Results Of Indirect Measurements Research Articles

Разработка алгоритма комплексной методики оценки технического состояния цилиндропоршневой группы судовой двигательной установки на основе показателей масляной системы

The algorithm of a complex methodology for assessing the technical condition of the cylinder piston group of a marine propulsion system is being investigated. Wear is a continuous process characteristic of all working mechanisms. Studies aimed at identifying factors contributing to the degradation of system elements of devices provide the basis for the development of preventive measures to reduce their effects. Knowledge of the technical condition of marine engine components is important for the development of measures that increase the reliability of equipment and reduce the risks of emergency situations. Some of the main approaches to modeling and evaluating the state of the cylinder-piston system of marine diesel engines are presented. To solve the problems of assessing the technical condition of the cylinder piston group during operation, classical methods of statistical data analysis are considered, methods that artificially increase the size of the data sample are proposed, machine learning methods are analyzed and the most effective for use are determined. An integrated approach is being created to study the operation process of a cylinder-piston group of diesel marine engines based on a combination of statistical methods, machine learning methods and probabilistic forecasting. A diagram of the properties of the studied parameters is illustrated for constructing a model for analyzing a cylinder-piston group system. Machine learning algorithms used to study systems are presented. The proposed technique allows, using the results of indirect measurements (data from lubrication analyses), to determine the technical condition of the engine system, in particular the cylinder piston group.

Taking into account a priori information in the iterative reconstruction of images of foundry products

Methods of restoring images and properties of non-destructive testing objects based on solving inverse problems (problems of restoring distribution functions of unknown characteristics of an object based on the results of indirect measurements) are considered. Management methods are based on solving inverse problems and allow you to get the most complete information about the distributed properties of an object. The need to attract additional information imposes serious restrictions on the development of universal applied algorithms for solving incorrectly set tasks. As a rule, individual additional information is available for each specific non-destructive testing task. An effective numerical algorithm for solving an incorrectly posed problem should be focused on taking this information into account at each stage of the solution search. When solving an applied problem, it is also necessary that the algorithm corresponds to both the measuring capabilities and the capabilities of available computing tools. The problem of low-projection X-ray tomography is always associated with a lack of initial data and can only be solved using a priori information. To introduce the necessary additional information into the numerical algorithm, the methods of iterative reconstruction of tomographic images are identified as the most suitable. One of the approaches to the presentation of this kind of information is described. A practical solution to this problem will expand the scope of the X-ray tomography method.

ON SOLVABILITY OF THE BOUNDARY INVERSE PROBLEM FOR THE HEAT CONDUCTIVITY EQUATION

In applied problems related to the study of non-stationary thermal processes, quite often a situation arises when it is impossible to carry out direct measurements of the required physical quantity and its characteristics are restored from the results of indirect measurements. In this case, the only way to find the required values is related to the solution of the inverse problem of heat conduction with the initial data known only on a part of the boundary. Problems of this kind arise not only in the study of thermal processes, but also in the study of diffusion processes, the study of the properties of materials associated with thermal characteristics. The article is devoted to solving the boundary inverse problem for solving the heat equation.

Methodology of error measurements reduction while determining integrated errors of satellite nodes of planetary gears

The mathematical model for definition of hole coordinates under satellites in cariage of planetary gear by results of indirect measurements is improved. Algorithm of revealing and elimination of incorrect initial data in automatic or manual mode is developed and implemented.

Functional configuration of intelligent system: serial data scaling in its paths

Problems of architectural and functional construction and a heterogeneous network structure of intelligent control system of technological and industrious assignment have been considered. Complex research of the intelligent system is based on the modern paradigm of convergence of technical, algorithmic and software solutions. The concept of convergence of system solutions in the technology of construction of intelligent systems presupposes digitizing of physical values at sensor measurements, as well as uniform depiction and successive conversion of values of each controlled parameter with a certain set of scales. For solution of this task a functionally full set of scales; natural values of measured physical parameters; results of sensor conversions of physical values; results of parameters measurement in the format of integer valued binary codes; parameter values in the format of real scaled binary numbers were proposed. Unified algorithms of digitizing results of direct measurements of continuous parameters and their representation in the format of ρ-bit integer valued binary codes, as well as conversions of measured parameters in the format of real scaled binary numbers and their depiction in the scale of natural values of physical parameters were built with this set of scales. Operations with digitized physical parameters were specified in tracts of the intelligent system: calibration of results of indirect measurements; digitizing of discrete sensor signals; digital filtration of measurement results; adjustment of measuring tracts; intellect control of executive mechanisms. The consequence of application of convergence provisions is similarity of morphological construction, as well as schematic uniformity of implementation of information processes and cycles of control in the systems. The results of analysis of the functional construction of the intelligent system may be used, for example, for construction of hybrid systems of industrial automation.

