Results Of Scientific Activities Research Articles

Direction of research and innovation in modern psychology (from the experience of foreign research)

The article creates a comparative intellectual platform by analyzing research in modern psychology. It is analyzed that analysis of the direction of new foreign modern research is the basis for increasing the intellectual potential of Kazakhstani psychological science. Modern professional research in the new direction of psychological science, research familiar from the results of scientific activity, are examined in detail. It can be noted that almost all the psychological research discussed in the article at congresses and conferences are studies that fully cover the social sphere and the requirements of the time. Foreign research is largely related to effective scientific research in Kazakhstan in the direction of developing the integration of science and knowledge, production in accordance with the requirements of new times. The article presents the foundations of world scientific psychological research, which determine the direction of our research, and analyzes scientific research on the Asian continents and the Pacific Ocean. The authors discuss their research at cognitive behavioral psychology conferences in Singapore, reviewing research from world congresses in Africa, Japan and the prestigious Global Science Technology Forum (GSTF) in Singapore, while witnessing conferences held by that organization. The authors summarize their thoughts that by familiarizing ourselves with many innovation studies, we can increase our own innovation potential.

Algorithm for systematizing information about scientific activities in the environmental education system

The article is devoted to describing the process of collecting and systematizing information about the results of scientific activities in the environmental education system. Carrying out such work is caused by the need to assess the effectiveness of the scientific activities of higher educational institutions that provide training for environmental specialists. Rationalization of the proposed material is carried out using an algorithm, designed in the form of flowcharts, briefly illustrating the content and sequence of operations for collecting and systematizing information.

How to ensure a chronometer’s accuracy. Josiah Emery timekeepers and their users

ABSTRACT Precision was not a quality expected from ordinary watches in the eighteenth century, which required specific maintenance to function correctly. The precautions to be taken to ensure the accuracy of pocket chronometers, whose going would influence navigation or the results of scientific activities, were even more vital. However, the remarkable attention that horological studies have devoted to the origins of chronometry has neglected these aspects. It has erroneously assumed that the success of chronometers was guaranteed by their innovative impact and technological advancement. To illustrate the importance to examine the birth of chronometry from the point of view of manipulating technology and the user experience, my paper will discuss the case of the small series of pocket chronometers manufactured between 1782 and 1794 by the London workshop of the Swiss watchmaker Josiah Emery. The article shows that not all the users possessed the necessary technical knowledge nor training to handle and employ chronometers appropriately and that the instructions given by the artisan to his clients played a fundamental role.

APPLICATION OF ONTOLOGICAL MODELING IN THE PROBLEMS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN A MODERN UNIVERSITY

The article provides a brief description of the stages of building an ontological model of the subject area. The results of building an ontological model of university knowledge, namely scientific knowledge, which allows integrating data on the results of scientific activity from scientometric databases, are presented. The proposed model is built by reengineering the SWRC and BiDO ontological model.

Comparative Cross-Country Analysis of the Development Level of Scientific and Innovative Activity

