Results Of Chemical Analysis Research Articles

Production Process Analysis of Ginger, Lemongrass, Cinnamon Instant Drink “Jesika”

Ginger, lemongrass and cinnamon instant drink “jesika” is herbal drink in powder with natural ingredients produced by Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDES) Manfaat in Sukasari Village, Air Periukan Sub District, Seluma District, Bengkulu Province. The purpose of this research is to analyze the production process, mass balance, chemical analysis and business analysis of jesika instant drink. The methods used include observation and interviews, chemical analysis and business analysis. The results showed that in the processing of jesika instant drink, from of the total raw material of 64,5 kg, the finished material was 52,5 kg. From the results of chemical analysis of the instant drink jesika, it was found that the water content of the instant drink jesika was 7,82%, the ash content was 1,98%, and the antioxidant was 102,32 mg/ml. Based on the analysis of the business of producing instant drink jesika, the income obtained by the producer for one time of production gets an net profit Rp.3.185.000,-

Evaluation of Map-Based Control System for Application of Fertilizer

Preserving environment in farming is now becoming main concern since use of inputs like fertilizers & pesticides has been widely employed. Site–specific application of agricultural chemicals is an effective way of resource saving and environmental protection. Precise farming implementation is now gaining popularity and widely accepted as one of smart solutions to sustain agriculture production without ignoring environment. This paper isbased on results of map analysis, where map of soil can be developed based on (1) soil type (chemical composition of soil) (2) soil colour and texture (3) topography (high ground, low ground) (4) crop yield.As per results of chemical analysis, system is developed for controlling opening of outlet of valve for delivery of proper chemical composition (i.e., fertilizer) in same soil by controlling D.C.motor. Through this system, it is possible to improve agricultural production without ignoring environment, [1]

Xylopia aethiopica EXTRACT AS GREEN AND ECO-FRIENDLY CORROSION INHIBITOR AND ITS QUANTUM CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

This work examines the corrosion inhibitory behavior of Xylopia aethiopica stem bark and root bark extracts respectively on corrosion of mild steel in 2M HCl solution and their quantum chemical analysis using gravimetric technique and quantum computational modeling. The corrosion rates of the mild steel coupons in blank HCl solutions were found to increase with increase in concentration of the corrodent, period of immersion and rise in temperature. On the other hand, the corrosion rate decreased in the acid solution containing the test extracts and the decrease became more pronounced on increase in the concentrations of Xylopia aethiopica stem bark and root bark extracts respectively. The decrease in corrosion rate indicates that the extracts inhibited corrosion of mild steel in the acid solution and inhibition efficiency increased with increase in extract concentrations. The inhibition is attributed to adsorption of the test extract constituent molecules on the mild steel surface, forming a film layer that protects the metal surface from the corrodent. Results of quantum chemical computational analysis proved that, 3-dimethyl- 1-vinylcyclohexene among the constituent compounds of Xylopia aethiopica bark extract would be the most likely organic compound to share electrons with the metal surface for possible adsorption bond. The adsorption of the extract molecules on the mild steel surface fitted into Langmuir adsorption isotherm with slope values of 0.86 and 0.98 for Xylopia aethiopica root bark and stem bark extracts respectively, and regression correlation (R2) values of 1.0 and 0.99 for root and stem extracts respectively.

Integral assessment of drinking water from underground sources of the Salgir river basin

Introduction. Most of the steppe zone of Crimea has a shortage of surface water resources. Therefore, groundwater is used for drinking water supply. Over the past few decades, the growth of anthropogenic activities has led to its widespread pollution. The daily use of water that doesn’t meet the standards can have a negative impact on the health of local residents. The problem of satisfying the population with water that is harmless in its chemical composition makes it necessary to conduct studies to assess its quality and determine the risk to public health according to the regulatory documents in force to develop measures to bring their quality composition to the normative level. The purpose of the study is to assess the risk to the health of the population from pollutants of underground water sources contained in drinking water located in the Salgir river basin. Materials and methods. This work presents the results of the study of the groundwater quality. The samples were extracted in the Salgir river basin. The study was based on the testing of health risk calculations set forth in P 2.1.10.1920-04 and MR 2.1.4.0032-11. The initial data were information on the results of chemical analyses of groundwater for 2018 and 2019. Results. As a result of the calculation of olfactory-reflex and non-carcinogenic risks of 178 drinking water sources, as well as calculation of an integral indicator characterizing the dangerous impact of water on health, the most significant role in the formation of organoleptic effects was revealed to be provided by the smell of water and its stiffness, and non-carcinogenic - by nitrates and in one case by boron. Limitations. Firstly, a carcinogenic risk assessment was not carried out due to the lack of data on toxic components (arsenic, cadmium, lead and others) in water. Secondly, not all settlements located in the Salgir river basin are included in the study, because of the lack of data on the quality of groundwater for these villages. Conclusion. The calculated values of integral indicators, combining these risks, made it possible to assess the quality of water in each water intake and the most significant harmful effects of damage to the organs and systems of the human body. The method used to assess the safety of drinking water makes it possible to develop measures to increase the efficiency of its post-treatment before supplying it to the consumer.

