Hydrological Modelling Results Research Articles

The Baltic Sea Experiment BALTEX: A brief overview and some selected results of the authors

The mechanisms responsible for the transfer of energy and water within the climate system are under worldwide investigation within the framework of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) to improve the predictability of natural and man-made climate changes at short and long ranges and their impact on water resources. Five continental-scale experiments have been established within GEWEX to enable a more complete coupling between atmospheric and hydrological models. One of them is the Baltic Sea Experiment (BALTEX). In this paper, the goals and structure of BALTEX are outlined. A short overview of measuring and modelling strategies is given. Atmospheric and hydrological model results of the authors only are presented. These include also the validation of precipitation using station measurements as well as validation of modelled cloud cover with cloud estimates from satellite data. Furthermore, results of a large-scale grid based hydrological model to be coupled to atmospheric models are presented. This research has never been possible without the contribution of research groups and operational institutions from all 10 member countries. We concentrate here on results obtained at the GKSS research center.

Detection of early pregnancy factor-like activity in human amniotic fluid

The Taiyuan basin is in the Shanxi rift system of China. Results of tectonic studies indicate that the Moho is uplifted by 2–3 km under the Taiyuan basin. However, there is no quantitative evidence showing whether the rift is still in the status of mantle upwelling. Herein, we estimated mantle upwelling rate of Taiyuan basin by using absolute gravity, GPS, groundwater and GLDAS data in this paper. In order to utilize the absolute gravity measurements in terms of tectonic study it is necessary to reduce all disturbing environmental effects. Many of those can be modeled, such as tide, polar motion, ocean tidal loading and atmospheric mass components. The Taiyuan station located in the Taiyuan basin, and absolute gravity measurements with a FG5 instrument were performed from 2009 to 2014, a secular trend was obtained. In-situ GPS data was used to estimate the vertical motion rate since 2011, and the result indicated a land subsidence. In-situ groundwater level was collected with daily surveys from 2009 to 2015, and local hydrology impact on effect was made. The global terrestrial water storage loading effect on gravity at Taiyuan station was computed by using GLDAS global hydrology model. Furthermore there is a good agreement between GRACE results and GLDAS hydrological model results. Subtracting the gravity change rate attributable to the land subsidence, groundwater level and global hydrology from the absolute gravity change rate, the residual gravity change rate was obtained. It reflects mantle upwelling about 2.1 ± 2.6 cm/yr beneath Taiyuan basin.