The progressive economic development of countries in the modern world is based on the corresponding development of scientific and innovative activities. The paper analyzes the main indexes characterizing the state of scientific potential and indexes reflecting the effectiveness of scientific activity in 43 countries of the world, including Russia and China. Interrelations of indexes are revealed and regression equations describing the existing dependencies are constructed. Based on the obtained models, the results of scientific activity are estimated for two countries: Russia and China. The estimates are compared with the actual levels of indexes and conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of the use of available scientific resources.Purpose of the study. The aim of the study was to identify homogeneous groups of regions that are similar in their economic and innovative indexes, statistical analysis of these groups based on non-parametric methods and methods of correlation and regression analysis, and the formation of conclusions and recommendations regarding their innovative activities.Materials and methods. The following statistical methods were used in the study: non-parametric, correlation-regression, multivariate classifications (cluster analysis), discriminant analysis, descriptive statistics (averages, structural averages, variation indexes, etc.). The work used the statistical data of the World Bank, OECD, Rosstat. The calculations were carried out using the STATISTICA 12.0 software package.Results. The paper classifies countries according to the level of scientific potential and scientific performance. The cluster affiliation of Russia is determined. The search for a circle of countries that have similar conditions of scientific potential with Russia for further use of the experience of these countries is one of the goals of the paper. As a result of the analysis, it can be noted that the inventive activity of the Russian population is quite high, at the same time, the scientific potential in relation to scientific publications is used extremely poorly. In China, high levels of inventive activity and average citation of scientific publications can be noted. The number of patents granted, taken as a whole, has a strong linear relationship with GDP per capita and a strong non-linear relationship with domestic spending on research and development as a percentage of GDP and the number of people employed in research and development per 10,000 employed in the economy. By cluster groups, the listed dependencies were not found in the developed countries included in the first cluster, but were confirmed for the other of the countries.Conclusion. An analysis of the inventive activity of the Russian population showed that, with the existing scientific potential, the country managed to achieve much better results in this area than it could be based on the values of per capita GDP, research and development costs, the number of personnel, etc. (the excess according to different models is approximately 1.4 - 2.7 times). In general, for the totality of countries, the citation rate has a sufficient relationship with GDP per capita and the number of staff involved in research and development, but the volume of internal costs per researcher and the share of internal costs as a percentage of GDP do not significantly affect it. The experience of China confirms this conclusion: with a low cost per researcher, the country managed to achieve high results in the innovation field, but this phenomenon can be explained by the existence of a certain lag between the development of indexes. Separately, for cluster groups that divide the entire set of countries into highly developed, underdeveloped and countries occupying an intermediate position, no relationship was found between the citation index and other indexes.This paper is focused, first, on specialists dealing with the problems of the development of science, in particular Russian. The established relationships between indexes characterizing the level of scientific potential and scientific performance, described using linear and non-linear models, will help practitioners who decide on the organization and financing of science to find the best ways to solve emerging problems.

Possibilities of Science in Innovative Development: “Measuring Technologies”

The purpose of the study is to identify the main conditions that ensure the influence of science on innovation, especially in terms of technological innovation. Comparative and structural analysis, application of measurement procedures, and evaluation of empirical data constitute the methodology of the study. The results of the study can be reduced to a number of provisions confirmed by analysis. Firstly, in Russia, in the course of permanent reorganizations, the institutional, informational, funding, and even personnel potential (due to a reduction in the number of researchers) was greatly weakened. Thus, the impact of scientific knowledge on the innovation process was clearly reduced, although the thesis that innovations are always results of scientific activities is difficult to dispute. Secondly, we should not talk about it as a direct relationship, but through the time lags. It is they who become a stumbling block in the conducting and planning current scientific and technological policy. Thirdly, the author has showed the main problems of technological innovation in Russia, identified in the course of many years of author’s research, supporting the important conclusion about the lack of an accurate representation and measurement of the level of technological effectiveness of the economy. The author has also proposed to solve this problem by detailing and improving accounting and statistical procedures in the field of technology, e. g., by means of technological maps, as well as by introducing an indicator as technology coverage of relevant objects (enterprises, regions, etc.). The current piece measurement of technologies does not consider coverage. Such an omission causes a significant distortion in the assessment of the technological level, as well as in further studies of the relationship between basic science, R&D, and technological development.

КОММЕРЦИАЛИЗАЦИЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЕЙ ВУЗОВ

At present, intangible values play a significant role, which include knowledge, business connections, reputations and other intangible factors united by the concept of “intellectual capital”. The main source of a nation’s wealth is not capital, labor, or natural resources, but knowledge. The development and reform of the national education system requires the provision of educational organizations with high-quality educational literature. In general, when creating an intellectual product, the results of scientific activity are alienated. In the context of the development of Internet technologies and the improvement of legislation in the field of copyright, the authors of scientific and educational publications have the opportunity to generate income from the placement of intellectual property in electronic library systems (EBS). Therefore, the features of the sale of the results of intellectual activity are considered, the main directions of commercial activity in the promotion of publications on the Internet are determined. Therefore, the features of the sale of the results of intellectual activity are considered, the main directions of commercial activity in the promotion of publications on the Internet are determined.

