Results Of Laboratory Trials Research Articles

THE UTILIZATION OF FUEL DIESEL EMULSION AS A RESERVE SOURCE OF DIESEL FUEL FOR INDONESIAN WAR SHIPS

By the development of the time, diesel fuel is made from petroleum which is decreasing in number. Besides that, the emissions produced from burning diesel fuel can also cause air pollution. One of the methods used to minimize the use of diesel fuel and air pollution is by using emulsion fuel. therefore, a precautionary measure is required in preparing a reserve fuel source for Indonesian war ships. And one of the options is with emission diesel fuel. From the results of laboratory trials there was an increase in density, viscosity, flash point, cetane and TAN numbers and a decrease in residue, Lower Heating Value and calorific value. The performance test results show an increase in SFOC and thermal efficiency, but the power, torque and BMEP have decreased. So, it can be concluded that the emulsion HSD has decreased performance but can reduce emissions from the combustion process. So, it is hoped that emission diesel fuel can be used as an alternative as well as a solution to the limitations of diesel fuel in the future, so that it can support tni al operations in the future.
 
 Keywords : Diesel fuel , diesel fuel emulsion, reserve fuel, Indonesian Navy Operations

Chitinase: diversity, limitations, and trends in engineering for suitable applications.

Chitinases catalyze the degradation of chitin, a ubiquitous polymer generated from the cell walls of fungi, shells of crustaceans, and cuticles of insects. They are gaining increasing attention in medicine, agriculture, food and drug industries, and environmental management. Their roles in the degradation of chitin for the production of industrially useful products and in the control of fungal pathogens and insect pests render them attractive for such purposes. However, chitinases have diverse sources, characteristics, and mechanisms of action that seem to restrain optimization procedures and render standardization techniques for enhanced practical applications complex. Hence, results of laboratory trials are not usually consistent with real-life applications. With the growing field of protein engineering, these complexities can be overcome by modifying or redesigning chitinases to enhance specific features required for specific applications. In this review, the variations in features and mechanisms of chitinases that limit their exploitation in biotechnological applications are compiled. Recent attempts to engineer chitinases for improved efficiency are also highlighted.

Biocontrol of Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) by Lecanicillium longisporum and Lecanicillium lecanii under laboratory and greenhouse conditions

Much effort has been focused on the development of microbial biopesticides composed of entomopathogenic fungi as alternatives to synthetic insecticides for pest management programs. The citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an important pest in greenhouses and on citrus plants globally. The current study isolated and characterized two species of entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium longisporum (Petch) Zare & W. Gams and Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmere). Their virulence at the second nymph and adult stages of P. citri were documented using mycosis with scanning electron microscopy. L. lecanii was found to be more effective at different citrus mealybug growth stages. Nymphal P. citri were more susceptible than adults to fungal infection. Susceptibility at all stages was dose dependent. The results of laboratory trials used for greenhouse tests. In a comparison of wheat, beet pulp paddy rice and rice bran as substrates for solid substrate fermentation, wheat produced the most conidia for the L. lecanii. For L. longisporum, however, was the most appropriate media. The results of this study indicate that the entomopathogenic fungi L. longisporum and L. lecanii are potentially useful biological control agents for the citrus mealybug.

A Kit for Multiplexed Detection of Antibodies to Agents of Hemotransmissible Infections

The paper presents the results of laboratory trials of method using complex initial testing of antibodies to six agents of hemotransmissible infections: HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, cytomegalovirus, Treponema pallidum and Toxoplasma gondii. The method is based on multiplexed dot immunoassay using plane protein arrays (immunochips) with the use of colloidal gold conjugates and silver development. We describe composition of the kit enabling us to conduct dot assay at room temperature within 70 min. It was shown that the results of multiplexed analysis correlate well with data obtained using commercially available monospecific kits for ELISA. Furthermore, multiplexed dot assay is faster and more efficient in execution as compared to ELISA and can be carried out in field conditions.