Congenital Complete Left-Sided Absence of the Pericardium Incidentally Identified in the Autopsy: A Case Report

Congenital absence of the pericardium, also known as pericardial agenesis, is an extremely rare anomaly. Although most cases are asymptomatic, some experience chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, and syncope. A few sudden death cases have been reported. We report a case of congenital complete left-sided absence of the pericardium that is not related to the cause of death. In the autopsy of a skinny 45-year-old deceased man, there was no left pericardium, and the heart had direct contact with the left lung. Inflammation and adhesion around the heart, torsion of great vessels, structure abnormality of the heart, and histologic lesion of the myocardium were absent. Due to the chemical analysis result and morphology, we suspected that the cause of death was related to starvation. The congenital absence of the pericardium is usually accompanied by myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, and variable congenital anomalies in the heart and other organs. Additionally, both complete and partial defects can cause myocardial infarction. Therefore, we suggest that precise gross examination should be performed to determine the ischemic lesions in the heart and other anomalies if congenital absence of the pericardium is noted in the autopsy.

THE EFFECTS OF BACLOFEN ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Baclofen is a muscle relaxant. Due to its pronounced psychotropic effect the drug is often a subject of abuse especially among young people. The article deals with the dynamics of respiratory movement rate and lung histopathology in acute baclofen poisoning. The experimental studies were performed on 20 Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups (the controls and three experimental groups). The controls included 5 intact rats. The experimental groups included 5 animals each. All of them were treated with baclofen at a dosage of 85 mg/kg. The duration of the experiment was 3, 4,5 and 24 hours, respectively. The frequency of respiratory movements after baclofen intoxication decreased by the 3rd hour insignificantly. Then it increased significantly by the 4,5 hour if compared to the controls and the 3rd hour. Then, by the 24th hour, the frequency of respiratory movements decreased significantly if compared to all the other groups. Within histological study we revealed a complex of pathological changes in the lungs of the rats (circulatory disorders in all the elements of the microcirculatory bed (plethora of capillaries, venules), areas of emphysema, atelectasis and dystelectasis, WBC infiltration of intraalveolar septa and thickening of intraalveolar septa due to edema. Understanding the processes that occur in the lungs after baclofen poisoning will help to improve medical care in these cases. The results of histological study along with the results of chemical analysis will be useful in establishing the fact of baclofen intoxication and the exact moment of the intoxication.

Equivalent imputation methodology for handling missing data in compositional geochemical databases of geothermal fluids

Chemical, isotopic and thermal signatures, space-temporal concentration patterns, and geochemical conceptual models are used to gather insights of the internal structure of geothermal reservoirs. These investigations rely on historical and latest data dealing with the composition of the geothermal fluids discharged from either producer wells or surface manifestations. The creation of a compositional database is based on information compiled from the sample collection and handling, and the quantification results of chemical analyses. Sometimes, this integrated task may result incomplete due to some technical issues that might generate information gaps or missing data which are struggle to control in the field and lab works. To solve the low-quality data, the missing concentration values or the significant information gaps of geochemical databases, the use of machine learning techniques has been explored in the present study. Equivalent imputation models were proposed, for the first time, to rebuild a world solute-based geochemical database which exhibited some gaps and missing data in the records of the chemical composition of fluids from geothermal production wells. The application of these models enabled that missing records to be successfully recovered by using single and multiple imputation algorithms. The imputation models were efficiently evaluated by applying statistical equivalence metrics carried out between imputed and observed (measured) data. To avoid an arbitrary use of these models, and to keep the original geochemical signatures of the fluid composition patterns, the imputed results were assessed by conventional geochemistry tools (e.g., charge unbalances, fluid classification, and some water–rock interaction footprints). Results show that single imputation algorithms that model locally provide equivalent imputation values with acceptable confidence, not only in terms of statistical metrics but also improving charge unbalances in chemical analyses of anomalous samples without altering the original water–rock interaction signatures of the geothermal systems under evaluation. In contrast, multiple imputation algorithms only tend to obtain better charge unbalances by altering the original water–rock interaction signatures. The novel use of the imputation techniques for filling geochemical databases and recovering missing data will allow a better interpretation of hydrogeochemistry modeling in future geothermal exploration and exploitation studies.