MODEL OF REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN THE CONDITIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

In this paper, the object of research is an innovative model of regional management of freshwater resources in the context of achieving environmental goals. The study found that the most problematic issues are the lack of clear criteria and methodological mechanisms in the formation of the basic innovative principles of freshwater resource management in the context of sustainable development. When solving the problems posed in the work, the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative comparison and logical generalization were used. On their basis, the analysis of the main principles of adaptation of the world experience of regional management of freshwater resources in the context of the implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive was carried out and the conceptual foundations for the formation of an innovative model for the management of freshwater resources of territories in the context of sustainable development were developed. A cluster model of a regional innovation-information portal of freshwater resources is proposed, which allows uniting the efforts of public authorities, the population, the public, scientific institutions and business in solving problematic issues related to the ecosystem based on smart technologies in the context of sustainable development. It is determined that for the functioning of the cluster model it is necessary to develop institutional, legislative, regulatory, scientific and innovative, investment support. It is substantiated that the functioning of the cluster model of the regional innovation-information portal of freshwater resources will solve the following problems:–creation of a unified data bank for monitoring the quality of water resources, the results ofscientific and technical activities, business planning and design for the conservation, restoration and purification of water;–information services in the field of innovation;–attraction of business representatives to co-financing of innovative projects.Thanks to the results of the conducted studies, it is possible to more objectively and balanced assess the possible schemes and tools for managing the territory’s freshwater resources. The conceptual approach presented in the paper is a rather flexible tool with a free choice of elements of analysis depending on the goals and objects of management.

Paradoxes of the methodology of modern political science: possibilities and limits

The article attempts to consider the reasons for limiting the analytical and predictive capabilities of the methodology of modern political science. On the basis of various approaches, the factors that hinder the objective analysis and forecasting of the political are analyzed. The ontological, epistemological and praxiological aspects of the analysis of this problem are presented. It is noted that the formation of a global system is accompanied by the emergence of new properties, including interdependence, increased turbulence and chaotic behavior, cascading effects of changes, the growth of fluctuations and emergent manifestations that increase uncertainty and instability. At the same time, the research apparatus of the methodology of political science does not reflect the complexity, dynamics and diversity of the new emerging interconnections of the open global system, which necessitates its revision, activation of its further development, transition to a new constructivist paradigm. The article examines the importance of interdisciplinarity in the formation of new areas of political science, as well as the role of transdisciplinarity in the formation of new research strategies. The impossibility of forecasting based on successful models and methods in the past, extrapolation of the system of causal relationships of local systems in a state of relative stability to the prediction of open unstable systems is noted. The praxeological analysis allowed us to consider the features of the process of interpreting the results of analytical and predictive activities, the importance of the interest of political actors in the implementation of the results of scientific activity in political practice.

Prospects for the formation of legal (judicial) doctrines: the experience of the USA and the possibilities of reception

The current realities of the rapid development of technology and the social relations that are becoming more complicated in this regard require the formation of new forms and types of legal regulation. At the same time, it is fair to consider the quantitative criterion of accepted legal norms as an ineffective way to eliminate the uncertainty of law. In turn, the practice of using legal doctrines as a source of law in the Anglo-Saxon legal system for several centuries has shown its effectiveness in regulating relations that remain outside the legal space, while taking into account both legal tradition, doctrinal interpretations of legal scholars, and established judicial practice. In the study, the author suggests the formation of sectoral legal doctrines by analogy with the experience of using similar institutions in the United States of America as a perspective for the development of Russian legal science and practice. For this purpose, the features of the institute of legal doctrines in the USA are considered. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion about the possibility of successful extrapolation of this institute. At the same time, it is emphasized that the process of forming sectoral legal doctrines should consist in collecting empirical material, monitoring data on the operation of regulatory legal acts and the results of scientific activity. However, as a result of this time-consuming process, doctrines will become a tool that allows determining the proper legal regulation of rapidly changing public relations, without waiting for the result of a long law-making process and will be a help for both legislators and law enforcement officers.