Use of Results of Indirect Measurements in Problems of Calculating Total Household Consumption of Hot Water

The use of the results of indirect measurements in calculating the total household consumption of hot water is considered. A method of monitoring the metrological characteristics of different types of flowmeters used for commercial accounting of hot water consumption is considered. The method is based on a determination of a correction to the results of measurements of the difference in flows based on which the influence of the errors of flowmeters may be estimated and, where necessary, special calibration of the flowmeters implemented. An example of a calculation of hot water consumption in an individual residence is presented. The need for reconciling the metrological characteristics of flowmeters in the course of calibration is demonstrated.

Estimation of the error of the results of indirect measurements of some quantities

The basic mathematical provisions that determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for the application of the method of linearization of nonlinear functions of random arguments in the evaluation of errors of the results of indirect measurements are considered, and the need to present the assessment of the arising systematic component of the error and the degree of approximate representation of functions is noted. Within the framework of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the expansion of an arbitrary function into a Taylor series, a new analytical formula for the approximation of a nonlinear function in the form of a quotient of independent random arguments is obtained, which allows to exclude the questions of refinement of the results by adding terms to the Taylor series and estimating the degree of approximation of a nonlinear function by the values of the corresponding residual terms when evaluating the errors of indirect measurements. It is shown that the obtained new approximation for the replacement of such a function allows us to determine the practical conditions under which to estimate the errors of the corresponding results it is possible to use known, and quite simple, formulas for estimating the absolute and relative errors without preprocessing the results of direct measurements.

Research of the Equipment Self-Calibration Methods for Different Shape Fertilizers Particles Distribution by Size Using Image Processing Measurement Method

The fourth digital revolution of industry makes substantive changes to the rate and methodology of work performance. Machines and robots do the majority of work in robotized and automated factories, while people only supervise them. After an increase of production efficiency, quality control became a critical point. Therefore, quality control systems of computer visions are increasingly installed. The branch of chemical industry requires measurements of quality at as great a frequency as possible. Consequently, indirect measurements are effectively used at this point. This research presents the method of indirect particle measurement. Particles are measured using digital image processing. The algorithm is used for particle measurement to automatically adjust the measurement results. Numerical intelligence is added to the algorithm to increase the accuracy of correction results. The research deals with the problem of matching the results of indirect measurements and the results of the control equipment. For data analysis, fertilizer diameter, mean diameter, aspect ratio, symmetry, sphericity, convexity and some other parameters are used. The mismatch of the artificial neural network results with the control equipment results is slightly higher than 1%.

Generalized Interval Method of Bisection for Metrologically Based Search for Solutions of Systems of Equations with Inaccurately Specified Initial Data

A method of solving systems of nonlinear equations for use in metrological applications based on the generalized method of bisection is presented. It is shown that through the use of the proposed approach it is possible to satisfy requirements imposed on the solution as regards the set of results of indirect measurements and to take into account data on the inaccuracy of the coefficients of the equations to be solved, which are the results of direct measurements. The resulting solution is automatically tracked by a reliable estimate of the limiting error of its components.

Deep level relaxation spectroscopy and nondestructive testing of potential defects in the semiconductor electronic component base

This article deals with the possibilities of methods of the deep-level transient spectroscopy in semiconductors and the reasons constraining their application for industrial control of potential defects of the semiconductor electronic component base. Among the reasons there are an ambiguous interpretation of the results of indirect measurements, the lack of the domestic regulatory base and software and hardware tools, a variety of algorithms and techniques of measurements and processing of results. Models of hardware transformations of weak relaxation responses of microelectronic barrier structures are proposed. The methodology and results of experimental studies of the characteristics of potential defects of serial semiconductor diodes by the method of frequency-temperature scanning using the developed models are described. The obtained results indicate the possibility of a significant increase in accuracy of measurements of parameters of potential defects. The conclusion is made about the need to organize and perform interlaboratory checking on uniform samples to promote the methods of the deep-level transient spectroscopy in the practice of industrial monitoring.

Interval Method of Bisection for a Metrologically Based Search for the Roots of Equations with Inaccurately Specified Initial Data

A modification of the method of bisection for the purpose of searching for the root of a nonlinear equation is presented. Through the use of the modification, it becomes possible to use the method of bisection to solve equations of indirect measurements in full agreement with the metrological requirements imposed on the results of indirect measurements. It is shown that through the use of data on inaccuracies in the coefficients of equations that are the results of direct measurements it becomes possible to speed up the search for the root as well as achieving a reliable estimate of the characteristics of the error.