Characteristic of aroma components and antioxidant activity of essential oil from Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves

AbstractOcimum tenuiflorum has a characteristic spicy, sweet and green aroma and has been used as a medicinal herb for various diseases in Ayurveda systems. This study aimed to investigate the aroma‐impact components and antioxidant activity of the essential oil from O. tenuiflorum leaves, grown in Sri Lanka, which was obtained by hydrodistillation. The volatile compounds in the essential oil were measured by gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry. The major components were caryophyllene oxide (23.8%), β‐caryophyllene (18.2%), germacrene D (14.6%), α‐copaene (14.4%) and eugenol (10.0%). The characteristics of aroma components of the essential oil were determined by gas chromatography–olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis. Eleven compounds, including eugenol, rotundone, β‐damascenone, linalool and geraniol, were identified as aroma‐impact components of the essential oil. Among them, the dominant components were identified as eugenol, rotundone, 3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐2(5H)‐furanone, coumarin and vanillin, which were quite different from the results of chemical analysis. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical cation scavenging activity and β‐carotene bleaching assays. All results showed that the essential oil exhibited strong antioxidant activity, and antioxidant‐active components were proved to be eugenol by column chromatography. Furthermore, the presence of new antioxidant compounds other than eugenol, which had previously been reported, was also revealed. Therefore, the essential oil from O. tenuiflorum leaves has great potential as a resource in the cosmetics and food industries.

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STATISTICAL PROCESSING PROCEDURES TO IMPROVE THE RELIABILITY OF THE RESULTS OF IN-SERVICE CONTROL OF THE CONDITION OF TRANSFORMER OILS

Using the results of periodic transformer oil condition tests on 91 transformers, 110 kV from four regions of Ukraine, we analyzed the effectiveness of statistical processing procedures to reduce the heterogeneity of data and highlight gross outliers from the results of operational control of transformer oil condition. In the process of researches we analyzed the efficiency of nonparametric two-sample Wilcoxon criterion for equality of mean values, parametric Fisher-Snedekor criterion for equality of variance and parametric criterion for significance of pair linear correlation of indicators and duration of operation, as well as their combinations. These criteria were used to test the results of physical and chemical analysis of transformer oils by 11 indicators and for the results of analysis of gases dissolved in oil. As a result of sequential testing, eight data sets for each indicator were formed and used to evaluate the effectiveness of the analyzed statistical criteria and their combinations. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the analyzed statistical criteria and their combinations was carried out on the basis of analysis of the closeness of the correlation relationship between the indicators with the subsequent assessment of the information significance for each of the indicators. As a result, we proposed a method for selecting the optimal number of the most informative indicators of quality, based on statistical analysis of the results of periodic tests of transformer oil. As an example of practical use of the suggested method a regression model to estimate oil aging degree has been developed and its adequacy has been proved.

Indication of Sr Isotopes on Weathering Process of Carbonate Rocks in Karst Area of Southwest China

Based on the determination of the major and trace element content, and the Sr isotope composition of soils from limestone and dolomite profiles in the karst area of Southwest (SW) China, this study discussed the distribution and migration characteristics of the elements and the influencing factors of Sr isotope fractionation, in order to better understand the chemical weathering and pedogenesis process, as well as to explore the material source of laterite. The chemical weathering analysis results (Chemical Index of Alteration, mass balance coefficient, and A-CN-K ternary) indicate that the weathering intensity of dolomite profile PB is higher than that of limestone profiles CZ and CY. The correlation analysis between Sr isotopes and P2O5 suggests that in addition to illite, apatite in the dolomite profile also affects the 87Sr/86Sr composition. Sr content and 87Sr/86Sr demonstrate two stages in the weathering process of the carbonate, carbonate dissolution stage, and residual silicate weathering stage. As the carbonate minerals dissolve at the beginning of weathering, the Sr content decreases and 87Sr/86Sr increases slightly. After the decomposition of carbonate, the Sr content remains unchanged and 87Sr/86Sr increases. Finally, the study suggests that the material source of laterite is more likely to be underlying bedrock rather than the aeolian source.