MODERN MILITARY TECHNOLOGIES AND THE RESPONSIBILITY OF A SCIENTIST, CREATOR, OPERATOR, ETC.: SOME APPROACHES OF THE BRICS COUNTRIES

Based on the legal material of the BRICS countries the article touches upon the issue of legal responsibility of a scientist, creator, operator, etc. for the implementation of the results of his scientific activities in the field of new military technologies. Interest is caused by the impact on legal and military science, as well as on the ideas of both ordinary people and specialists (lawyers, military, sociologists, etc.) provided by new technologies that currently allow to do things that previously could not even be imagined otherwise than in imaginative literature, films, etc. In this way, the current provisions of normative acts (in the field of legislation on intellectual property), ethical codes, etc., and doctrines (works of specialists who give arguments "pro" and "contra" giving legal personality to artificial intelligence) are examined. Scientific novelty is due, firstly, to the choice of countries - these are the BRICS countries, secondly, the subject of the study is the legal responsibility for the implementation of the results of scientific activity of a scientist in the field of new military technologies, thirdly, the analysis of a selected range of issues in an interdisciplinary aspect - from the standpoint of jurisprudence, military science, ethics. Among the conclusions reached by the author, the inevitability of ethical problems when using AI in civil (for example, transport) and military autonomous systems. In this regard, attempts have been made to solve these problems in the BRICS countries in various ways: from declarative limitations in patent legislation to the development of guidelines and ethical principles that meet the realities. The need to develop a single document with an international legal status on the issue of AI-human interaction, based on the opinions and ideas about the principles of such interaction of more than eighty subjects from around the world is also showed.

Development of the Information System for Registering the Result of Scientific Institution’ Employees Intellectual Activity

The article describes a Web-system developed by the authors that implements services related to the formation and provision of multifaceted information about the results of scientific activities (publications, copyright certificates and reports at scientific events) of employees of an organization or a group of organizations. The system is focused both on the end user interested in obtaining specific data, and on the administrative staff, who generates reporting materials for the parent organization. The information base of the system contains metadata on the following classes of objects: persons (authors), organizations and their subdivisions; publications at analytical, monographic and summary levels; copyright certificates; scientific events (conferences, symposia, seminars); reports. The system includes two modules – an administrative one (intended for entering and editing data) and a user one, which is a special search engine that searches for information, visualizes it, provides navigation among related resources and exports data. A distinctive feature of the system is the introduced concept of “equivalent” objects. Objects are considered equivalent if they are represented in the system by different metadata, but referring to the same physical entity. Such objects are “persons” corresponding to one author with different spellings of the surname in the bibliographic descriptions of publications; organizations with different variants of names; articles published unchanged in various languages. In accordance with modern requirements for reporting on publications, the system reflects the sources of research funding, as well as the affiliations indicated in the articles for each author.

Integration Of Science And Education As An Important Factor In Improving The Quality Of Education

The article discusses the role of higher education institutions in improving the quality of education, the involvement of teachers in research activities and the involvement of students in this process is an important factor in improving the quality of education. Also, the analysis of the results of scientific activity of professors of higher education institutions and forecasts for future periods were made.

ВУЗОВСКАЯ НАУКА В БАШКИРИИ В 1960-1980-Е ГГ.

The article deals with the development of science in higher educational institutions of Bashkiria in the 1960- 1980s, also the problem of the growth of the number of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel. The paper shows the dynamics of creating of research sections (departments), research industrial branch and problem laboratories, research production units in the universities of the republic. Thus, the first research laboratory in the higher educational institutions of the republic appeared in 1960, and the first research sections (departments) in 1963. The paper shows that in institutional terms, research activities were particularly intensively developed in the Ufa Oil and Aviation Institutes, the Bashkir State University. For some time, from 1963 to 1967, the former research institutes of the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences were part of the BSU; namely the Institute of Organic Chemistry and the Institute of Biology. However, the most rapid emergence of research laboratories in most universities of the republic dates back only to the 1980s, when they were established in the Bashkir State University, Medical and Agricultural Institutes. The article describes peculiarities of the formation of scientific trends and schools in various higher education institutions of the region. Thus, in the Bashkir Agricultural Institute, scientific research was closely related to agricultural production, in the Medical Institute - with medical and preventive practice in the republic. The Ufa Aviation and Petroleum Institutes, partly the University, served the production interests of large industrial enterprises. The article reveals that during the period under review, there occurred a certain integration of college science with academic and branch science, production, also increase the volume of contractual self accounting work took place The problem publication the results of scientific research remained acute during the study period. The issue of the implementing of the results of scientific activity in to production is touched upon. A number of difficulties in the development of science in higher educational institutions of the republic are identified in the article: the weakness of the experimental and production base, its inefficient use, the increase in the time of implementation of developments in to production, the low level of cooperation and coordination of scientific activities.