Interpolation of paleoclimatology datasets

Paleoclimatology data includes measures of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and level and temperature of the oceans, among others. Recent records of climate change data were done at equidistant times; the different variables were typically measured at the same time to allow for association studies among them. However, there are no registered records of climate change data for thousands or millions of years ago. Scientists have had to device alternative ways of measuring these quantities. These methods are usually a result of indirect measurements, such as ice coring, where both the variable of interest and the time have to be estimated. As a result, paleoclimate data are a collection of time series where observations are unequally spaced. Here we review a Bayesian statistical method to produce equally spaced series and apply it to three paleoclimatology datasets that span from 300 million years ago to the present.

Neural network management of technological systems at the finish operations

In the article, problems of forming systems management on final operations by means of the neural networks providing high quality of functioning in conditions of uncertainty (insufficiency) of information about the control object and the external environment are considered. It is emphasized that neural networks define the most informative set of the diagnosing attributes and establish a strict correlation between a process condition and results of indirect measurements. It is also shown that the networks containing nonlinear components can be used for approximation of nonlinear mapping with any desirable degree of accuracy; parameters of neural networks can be adjusted in real time considering the input/output data. Advantages of back-propagation neural networks at management of process systems of final operations in order to ensure high quality of providing products are given.

Sub-Poisson statistics of subensembles of a micromaser field mode

It is proposed to use a result of indirect measurements—the average relative frequency of counts of a detector selective for the states of atoms escaping from a micromaser—for time selection of subensembles of a field mode. Analytical expressions for the reduced density matrix, average number of photons, and Mandel Q parameter for mode subensembles were obtained by the method of periodic paths. The generation of a random sequence of results of indirect quantum measurements was performed by the Monte Carlo method. The results of the analytical and numerical calculations are compared. It is found that the statistics of subensembles is sub-Poisson even when the calculation based on the matrix for the entire ensemble (in the absence of quantum measurements) gives super-Poisson statistics. It is noted that the time selection of subensembles is possible within a limited range of variation in the pumping parameter Θ, when the probability of quantum jumps is relatively low.

Measurements of the kinetics of the OH‐initiated oxidation of isoprene

The mechanism of the OH‐initiated oxidation of isoprene has been studied at 300 K and 100 and 150 Torr total pressure using a turbulent flow technique coupled with laser‐induced fluorescence detection of the OH radical. The rate constant for the reaction of OH with isoprene was measured to be (10.8 ± 0.5) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 150 Torr total pressure and independent of pressure between 100 and 150 Torr, in excellent agreement with most previous absolute measurements. In the presence of O2 and NO, propagation of OH radicals and loss of OH through radical termination resulting from the formation of organic nitrates were measured at 150 Torr total pressure and compared to simulations of the kinetics of this reaction system. The results of these experiments are consistent with an overall rate constant of (1.1 ± 0.8) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for the reaction of NO with isoprene‐based hydroxyalkyl peroxy radicals, with branching ratios of 0.85 ± 0.10 for the bimolecular channel (oxidation of NO to NO2) and 0.15 ± 0.10 for the termolecular channel (formation of organic nitrates). Although the organic nitrate yield reported here is the result of indirect measurements, it suggests that isoprene may be a more significant sink of NOx than previously estimated.

Summation of Random Measurement Errors and Analysis of Indirect-Measurement Errors by Monte-Carlo Method

A solution is proposed for the problem of statistical analysis of a sum of random measurement errors or the result of indirect measurements based on the Monte-Carlo method using an algorithm that generates correlated samples of random quantities with various distributions.

Calculation of the temperature of a heat-transmitting surface from the results of indirect measurements

The problem of the identification of the non-stationary temperature regime of a heat-transmitting wall surface from the results of measurements at an inner point of the body or at a heat-insulated surface is considered. The basis for this method is the joint application of Lavrent'ev regularization and the method of imaginary frequency responses. The given approach enables one to obtain an expression in a form convenient for calculations.

Some aspects of enhancement of accuracy in results of indirect measurements

Some aspects of enhancement of accuracy in results of indirect measurements

Determination of the gain due to a transition in the Be IV ion in a recombining laser plasma

The gain was determined experimentally for the 4f?5g transition in hydrogen like Be IV ions in a recombining laser plasma. The gain was found to be 3?6 m???1, in good agreement with the results of indirect measurements and model calculations.

Error estimate of the result of indirect measurements by using a calculational experiment

Error estimate of the result of indirect measurements by using a calculational experiment