Transmitter and receiver design at L-band and X-band for FM-CW radar altimeter

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in FM-CW (frequency modulated continuous wave) technology for military and civilian applications. FM-CW radar altimeters find applications to detect ground proximity during automatic landing in low-visibility condition, collision avoidance systems in vehicles, and ground penetrating radars for buried object detections such as landmines, pipelines, etc. The development of a low-power L-band and X-band FM-CW radar hardware and design of a third order loop filter for the phase locked loop (PLL) is the main focus of this paper. Results of laboratory trial for the calibration of FMCW radar hardware are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of operation at X band

Bench- and pilot-scale applications of electrochemical peroxidation: A new remedial concept

Electrochemical peroxidation (ECP) is a proprietary process that utilizes sacrificial iron electrodes and stochiometrically balanced applications of hydrogen peroxide to efficiently destroy aqueous phase contaminants. In laboratory trials it has been successful in reducing, often to non-detectable levels, BTEX, fuel additives, chlorinated solvents, and polychlorinated biphenyls in ground waters. The process has also been found effective in reducing the chemical and biological oxygen demand of industrial waste water. Agency-approved pilot tests will be conducted at two gasoline spill sites during 2000 where traditional pump and treat methods have proven ineffectual because of ground water chemistry or subsurface hydrologic conditions. The ECP process utilizes a tripartite treatment strategy consisting of 1) ex situ chemical oxidation; 2) in situ oxidation by reinjection of treated water with residual oxidants at the head of the plume; and 3) reestablishment of aerobic biodegradation by alteration of subsurface redox conditions. In contrast to other in situ oxidation treatment methods, dissolved iron is derived electrochemically, negating the need for ferrous salt addition. Dilute hydrogen peroxide (3 percent) is incrementally added to maximize oxidation efficiency and eliminate safety and environmental concerns accompanying the use of highly concentrated solutions. Results of laboratory trials and the geological and geochemical considerations of upcoming pilot-scale applications are presented. Other potential applications currently under investigation include combination with other remedial processes (e.g. permeable barriers and hydrogen release compounds) to insure complete and rapid contaminant mineralization.

Treatment of surface water rich in humus — Membrane filtration vs. conventional treatment

The investigated raw water from lake Muskan, Nynäshamn community, has a high color content of mainly humic substances (up to 100 mg Pt/l) and also taste and odor problems, particularly during the algae blooming period. Membrane filtration of this raw water is one of the alternatives suggested for the future drinking water production (6,000 m 3/d) in Nynäshamn community. This paper includes mainly the results of laboratory trials in order to evaluate tested membranes (ceramic MF and UF membranes, polymeric UF and NF membranes) with respect to the need of activated carbon treatment as well as for comparison with corresponding results of laboratory trials with conventional flocculation/sedimentation/filtration and activated carbon treatment. The intention has been to select the most feasible membrane method for trial operation in a pilot plant. The latter stage of this project will be reported in a separate paper.IInitial testing was performed, with and without activated carbon treatment, of nine UF and NF membranes with nominal cut-off values varying between about 180 and 20,000 as well as of four ceramic MF and UF membranes. Further concentration trials in combination with membrane cleaning were done with four selected membranes-two NF membranes and two UF membranes (cut-off 20,000 and about 2,000). The purification parameters used for evaluation were primarily color, TOC (DOC) and COD-Mn. The efficiency of added powdered activated carbon (6 mg/l) in the influent before the membrane filtration was negligible. The removal of color and organic matter was almost complete (undetectable levels) with nanofiltration. Activated carbon treatment of the permeate was required with the UF membranes. However, the adsorption isotherm with the selected quality of activated carbon showed low adsorption capacities. As a conclusion of the overall laboratory trials it was stated that nanofiltration of the raw water from lake Muskan is an interesting alternative for the future drinking water production within Nynäshamn community. It was thus recommended to perform trial operation in a pilot plant for design of a full-scale plant. The costs are at present a little higher with the membrane method compared to conventional treatment including activated carbon, but the drinking water quality is better and more consistent.