ILLEGAL EXPORT-IMPORT OPERATIONS AS AN OBJECT OF RESEARCH IN THE SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF RESEARCHERS

The article provides a bibliometric analysis of publications on the queries of "illegal import operations" and illegal export operations during 1984-2021. Emphasis was placed on Scopus as it is the largest bibliographic database in the world, representing over 21,000 international scientific publishing houses. The work is devoted to the study of the application of bibliographic analysis as a quantitative approach in assessing the documentary and informational workflow, which makes it possible to carry out a formalized analysis of the results of scientific activity quite accurately. The main results demonstrate an increase the topic interest of illegal export-import operations in different social and economic areas and in different countries. The analysis of publications proves the lack of a literature review on the topic with the keywords illegal import operations and illegal export operations. It has also been found that bibliometric analysis is an effective tool that can be used for literature reviews across all branches of the social and economic sciences. The results obtained in this study provide additional information on the development of the topic of illegal export-import operations, sources of publications, and their dynamics, as well as justification for the development of a literature review as an obligatory part of scientific articles on the topic under study. Keywords: bibliometric analysis; Scopus database; illegal import transactions; illegal export transactions.

Development of fundamental and applied research in the field of food hygiene

The review summarizes the directions of the results of scientific activities of the Department of Food Hygiene of the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing. Since the day of its foundation, the employees have been working on the examination of food products, the development of methods for the study of food and ready-made meals, the prevention of food poisoning of bacterial and non-bacterial aetiology, as well as the hygienic assessment and control of the produced utensils and containers. Based on the department, capital studies were carried out to study and rationalize the nutrition of certain groups of the population: industrial workers (engaged in the development of coal mines, working at metallurgical and mining enterprises, etc.), children and adolescents of various institutions. The article highlights the main directions of work on the study and development of methods for hygienic and chemical research of public catering and food industry products, on the hygienic assessment of pesticides and new methods of food processing technology. Attention is paid to studies on establishing migration patterns and deciphering the mechanisms of biological action of toxic substances released from materials in contact with food. A significant contribution was the scientific substantiation of hygienic food system optimization using preventive foods for contingents of persons in extreme environmental conditions, including astronauts. The result of the research was the development of medico-biological requirements for specialized products intended for feeding people in extreme conditions of space flight and wounded with damage to the skeletal system. The works of the outstanding employees of the department have made a significant contribution to the science of hygiene and sanitary practice.

Information and Communication Problems of Innovative Activity in a Regional University

The paper reveals the features of innovation activity in the higher education system in Russia. The authors summarize the reforms planned in the Strategy of innovative development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, analyze the current state and prospects for the deployment of innovation, and draft some proposals for university practice. The article analyzes the collective nature of the subject of innovation activity in a regional university, as well as the problems of interrelationships between its individual groups. It highlights information and communication problems in the course of organizing and implementing university innovation activities, in particular, in the process of forming innovation competencies. The problems of commercialization of the results of scientific activity in regional universities of the country are considered separately. Specific sociological data gathered by the authors is used to verify conclusions and propositions. The main conclusion: innovation activity in a regional university (especially in a classical university) is developing slowly and with great difficulties, in particular, due to numerous information and communication problems of interaction and the formation of a corporate innovation culture.

