Penetration Test Results Research Articles

Development of High Performance Light Weight Concrete through incorporation of Steel Fibers onto Polyurethane Foam Concrete

A lightweight, high-performance concrete was developed using steel Fiber-reinforcement onto polyurethane foam (PUF) enhanced lightweight concrete. Fiber-reinforcement enhances strength parameters of concrete. But, the interaction between polyurethane foam’s ability to reduce density and the reinforcing effects of steel Fibers in terms of mechanical strength, shrinkage, chloride penetration, and crack resistance has not yet been explored. To overcome this limitation, investigations were done in this study to find compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shrinkage, impact resistance, and chloride ion penetration on PUF incorporated with steel Fibers. Microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine Fiber-concrete bonding. The results revealed that mixes with 1.5% steel Fiber content exhibit good performance, in terms of improved compressive and flexural strengths, impact resistance, and shrinkage reduction. Chloride penetration test results exhibited good chloride resistance in Fiber-reinforced mixes, making them suitable for use in corrosive environments. SEM analysis confirmed that the improved mechanical properties were largely due to enhanced Fiber-matrix bonding, which contributed to better crack control. Thus, this study was able to develop a Polyurethane foam light weight concrete incorporated with steel Fibers which could synergistically enhance its strength and durability characteristics.

APD: An automated parameter determination system based on in-situ tests

In-situ testing has numerous applications in geotechnical engineering. The interpretation of in-situ test results includes soil stratification and determination of soil parameters. This paper presents an automated parameter determination framework that aims to determine constitutive model parameters based on in-situ tests. The ongoing research project relies on a graph-based approach for determining the parameters. The framework has two main attributes: transparency and adaptability. Transparency is achieved by illustrating how a certain parameter was computed. Adaptability is ensured by allowing users to incorporate their expertise into the framework. The system currently determines parameters based on three main workflows that utilize the results of cone penetration tests, dilatometer tests, and shear wave velocity measurements. This study employs the three main workflows to determine soil parameters for one of the Norwegian GeoTest Sites. Additionally, the connection between the parameter determination system and finite element analysis is discussed, where the parameters for the Modified Cam Clay model are evaluated. The framework is valuable in the early stages of projects, providing detailed soil information when soil data is limited. Ongoing research aims to assess the accuracy of the derived soil and constitutive model parameters and to expand the system’s capabilities by including additional in-situ tests.

Correlation between shear wave velocity (Vs) and penetration resistance along with the stress condition of Eskisehir(Turkey) case

AbstractShear wave velocity (Vs) is an important characteristic in geotechnical earthquake engineering practices for estimating site response. Seismic refraction and well seismicity are the common ways to determine the shear wave velocity. However, these methods require on-site land studies. For this reason, there are empirical approaches that have been proposed to calculate Vs depending on the number of SPT-N obtained from the Standard Penetration experiment data. Studies in the literature have different aspects and correspond to varied empirical approaches. The study aims to establish empirical correlations between the Shear Wave Velocity (Vs), Standard Penetration Test results (SPT-N), and stress conditions of soils considering the soil types of the local sites in Eskişehir, Turkey. The Vs values of the soil from the data set we used in this study were obtained from seismic refraction-reflection studies in 22 different locations in Eskişehir. SPT-N values obtained from 42 boreholes representing the Eskişehir ground were used. The Vs values calculated from the empirical approaches given depending on the SPT-N values and the Vs values measured on the site were compared. In addition, regression analyses were performed between SPT- N and Vs. As a result of the regression analyses performed, new empirical correlations were developed according to soil types. Finally, new empirical correlations are established that can predict Vs at different soil depths and conditions taking the soil type and overburden pressure into account and contributing valuable insights for geotechnical earthquake engineering purpose. The regressions show that there is a good correlation between the Vs-SPT-N along with the total stress with high R2s and soil types are effective on predicting the shear wave velocity.

