the workability, fresh density, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete. Also, prediction of the properties of concrete and optimization of the proportions of GFA and CMCF were done using response surface methodology (RSM). The result indicate that the workability of concrete tends to deteriorate with the increasing percentage of GFA and CMCF. Although fresh density shows promising result for inclusion of CMCF but decreases for increasing GFA. It can be observed that significant increment of compressive happened up to 20% GFA and 1% CMCF. However, splitting tensile strength shows decrement with the rise of content of both variables. The ANOVA (analysis of variance) results of the constructed RSM models revealed the validity of the models. The simulated values from the models were noticed in near accord with the corresponding actual values which indicate the effectiveness of the models. Finally, with the optimal percentage of 20.436% GFA and 0.843% CMCF, validation has been executed that nearly reached predicted responses with the highest value of desirability. Future studies should be done to improve the workability and splitting tensile strength using different admixtures, which will lead to better and sustainable production.