The Thermal Probe—Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity and Drying Rate of Soil in the Field

Abstract The thermal probe is a metal rod with an internal heating element and temperature sensor. In the field it is pushed into a predrilled hole in otherwise undisturbed soil, and the thermal properties of the soil are estimated from the temperatures recorded at intervals after a constant power is supplied to the heating element. The following are discussed in this paper: the theory behind the methods for identifying the thermal properties, the design of the probe and auxiliary equipment, the results of laboratory trials, the field testing procedures, and the results of field trials. The probe, the theory, and the testing procedures extend the application of thermal probes from their traditional use for thermal conductivity measurement beyond their more recent use for the study of the thermal stability of soil near underground power cables to the measurement of native thermal conductivity, dry thermal conductivity, and the rate at which drying fronts move within the soil.

Studies of low-porosity concretes designed for bridge deck applications: 1. Introductory remarks, mix designs, strength development, and rheological characteristics

A major concrete problem in recent years has been premature deterioration of concrete bridge decks due to corrosion of reinforcing steel. The research reported here was designed to explore the possibility of eliminating the problem by the use of low porosity concrete. A brief review of low porosity cement systems is provided. Mix design considerations for low porosity concretes are explored. The results of laboratory trials on rheological and other features of fresh low porosity concretes are reported, and compressive strength data are provided for several different low porosity concrete systems.

Laboratory and Field Trials Using Altosid® Insect Growth Regulator Against Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Newfoundland, Canada

Altosid® (methoprene), an insect growth regulator, was used in laboratory and field trials to assess its potential as a control agent for black flies (Simuliidae). Results of laboratory trials showed that (I) Altosid caused pupal rather than larval mortality in Simulium venustum/verecundum ; (2) of the several formulations tested, Altosid microencapsulated PS10 gave the best results, completely inhibiting eclosion in S. venustum/verecundum at a dosage rate of 20 μg/l × 30 min; (3) exposure of S. vittatum larvae to Altosid PS10 at dosage rates up to 20 μg/l × 30 min did not affect fecundity in adults; and (4) “pulse” (i.e., 30-min) dosing with Altosid was a more efficient means of inducing mortality than was continuous dosing. Field trials were carried out using single applications of Altosid PS10 or emulsifiable concentrate at 12. 25, or 50 μg/l × 30 min in 5 local streams. Altosid application produced a sharp drop in pupal emergence 6–7 days after dosing; the emergence rate subsequently returned gradually to predose levels. 1n the 1978 field program, Altosid PS10 applied at 25 or 50 μg/l × 30 min at 14-day intervals to 3 streams inflicted 93.8–99.1 % mortality in Simulium spp. and was also effective against Prosimulium mixtum .

Antibiotics in the Eradication of Avian Respiratory Mycoplasmosis: A Review of the Literature Together with the Results of Laboratory Trials using Chlortetracycline and Demethylchlortetracycline

It was shown experimentally that the feeding of the 2 antibiotics, chlortetracycline and demethylchlortetracycline, at the level of 400 g./ton of mash (without potentiation) did not substantially inhibit experimentally-produced respiratory mycoplasmosis in either chickens or turkeys. Small groups of virus- and Mycoplasma gallisepticum-free birds were housed in wire cages in well-ventilated rooms. The drugs were fed at certain stages of infection and for different lengths of time. In treated birds it was noticed that even when clinical signs had regressed or disappeared, M. galliscpticum (Strain A514) could still be detected in the sinus and tracheal exudates or in the turbinates. The haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titres were generally as high as in the infected but untreated birds or in those still showing clinical signs. In vitro sensitivity tests carried out on Strain A514 both before and after treatment, showed an increase of approximately 20 times in its resistance to either antibiotic. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the control of respiratory mycoplasmosis in the field.

THE DESTRUCTION OF DIDYMELLA LYCOPERSICI KLEB. IN TOMATO HAULM COMPOSTS

Experiments have been carried out to assess the possibility of the destruction by composting of mycelium of Didymella lycopersici in diseased tomato haulms. The results of laboratory trials with agar cultures and with infested tomato stems and fruits suggest that the fungus is destroyed if kept under moist conditions at 35° C. for from 3 to 6 days. Agar cultures buried for approximately this length of time in composting material at this or higher temperatures were dead when recovered. When composts made from haulms of tomatoes affected by Didymella stem rot were tested by placing them round the stem bases of tomato plants, or by growing tomato plants in them, few of the test plants became diseased. It was concluded that D. lycopersici present in tomato refuse could be destroyed by careful composting.