Determination of air permeability of buildings

The air permeability of the building determines the level of energy efficiency of the building. The regions of the European Union are approaching NZEB standards and passive house standards. The Ukrainian regulatory framework for airtightness does not meet European standards for energy-efficient buildings and will require updating, as there will be an increase in the wind permeability of the building, and the increase is possible to the normatively permissible value, increased air permeability and energy efficiency. The permeability is expressed by the value of the air flow in cubic meters per year per square meter of the area of the outer shell of the booth when there is a pressure difference in the internal air of 50 Pa. Ait permeability will need to be specified by parameter q50 [m3/(h·m2)] instead of n50 [h – 1]. All countries of the European Union may use the q50 [m3/(h·m2)] parameter in their standards. Exclusions are Lithuania and Ukraine, where the actual air permeability is determined by the parameter n50 [h – 1]. Based on the Ukrainian standard for air permeability, air permeability is calculated by n50 [h – 1]. For energy efficiency class C, values n50 < 2.0 [h – 1] are allowed, which is approximately the same value as q50 < 5.0 [m3/(h·m2)]. Following the Lithuanian standard, which also corresponds to the vicoristics n50, where n50 < 1.0 h – 1, which is approximately the same value as q50<2.5 [m3/(h·m2)]. It is proposed to establish new standard values for the air permeability and energy efficiency in line with European standards. The results of penetration tests of 24 objects of different heating volumes and energy efficiency classes were analyzed. It’s shown that lovering the energy efficiency class disharmonises the n50 and q50 values. The results allow proposal to set the normative value n50 < 2.5

A Critical Review of Cone Penetration Test-Based Correlations for Estimating Small-Strain Shear Modulus in North Sea Soils

The geotechnical characterisation of offshore wind farm sites requires measurement or estimation of the small-strain shear stiffness Gmax of the subsoil. This parameter can be derived from shear wave velocity Vs measurements if the bulk density of the soil is known. Since direct measurements of Vs are generally not available at all foundation locations in a wind farm, correlations with cone penetration test (CPT) results are often used to determine location-specific stiffness parameters for foundation design. Existing correlations have mostly been calibrated to onshore datasets which may not contain the same soil types and stress conditions found in the North Sea. The distinct geological history of the North Sea necessitates a critical review of these existing CPT-based correlations. They are evaluated against an extensive database of in situ Vs measurements in the southern North Sea. The importance of modelling the stress-dependent nature of Vs is highlighted, and a novel stress-dependent model for Vs from CPT data, which leads to an improved fit, is presented. As the small-strain stiffness is used as an input to foundation response calculations, the model uncertainty of the correlation can introduce significant uncertainty into the resulting foundation response. This transformation uncertainty is quantified for each of the correlations evaluated in this study and shows important variations.

Development of ANN-based metaheuristic models for the study of the durability characteristics of high-volume fly ash self-compacting concrete with silica fume

The construction of durable and sustainable infrastructure requires the use of industrial byproducts such as fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) to enhance strength and durability. This study introduces novel machine learning models to forecast the results of rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) for self-compacting concrete (SCC) containing high volumes of FA and SF. This study assessed the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and elevated temperature curing on the RCPT outcomes for SCC. Various metaheuristic algorithms including teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO), ant colony optimization (ACO), the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), and shuffled complex evolution (SCE)—optimize the learning rate, weights, and biases of artificial neural network (ANN) models. A dataset of 360 experimental RCPT data points with seven input parameters was used to train and test the hybrid models. The accuracy of these models was assessed using eight performance indices, and the results were further analyzed through rank analysis, scatter plots, and error matrices. The training and testing sets for the AI models, specifically ANN-TLBO, exhibit a strong correlation between the experimental and predicted RCPT values, with R2 values of 0.9962 for training and 0.9676 for testing, compared to the R2 values of the other proposed models. Consequently, the results of this study suggest that the ANN-TLBO model is the optimal hybrid ANN model for predicting RCPT values in SCC. Verified experimental results and external validation indicate that the ANN-TLBO model is an effective alternative for accurately predicting real-time RCPT in SCC.

Web Application Penetration Testing on Udayana University's OASE E-learning Platform Using Information System Security Assessment Framework (ISSAF) and Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM)

Education is a field that utilizes information technology to support academic and operational activities. One of the technologies widely used in the education sector is web-based applications. Web-based technologies are vulnerable to exploitation by attackers, which highlights the importance of ensuring strong security measures in web-based systems. As an educational organization, Udayana University utilizes a web-based application called OASE. OASE, being a web-based system, requires thorough security verification. Penetration testing is conducted to assess the security of OASE. This testing can be performed using the ISSAF and OSSTMM frameworks. The penetration testing based on the ISSAF framework consists of 9 steps, while the OSSTMM framework consists of 7 steps for assessment. The results of the OASE penetration testing revealed several system vulnerabilities. Throughout the ISSAF phases, only 4 vulnerabilities and 3 information-level vulnerabilities were identified in the final testing results of OASE. Recommendations for addressing these vulnerabilities are provided as follows. Implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to reduce the risk of common web attacks in the OASE web application. input and output validation to prevent the injection of malicious scripts addressing the stored XSS vulnerability. Update the server software regularly and directory permission checks to eliminate unnecessary information files and prevent unauthorized access. Configure a content security policy on the web server to ensure mitigation and prevent potential exploitation by attackers.