PRIORITIES OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY: THE EXPERIENCE OF ATYRAU UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER KH. DOSMUKHAMEDOVA

Within the framework of this work, the innovative educational environment of the Atyrau University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov (AU) is considered. The role and the effects of the development of the innovation system of the university are analyzed and shown, the main strategic goals are revealed. The model for the development of educational infrastructure was substantiated, which implies an increase in the number of students, the modernization of educational programs, the launch of international educational programs in English, the implementation of innovative projects, including the commercialization of the results of scientific activities based on the business incubator “i-Space”, the promotion of the university for more high positions in national rankings of multidisciplinary universities, in international rankings, including the world ranking of universities for sustainable development “Green Metric”. The results of the study confirm the importance of the Development Strategy of AU for 2020-2025 as an alternative and an important step in creating an innovative university environment for solving problems of strengthening scientific potential, raising the status of a scientist, teacher of AU, increasing the contribution of university science to the needs of social partners, modernizing the content of academic activities in the context world trends, realizing their potential in striving for higher positions in the national ratings of multidisciplinary universities, in the international ratings of sustainable development "Green Metric".

Scientific and Educational Collaborations as a Tool to Increase the Competitiveness of Russian Universities

The purpose of the study is to determine the prerequisites and conditions for the creation of consortia as an organizational form of collaboration of scientific organizations and universities to ensure their competitiveness in the global education and science market within the framework of the implementation of national projects. The national project in the field of education and science is aimed at ensuring the high quality of higher education and its accessibility, increasing the level of cooperation of higher education institutions and scientific institutions, which will make it possible to commercialize the results of scientific activities more productively and, ultimately, ensure Russia’s entry into the number of advanced countries in the world in terms of scientific research and their impact. Among the main tasks of the research is to identify problems associated with the need to improve approaches in the implementation of projects to create scientific and educational consortia. Materials and methods. The research is based on the materials obtained by the authors in the course of the implementation of a number of consulting and educational projects carried out jointly with the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation to ensure the financial stability of universities. In the course of interviews and analysis of statistical and functional reports (on scientific activities, self-examination reports, performance monitoring, etc.), data were obtained and summarized to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of strategic planning programs, as well as the effectiveness of cooperation projects between universities, local authorities and business.Research results. Analysis of trends in the development of scientific and educational communications showed that reliance on collaboration can serve as a factor in the sustainable development of scientific and educational organizations. In recent years, there has been an intensive search for the most effective organizational and financial instruments to ensure the promotion of Russian universities in the leading international rankings. It is shown that the most effective organizational mechanism for achieving the set goals is the integration of educational and scientific organizations in the form of consortia. It was revealed that for the formation of scientific and educational consortia, it is necessary to have not only the appropriate infrastructure for the work of scientific teams, but first of all to have projects, the implementation of which will make it possible to make a breakthrough in educational and scientific activities. An important factor influencing the formation and development of consortia is that their creation is a prerequisite for participation in the strategic academic leadership program. In this regard, the study focuses on the need to use assessment indicators by the project management from the side of the state, which would provide a full assessment of the effectiveness of the funds provided in the form of a grant.Conclusion. The results of the research show that at the state level there is a search for new forms and mechanisms that would allow for the intensive development of Russian education and science. The main instrument for the implementation of state policy in this area is represented by national projects that set the main parameters for development. It is planned to increase the number of universities that will be able to receive grant support as members of scientific and educational consortia. Certain problems have been identified that may affect the effectiveness of the activities of educational and scientific organizations in collaborations.

PATENT TROLLING AND LEGAL REGULATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

The article deals with a unique legal phenomenon that requires regulation in the context of protecting the rights of inventors to the results of scientific activity — patent trolling. Due to the imperfection of the patent system and patent legislation, the subjective rights of “bona fide inventors” in the field of scientific and innovation activities are constantly violated by “patent trolls”. On the example of the law enforcement practice of the United States of America, legal methods of countering this phenomenon are illustrated, the conditions conducive to its occurrence are analyzed. A conclusion is presented on the need to take into account the experience of the United States when amending the legislation of the Russian Federation on patent protection. It is noted that in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, the issue of combating “unscrupulous” copyright holders becomes one of the most acute. The criteria for assessing the “bad faith” of a patent infringement claim, developed by an American legislator, can become the basis for the development of similar legal norms on Russian soil and throughout the post-Soviet space.