Reducing agents enhanced Fenton-like oxidation (Fe(III)/Peroxydisulfate): Substrate specific reactivity of reactive oxygen species

Reduction of Fe(III) is the rate-limiting step of iron induced Fenton-like systems, such as the iron/peroxydisulfate system, reducing agents (RAs) were frequently employed as electron donors to directly reduce Fe(III) to further promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly including hydroxyl radical (•OH), sulfate radical (SO4•−), and ferryl ion (Fe(IV)). However, the intrinsic distinctions among these ROS cause the substrate specific reactivity towards oxidation of diverse organic contaminants. In this study, various RAs (representative solid amorphous boron (A-Boron) and dissolved hydroxylamine (HA)) were added to enhance the Fe(III)/PDS system for investigating the substrate specific reactivity of ROS. It is demonstrated that RAs remarkably boost the Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycles to produce •OH, SO4•−, and Fe(IV) in the RAs/Fe(III)/PDS systems, based on the results of EPR analysis, quenching tests, and chemical probe analysis. Furthermore, the different yields of methyl phenyl sulfone (PMSO2) indicate that the distribution of multiple oxidizing species changed with various factors (i.e., type and dosage of RAs added, solution pH, Fe(III) and PDS dosage). This work provides the possibility for the adjustment of oxidation selectivity of RAs/Fe(III)/PDS systems by regulating contribution of radicals and non-radical for oxidizing organic contaminants due to the substrate specific reactivity of •OH, SO4•−, and Fe(IV), moreover, the comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous RAs provides assistance in the application of RAs for environmental remediation.

Purification, Chemical Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Sulfated Polysaccharide from Marine Brown Algae Durvillaea antarctica.

An immunomodulatory polysaccharide (DAP4) was extracted, purified, and characterized from Durvillaea antarctica. The results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses demonstrated that the polysaccharide was a fucoidan, and was mainly composed of (1→3)-α-l-Fucp and (1→4)-α-l-Fucp residues with a small degree of branching at C-3 of (1→4)-α-l-Fucp residues. Sulfate groups were at C-4 of (1→3)-α-l-Fucp, C-2 of (1→4)-α-l-Fucp and minor C-6 of (1→4)-β-d-Galp. Small amounts of xylose and galactose exist in the forms of β-d-Xylp-(1→ and β-d-Gal-(1→. The immunomodulatory activity of DAP4 was measured on RAW 264.7 cells, the results proved that DAP4 exhibited excellent immunomodulatory activities, such as promoted the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes, increased NO production, as well as enhanced phagocytic of macrophages. Besides, DAP4 could also produce better enhancement on the vitality of NK cells. For the high immunomodulatory activity, DAP4 might be a potential source of immunomodulatory fucoidan with a novel structure.

Characterization of Superalloys by Artificial Neural Network Method

In this study, the use of artificial neural networks in the classification of a superalloys whose chemical analysis is performed in the quality process is investigated. In general, chemical spectro analysis method alone is not sufficient to determine which class a steel belongs to. In addition to the chemical analysis method, tests such as tensile test, hardness test or notch impact test are applied. The tests performed in addition to the chemical analysis both take time and destroy the material. The fact that an algorithm that classifies steel only according to the results of chemical analysis is not used has made destructive tests mandatory. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), usually simply called neural networks (NNs), are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to other neurons. In our study, a total of 34 superalloy materials belonging to 6 different classes were used. Chemical composition values were determined for each superalloy sample. The appropriate artificial neural network model was determined according to the chemical composition values. A model that can predict superalloy material based on chemical composition value has been created. Weka 3.9.5 package program was used to create the artificial neural network model. The high success rate of the prediction model gave hope for the determination of the material class only with the chemical analysis method.