Thickness Estimation of the Soil‐Sedimentary Cover Inside Causewayed Enclosures to Locate an Occupation Layer: Map of the Archaeological Potential of the Neolithic Causewayed Enclosure of Le Pontet

ABSTRACTThe western centre of France is one of the richest regions of Western Europe in terms of causewayed enclosures from the Neolithic period. To date, more than 300 such sites have been identified. Most causewayed enclosures in the region range in size from some hectares to over 10 ha. Exhaustive excavation of such sites is rarely performed because such operations are both financially expensive and time intensive. Completing an exhaustive excavation of these sites is also extremely complicated due to their complexity. Recording the most complete possible site plan is a major challenge for optimizing excavation. Traditionally, aerial photography has been the primary method used for delineating causewayed enclosure plans. A magnetic survey can also provide complementary information. Magnetic imaging reveals both enclosure ditches and internal features (pits, postholes, etc.) quickly and with high spatial resolution. At some sites, occupation layers dating from the time of enclosure may be preserved and contain archaeological artefacts or small features in situ. This article proposes a protocol for locating a Neolithic occupation layer inside a Neolithic causewayed enclosure. To locate the areas where this layer is likely to be present, a map of the archaeological potential of the Le Pontet site was produced based on a thickness map of the soil‐sedimentary cover. This map was created by combining an apparent electrical resistivity map, the results of electrical resistivity tomography, an orthophotograph with contrasting cropmarks and the results of dynamic cone penetration tests. To validate the archaeological potential map, an excavation campaign was conducted in 2020 to investigate several sectors; the aim was to prove the presence of the occupation layer and study the pedo‐sedimentary stratigraphy of the site.

Determine attenuation coefficients of saturated sand from standard penetration test, applied to Nhon Hoi economic zone

Vietnam is located in a strong earthquake zone with many areas having a ground acceleration (a<sub>g</sub>) of greater than 0.08 g (TCVN 9386:2012). According to Vietnamese standard TCVN 9386:2012, the calculation and design of construction grade III or higher in areas where have ground acceleration a<sub>g</sub> ≥ 0.08 g must include seismic design. In calculations of earthquake-resistant pile foundation, the bearing capacity of the pile including the tip resistance strength (q<sub>b</sub>) and endurance strength (f<sub>i</sub>) need to be multiplied by attenuation coefficients (g<sub>eq1</sub> and g<sub>eq2</sub>). They are the most important parameters and depend on the soil types, saturation conditions, and earthquake intensity. The article introduces a method to determine the attenuation coefficients according to the standard TCVN 10304:2014. In addition, analyzing the theoretical basis to give the expression to determine attenuation coefficients based on the durability factor (I<sub>red</sub>) and pore water pressure ratio (R<sub>u</sub>) of saturated sand under the earthquakes. Furthermore, the paper presents a method to determine R<sub>u</sub> from the results of standard penetration test (SPT) by combining the method of Seed and Alba (1986) with the method of Marcuson and Hynes (1990). In which, Seed and Alba's method was used to determine factor of safety against liquefaction (F<sub>SL</sub>), and then Marcuson and Hynes' method was used to determine R<sub>u</sub> from F<sub>SL</sub>. The application in Nhon Hoi Economic Zone shows that: The silty fine grained sand, which is medium dense and saturated, has a attenuation coefficient of tip resistance g<sub>eq1</sub> = 0.74÷0.76 and attenuation coefficient of friction g<sub>eq2</sub> = 0.90; The fine grained sand, which is dense and saturated, has g<sub>eq1</sub> = 0.79÷0.82 and g<sub>eq2</sub> = 0.94. 

Soil nailing as a ground reinforcement method of a storey building constructed on weathered siltstone: Analytical and numerical evaluation

Vietnam is located in a strong earthquake zone with many areas having a ground acceleration (a<sub>g</sub>) of greater than 0.08 g (TCVN 9386:2012). According to Vietnamese standard TCVN 9386:2012, the calculation and design of construction grade III or higher in areas where have ground acceleration a<sub>g</sub> ≥ 0.08 g must include seismic design. In calculations of earthquake-resistant pile foundation, the bearing capacity of the pile including the tip resistance strength (q<sub>b</sub>) and endurance strength (f<sub>i</sub>) need to be multiplied by attenuation coefficients (g<sub>eq1</sub> and g<sub>eq2</sub>). They are the most important parameters and depend on the soil types, saturation conditions, and earthquake intensity. The article introduces a method to determine the attenuation coefficients according to the standard TCVN 10304:2014. In addition, analyzing the theoretical basis to give the expression to determine attenuation coefficients based on the durability factor (I<sub>red</sub>) and pore water pressure ratio (R<sub>u</sub>) of saturated sand under the earthquakes. Furthermore, the paper presents a method to determine R<sub>u</sub> from the results of standard penetration test (SPT) by combining the method of Seed and Alba (1986) with the method of Marcuson and Hynes (1990). In which, Seed and Alba's method was used to determine factor of safety against liquefaction (F<sub>SL</sub>), and then Marcuson and Hynes' method was used to determine R<sub>u</sub> from F<sub>SL</sub>. The application in Nhon Hoi Economic Zone shows that: The silty fine grained sand, which is medium dense and saturated, has a attenuation coefficient of tip resistance g<sub>eq1</sub> = 0.74÷0.76 and attenuation coefficient of friction g<sub>eq2</sub> = 0.90; The fine grained sand, which is dense and saturated, has g<sub>eq1</sub> = 0.79÷0.82 and g<sub>eq2</sub> = 0.94. 

Experimental study on behaviors of lithium-ion cells experiencing internal short circuit and thermal runaway under nail penetration abuse condition

This work compared the macro-phenomenon, voltage response, surface temperature, mass loss and material characteristics of LiCoO2 (LCO), LiMn2O4 (LMO), Li(NixCoyMnz)O2 (NCM), LiFePO4 (LFP) cells with the same capacity under penetration tests. The tests provided an in-depth study on behaviors and properties of internal short circuit (ISC) and thermal runaway (TR). From the results, a feature was discovered that the parameters of different types of cells showed different tendencies when penetrated with a series of diameter nails, determined by cathode materials. The LFP cell experienced a slight ISC. Temperature rise rate and maximum temperature increased with larger diameter of nails. The NCM, LCO and LMO cells experienced a severe ISC. The maximum temperature of cells increased, however, the temperature rise rate reduced and macro-phenomena delayed and weakened with larger diameter of nails. For different type of cells, the order of ISC sensitivity was as follows: LCO > LMO > NCM > LFP. As state of charge (SOC) increased, the cells had a higher risk of TR, evidenced by higher surge current and temperature rise rate. The results of nail penetration tests at 100 % SOC indicated that the hazard of TR was arranged in the order of LCO > NCM > LMO > LFP. Due to the fragmentation of secondary particles during the extrusion of nail, the cathode composed of secondary particles suffered more damage than composed of primary particles. The research can provide support for the safety design of cells.

Tailings Behavior Assessment Using Piezocone Penetration Test

Intensive economic development is associated with an increasing demand for raw materials, including minerals. An illustrative example of this issue is the development of the copper industry. A significant problem arising from the scale of copper production is the management of an ever-growing amount of post-flotation tailings. This necessitates the need to ensure the continuity of safe storage. This study presents the results of studies on the behavior of deposits in the Żelazny Most Tailings Storage Facility (Poland). The primary objective of this study was to estimate the settlements of tailings under variable deposition conditions. The results were assessed using two methods: indirect and direct; this was based on cone penetration test (CPTU) results. The results were verified using Modified Cam Clay (MCC) modeling. Depending on the type of test, settlements ranged from several dozen centimeters to over three meters. Despite the observed differences, the results of both CPTU methods indicate a convergent trend in tailings behavior. Conversely, the results estimated using the direct method and numerical modeling demonstrate a high level of agreement.