CHARACTERIZATION OF HERBAL TEA BAGS MADE FROM STARFRUIT LEAVES (AVERRHOA BILIMBI), GOTU KOLA LEAVES (CENTELLA ASIATICA) AND CINNAMON POWDER (CINNAMOMUN BURMANII) AS FUNCTIONAL DRINKS

This research aimed to study the characteristics of herbal tea bags from starfruit leaves, gotu kola leaves and cinnamon powder. This research used a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, namely differences in substitution of cinnamon powder 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% with 3 replications. The data obtained were analyzed statistically with ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and if they were significantly different, then continued with the DNMRT (Duncan's News Multiple Range Test) test at a level of 5%. The results showed that the difference in the amount of cinnamon powder substitution had a significant effect on antioxidant activity, total water-soluble ingredients, total polyphenols, color, taste, and aroma. Differences in the concentration of cinnamon powder substitution did not significantly affect the water content and pH. The best treatment in this research was treatment E with substitution of cinnamon powder 4%. The results of organoleptic analysis were the average value of colour preference 3.95, taste 3.65, and aroma 4. The results of chemical analysis were pH 6.13 and antioxidant activity 36.93%.

The state of the soil and vegetation cover of forest landscapes of the North Kazakh Plain

The article reflects the state of soil and vegetation cover of the forest landscapes of the Kyzylzhar district and the administrative territory of Petropavlovsk, North Kazakhstan region. The paper presents the results of chemical analysis of soil samples, provides descriptive characteristics of flora samples using geoinformation technologies based on the calculation of the standard quantitative index NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index – hereinafter referred to as VI), as of July 2019. The ongoing work is aimed at a comprehensive assessment of the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the components of forest ecosystems. During the field reconnaissance, a brief outline was compiled on the species diversity of tree and shrub vegetation, indicating the geomorphological accessories of key sites. To study the phytomass, test areas of the underlying soil and vegetation cover were laid. Survey and thematic maps of the studied territory have been compiled. At the final stage of the study, the interpretation of the results is given with the identification of cause-and-effect relationships between the state and fluctuations of ecosystems. The data source was multispectral satellite images of the Earth's surface of the US Geological Survey, field expedition studies on 3 key sites. The results of the work made it possible to characterize the geographical object under study, to identify differences in key areas, possible root causes of differentiation of the studied territories.

Antidiabetic-activity sulfated polysaccharide from Chaetomorpha linum: Characteristics of its structure and effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function

A water-soluble polysaccharide from the green alga Chaetomorpha linum, designated CHS2, was obtained by water extraction, preparative anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that CHS2 was a sulfated rhamnogalactoarabinan, and its backbone was mainly constituted by 4-linked and 3,4-linked β-l-arabinopyranose with sulfate groups at C-2/C-3 of 4-linked β-l-arabinopyranose. The branching contained 4-linked, 6-linked β-d-galactopyranose and terminal rhamnose residues. Based on the inhibition of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) aggregation and morphology change of hIAPP aggregates in in vitro tests, it was proved that CHS2 effectively inhibited the hIAPP aggregation and possessed strong antidiabetic activity. CHS2 was nearly no toxicity in NIT-1 cells and could attenuate hIAPP-induced cytotoxicity. CHS2 may significantly reduce the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and hIAPP aggregation-induced oxidative stress in NIT-1 cells. CHS2 was co-localized with mitochondria, and largely protected mitochondria function from hIAPP aggregation-induced damage through stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential and enhancing the mitochondrial complex I, II or III activity and ATP level. The data demonstrated that CHS2 could have potential prospect to become an antidiabetic drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment.

Reaction kinetics of dissolved black carbon with hydroxyl radical, sulfate radical and reactive chlorine radicals

As an important component of dissolved organic matter (DOM), dissolved black carbon (DBC) which is characterized of abundant aromatic and oxygen-containing functional groups, is widely distributed in aquatic environments. Its presence may hinder the oxidation of organic micro-pollutants during advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) via free radicals scavenging effect. However, the second-order reaction rate constants of DBC with different free radicals including hydroxyl radical (OH•), sulfate radical (SO4•-), reactive chlorine radicals (RCR) are unknown and the relationship between the chemical composition of DBC and the second-order reaction rate constants during different AOPs (UV/H2O2, UV/PDS, UV/Chlorine) is also unclear. In this study, a plant-derived DBC was extracted from wheat biochar and fractionated according to molecular weight (i.e., <10 k, <3 k, and < 1 k Da). The second order rate constants of DBC reaction with different free radicals were determined by competitive kinetic method. Besides, the chemical composition of DBC was revealed by ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, fluorescence excitation-emission-matrix (EEM) spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) combined with statistical analysis. The results showed that the second-order rate constants decreased as the molecular weight increased. For the <1 k Da DBC, the kDBC-OH•, kDBC-SO4•-−, kDBC-RCR were (1.83 ± 0.06) × 104, (7.60 ± 0.21) × 103, and (1.71 ± 0.13) × 104 L·mgC−1·s−1, which were 1.98, 2.19, 1.43 times of that for the <10 k Da fraction and 1.38, 1.36, 1.24 times of that for the <3 k Da fraction in UV/H2O2, UV/PDS and UV/Chlorine processes. In addition, the results of chemical composition analysis showed that DBC mainly contained humic substances and was rich in O-containing functional groups such as CO. The second order reaction rate constants of DBC with different free radicals decreased with increasing the molecular weight of DBC due to the more aggregated structure of the small molecules that the inner carbon of DBC was not easily exposed to free radicals.