An Evaluation of Wireless Network Security with Penetration Testing Method at PT PLN UP2D S2JB

Advances in information and communication technology continue to grow over time. This causes significant changes in social, economic, and political conditions. One company that requires strong network security is PT PLN (Perusahaan Listrik Negara) Persero, which is a leading energy company in Indonesia. In this case, the need to evaluate network security at PT PLN is very important. This evaluation will help identify vulnerabilities and security gaps that exist in PT PLN's network infrastructure. This network security evaluation using the Penetration Testing Execution Standards (PTES) method can provide an overview of the vulnerabilities or weaknesses of the network system at PT PLN UP2D S2JB which has quite a lot of gaps to exploit. This is evidenced by the results of fifteen tests conducted, only two of which failed, namely in the type of attack The Rogue Access Point. The results of Penetration Testing are very necessary and important as feedback for system managers in fixing existing vulnerability gaps.

Evaluation and analysis of liquefaction potential of gravelly soils using explainable probabilistic machine learning model

Majority of the presently available machine learning (ML) models employed to assess the liquefaction potential of soils are for sands or sands containing silt fraction. In the current study, an explainable ML (EML) model has been developed using the updated liquefaction database of gravelly soils. The Chinese dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) and shear wave velocity test results of gravelly soils are used in the analysis. A new empirical correlation between these two in-situ tests’ results is developed using the final processed database. The light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) is trained using this processed dataset and further tuned using Fast and Lightweight AutoML library (FLAML). The final tuned model shows relatively better deterministic and probabilistic predictive performance for the test sites as compared to the conventional method. An EML technique, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is applied to provide further comprehension into the predictions. The developed LightGBM-SHAP model has achieved a right balance between explainability and accuracy. The obtained SHAP plots are consistent with almost all the existing domain knowledge (DK) in gravelly soil liquefaction. The developed model thus fills the gap between the ML-based procedures and the traditional DK of gravelly soil liquefaction.

CPT-based design of pile foundations in sand and clay: Perspectives

This paper provides some perspectives and guidance for the design of pile foundations in sand and clay using cone penetration test (CPT) results. A key variable in the estimation of the limit unit shaft resistance qsL of piles in sand is the critical-state interface friction angle δc, which is a function of the critical-state friction angle ϕc of the sand. In the absence of direct shear or triaxial compression test results, which is often the case for routine infrastructure projects, engineers typically assume a conservative value for ϕc in pile design. In addition, effective stress-based methods for estimation of qsL of driven piles in clay rely on the residual interface friction angle δr, among other variables; however, in these methods, δr does not vary with the normal effective stress on the pile operative at the time of shearing. In this paper, we present relationships and approaches to address these issues. Finally, a relationship between the cone resistance qc and the corrected standard penetration test (SPT) blow count N60 was also developed so that engineers may obtain an estimate of qc for use in a CPT-based design method when only SPT blow counts are available for a site.

Soil plugging of open-ended steel piles during impact driving

During the driving process of an open-ended steel pile, soil is allowed to enter the pile’s core until partial or complete plugging occurs. Once this phenomenon is activated, soil resistance to driving (SRD) increases, which can prevent further soil introduction inside the pile, and in turn halt installation works under similar conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate the relationship between the plugging phenomenon, pile geometry, and driving acceleration by comparing literature with some conducted experiments (Paikowsky, 1990; Magroun, 2012), which show that the risk of plugging decreases mainly with an increase in both pile diameter and driving acceleration. A verification study of plugging occurrence in terms of depth is conducted on an open-ended driven pile at a Moroccan port terminal crossing predominantly sandy layers before anchoring in a lower marl layer. The pile’s bearing capacity is evaluated in both plugged and unplugged cases using the SRD method following the processes of Toolan & Fox (1977) and Alm & Hamre (2001), and based on cone penetration test (CPT) results. The pile is thus found unlikely to plug during driving. As a general rule, we found that the plugging phenomenon must be controlled to avoid any interruption in the pile driving process.

Formulation and characterization transdermal patches with chitosan-alginate of mangosteen peel (garcinia mangostana l.)