Potentially toxic element contamination of drinking water consumed in Cappadocia region (Turkey) and health risk assessment

ABSTRACT In this study, the concentrations of anions and potentially toxic elements in thirty-four drinking water samples consumed in the Nevşehir province located in the Cappadocia region were determined to assess their chemical quality for human consumption using an ion chromatography system and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The average concentrations of Cl, F, NO3, and SO4 2 analysed in tap and bottled drinking water samples were found as 19,485, 521, 31,840 and 34,456 μg L−1 and 2290, 35, 2631 and 5242, μg L−1, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, Co, Sr, Hg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn analysed in tap water samples were found as 5.2, 2.4, 2.4, 429.0, 1.7, 12.7, 94.7, 1.7, 1.3 and 199.5 μg L−1, respectively. The chemical analysis results obtained were compared with permissible maximum concentrations set by the national and international regulations. The Pb concentrations analysed in two tap water samples are above the maximum concentration of 10 µg L−1. The Hg concentrations analysed in 54% and 62% of tap and bottled drinking water samples are above the maximum concentration of 1 µg L−1, respectively. Also, average daily dose (ADD), health quotient (HQ), and cancer risk index (CRI) were estimated for adults to assess the health hazards caused by potentially toxic elements in drinking water samples. The HQ values estimated for selected potentially toxic elements are below the risk limit of 1 and there is no significant non–carcinogenic risk to the exposed adults. The average values of CRI estimated for As in three tap water samples and Cd in tap and bottled water samples exceeded the safe index range and these elements can pose a significant carcinogenic risk to the exposed adults.

Inhibitory Effects of Nitrogenous Metabolites from a Marine-Derived Streptomyces bacillaris on Isocitrate Lyase of Candida albicans.

Two nitrogenous metabolites, bacillimide (1) and bacillapyrrole (2), were isolated from the culture broth of the marine-derived actinomycete Streptomyces bacillaris. Based on the results of combined spectroscopic and chemical analyses, the structure of bacillimide (1) was determined to be a new cyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1,3-dione bearing a methylsulfide group, while the previously reported bacillapyrrole (2) was fully characterized for the first time as a pyrrole-carboxamide bearing an alkyl sulfoxide side chain. Bacillimide (1) and bacillapyrrole (2) exerted moderate (IC50 = 44.24 μM) and weak (IC50 = 190.45 μM) inhibitory effects on Candida albicans isocitrate lyase, respectively. Based on the growth phenotype using icl-deletion mutants and icl expression analyses, we determined that bacillimide (1) inhibits the transcriptional level of icl in C. albicans under C2-carbon-utilizing conditions.

Study on characterization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) novel natural fiber as reinforcement with epoxy polymer matrix material for lightweight applications

In this study, the primary goal is to utilize the biological waste of water hyacinth (Eihhornia crassipes) plant fiber–reinforced polymer composite materials for commercial applications, especially for lightweight materials aspects. In this work, the physical, mechanical (tensile, flexural, and impact), thermal, and morphological properties of water hyacinth natural fiber composite samples are investigated. We strongly believe that only a minimum amount of work has to be done to this water hyacinth fiber composite oriented. Especially all the previous literature reported the hyacinth fibers are extracted from the retting process and manual method. But, in this work, hyacinth fibers are extracted from the new novel mechanical way of the extraction process. From the results of chemical analysis, water hyacinth fiber contains a very high 62.15% cellulose content and a minimum amount (14.82%) of hemicellulose content. The crystallinity index of water hyacinth fiber composite is 54.82%. The surface of the hyacinth composite is examined with the help of a scanning electron microscope. The thermal degradation of hyacinth fiber composite is measured with the help of the thermogravimetric analysis method. Based on the final experimental results, the water hyacinth natural fiber composite is the better alternative for other traditional fiber composites and it is strongly recommended for lightweight material applications.