Mangosteen peel extract contains xanthones have an anti-inflammatory effect and accelerated the process of fibroblast proliferation. The xanthones would trigger the formation of collagen which plays an important role in the wound healing process. The preparation of mangosteen peel extract into the trans-dermal patch aims to deliver the active substances through the skin and to the systemic system painlessly. The aims of this research were to formulate and characterize patch trans-dermal mangosteen peel extract. The formulation was characterized by organoleptic, uniformity of thickness and weight, folding resistance, pH, moisture content, drug content, swelling, in vitro drug release test, FTIR spectrum, and morphology by SEM. The patch trans-dermal was prepared using chitosan and sodium alginate by layer by layer using 0,2%, 0,4%, and 0,6�lcium chloride as crosslinker. The enhancement in the concentration of calcium chloride had a significant effect (p<0>300 folds, pH of 5, moisture content of 1,84%, swelling degree value of 3,41%, and penetration test results were found with a percent penetration of 38,87%. The results of the morphological obtained a pore size of 5,88 μm. The results of the FTIR spectrum showed that there was interaction by the presence of a new peak at the wave number of 1622,23 cm-1. It can be concluded that calcium chloride in patch trans-dermal affected physical properties and in vitro drug release of mangosteen peel extract.

Optimization of aggregates skeleton using laser-scanning technology and discrete element method

The skeletonof aggregates hasasignificanteffecton the performance of porous asphalt mixtures. In this study, laser-scanning technology was utilized to obtain two-dimensional digital images of four groups of aggregates with different particlesizes. Digitalimage processing technology was used to obtain the basic dimensional indicessuch asarea, perimeter, and equivalent ellipse of aggregate particles. Based ontheseindices, the morphological characteristics of theaggregates,including aspect, roundness, andangularity,were evaluated.Then,virtual uniaxial penetration tests were simulated via the discrete element method (DEM) and verified by the results of laboratory uniaxial penetration tests. On this basis, the visualization design of the optimal main skeleton for the porous asphalt mixture was conducted. Results show that the shapes of the aggregateswereclose to cubes. Aggregates with sizes greater than 4.75 mmhada more significant structural effect on the skeleton than those with sizes smaller than 2.36 mm. Coarse aggregatescouldform a stable skeleton by interlocking with each other, whereas the skeleton formed by fine aggregateswasfragile. Coarse aggregates primarilywithstoodthe external load while fine aggregates primarilylimitedthe displacement of coarse aggregates. The optimal main skeleton designed by combining the DEM with the laser-scanning technology can provide new possibilities for the gradation design of porous asphaltmixtures.

Determination of Mechanical Properties of Soils Based on CPTU Data

Abstract The study aimed to interpret the results of cone penetration tests with pore pressure measurement (CPTU). Tests were performed on a section of the designed road about 200 m long. The subsoil under consideration was characterized by organic soils deposited to a depth of approximately 8 m. Due to the problematic soil and water conditions, improvement with geosynthetic encased columns (GEC) was performed. According to the Recommendations for Design and Analysis of Earth Structures using Geosynthetic Reinforcements – EBGEO, the constrained modulus Eoed and effective friction angle φ’ of soil below the GEC column base should be higher than 5 MPa (Eoed > 5 MPa) and 30° (φ’ > 30°), respectively. In this study, the Eoed and φ’ parameters were determined based on CPTU tests conducted in 12 locations. Analysis of the CPTU data showed that the constrained modulus and effective friction angle of the soil deposited below the GEC column base did not meet EBGEO requirements in most locations. It was also concluded that the minimum value of the constrained modulus required by EBGEO is too low compared with the requested value of the effective friction angle.

Soft Computing to Predict Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction via CPT Results

Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction (EISL) can cause significant damage to structures, facilities, and vital urban arteries. Thus, the accurate prediction of EISL is a challenge for geotechnical engineers in mitigating irreparable loss to buildings and human lives. This research aims to propose a binary classification model based on the hybrid method of a wavelet neural network (WNN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to predict EISL based on cone penetration test (CPT) results. To this end, a well-known dataset consisting of 109 datapoints has been used. The developed WNN-PSO model can predict liquefaction with an overall accuracy of 99.09% based on seven input variables, including total vertical stress (σv), effective vertical stress (σv′), mean grain size (D50), normalized peak horizontal acceleration at ground surface (αmax), cone resistance (qc), cyclic stress ratio (CSR), and earthquake magnitude (Mw). The results show that the proposed WNN-PSO model has superior performance against other computational intelligence models. The results of sensitivity analysis using the neighborhood component analysis (NCA) method reveal that among the seven input variables, qc has the highest degree of importance and Mw has the lowest degree of importance in predicting EISL.