Results Of Physical Fitness Tests Research Articles

Relationships between the changes of physical fitness and motor ability and playing in kindergarten children - Study on children in "A" kindergarten in Okayama prefecture -

In this study, we analyzed and compared the results of physical fitness and motor ability tests conducted on children enrolled at “A” kindergarten as well as surveys of children’s playing. The subjects were 115 boys and girls enrolled in “A” kindergarten between 1995 and 2005. We measured the height, weight, 25-m dash, ball throwing, hanging from a bar, standing broad jump, and standing on one leg. The results were as follows: 1) There were no significant differences between the results of 1995 and 2005 in the overall height or weight of the boys and girls. There were no significant differences among various time periods in the height or weight of the girls and boys separately. 2) In all the boys and girls, there were no differences in the 25-m dash, ball throwing, and hanging from a bar. The children’s standing broad jump in 2005 (106.5±18.0 cm) was significantly shorter (p<0.01) than that in 1995 (117.9±16.7 cm). The children’s standing on one leg in 2005 (48.5±51.8 sec) was also significantly shorter (p<0.01) than that in 1995 (98.4±97.0 sec). In conclusion, the results for the standing broad jump and standing on one leg continued to decrease chronologically, and we believe that concrete measures are essential to encourage proper growth and development.

Relationship of Physical Fitness Test Results and Hockey Playing Potential in Elite-Level Ice Hockey Players

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the fitness variables with the highest capability for predicting hockey playing potential at the elite level as determined by entry draft selection order. We also examined the differences associated with the predictive abilities of the test components among playing positions. The secondary purpose of this study was to update the physiological profile of contemporary hockey players including positional differences. Fitness test results conducted by our laboratory at the National Hockey League Entry Draft combine were compared with draft selection order on a total of 853 players. Regression models revealed peak anaerobic power output to be important for higher draft round selection in all positions; however, the degree of importance of this measurement varied with playing position. The body index, which is a composite score of height, lean mass, and muscular development, was similarly important in all models, with differing influence by position. Removal of the goalies' data increased predictive capacity, suggesting that talent identification using physical fitness testing of this sort may be more appropriate for skating players. Standing long jump was identified as a significant predictor variable for forwards and defense and could be a useful surrogate for assessing overall hockey potential. Significant differences exist between the physiological profiles of current players based on playing position. There are also positional differences in the relative importance of anthropometric and fitness measures of off-ice hockey tests in relation to draft order. Physical fitness measures and anthropometric data are valuable in helping predict hockey playing potential. Emphasis on anthropometry should be used when comparing elite-level forwards, whereas peak anaerobic power and fatigue rate are more useful for differentiating between defense.

라틴아메리칸 댄스 경기종목별 운동강도 추정

The purpose of this study was to predict the intensity of each item in Latin American dances and display the scientific exercise prescription to the dancers for the dance competition. Dance sports players(n=12) were tested with physical fitness test and cardiopulmonary exercise test(Bruce protocol). The heart rate, VO2 max, and energy consumption were measured during the simulated competition(Rumba, Cha Cha Cha, Jave, Samba, Paso Doble). The physical fitness test results showed significant differences. The sit and reach test in woman players was significantly higher than that in man player. Back strength in man players(127.25±16.13) were higher than that in woman players(75.83±11.26). cardiopulmonary exercise test(Bruce protocol) displayed that VO2 max, VE max, HR max, exercise time, and VO2 at VT in man players were significantly higher than those in woman players. In order to get the data of heart rate and relative intensity of exercise during the simulated competition, the heart rate was measured in each competition item. Players got the enough rest time in each item during measuring the heart rate. The heart rate and relative intensity of exercise did not show any significant difference. However, the relative intensities of Cha Cha Cha and Rumba in woman players was higher than those in man players. The relative intensities of Samba and Paso Doble in woman players were higher than those in man players. The relative intensity of Jave showed significant difference between man and woman players. Dance players performed one dance item for 1minutes 30 seconds, got the 10 seconds of rest time and performed next dance item. The recovering heart rate of Rumba at 50 seconds in man players(111.17±11.41) was significantly higher than that in woman players. The heart rate in each item and recovering heart rate did not show any significant differences between man and woman players. No significant difference was found for man and woman players in lactin acid cardiopulmonary exercise test(Bruce protocol). Dance sports is a non-aerobic exercise performed during one minute 30 seconds. However, five items were performed for 9minutes during the simulated competition. Dance sports may be an aerobic exercise as the results of the energy consumption and the heart rate during the simulated competition. Therefore, dance trainers may give the guidance of physical fitness improvement programs throughout the analysis of physical fitness, not only support the adaptation of the dance routine.

Physical Fitness and Hematological Changes During Acclimatization to Moderate Altitude: A Retrospective Study

While high altitude adaptations have been studied extensively, limited research has examined moderate altitude (MA: 1500 to 3000 m) adaptations and their time course, despite the fact that millions of people sojourn to or reside at MA. We retrospectively examined long-term MA acclimatization by analyzing recurring physical fitness test results and hematological data among 2147 college-age male cadets previously residing at either sea level (SL) or MA and currently attending the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA), a unique, regimented, and well-controlled military university located at 2210 m. Significant (p < 0.01) differences were found in aerobic and anaerobic fitness test scores between former SL and MA subjects, with MA subjects scoring 27 points (8%) higher during a 1.5-mile aerobic fitness run and 18 points (6%) higher than SL subjects in the anaerobic fitness test for 2 yr. These differences may be partly explained by the hematological differences observed. Hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher (6.3%; approximately 1 g/dL) in MA subjects prior to arrival at USAFA and acutely, but the difference between altitude conditions was gone at the next retrospective blood draw (+17 months). After 2.5 yr at USAFA, former SL residents had significantly (p < 0.001) higher [Hb] by +10%, or 1.5 g/dL versus prearrival values. This study suggests that significant hematological acclimatization occurs with MA exposure and requires greater than 7 months to reach stability. The altitude-induced erythropoiesis may explain in part the improvements in aerobic performance, but altitude-related anaerobic differences still remain after hematological acclimatization.

The Effect of Proposed Improvements to the Army Weight Control Program on Female Soldiers

To comply with Army Regulation 600-9, The Army Weight Control Program (AWCP), soldiers must meet age-adjusted body fat standards, regardless of whether they meet or exceed weight-for-height allowances. Recent revisions to Department of Defense (DoD) policies require changes to the AWCP. Specifically, we assessed the effects of increasing weight-for-height allowances and adoption of the DoD body fat equation on compliance with the AWCP in women. Weight, height, circumferences (neck, forearm, wrist, waist, and hip) to measure body fat, and Army Physical Fitness Test results were obtained from 909 female soldiers (mean (SD) age, 26.2 (6.5) years; body mass index, 24.6 (3.3) kg/m2; body fat, 29.7% (5.0)). Increasing the screening weight-for-height allowances resulted in a 20% reduction in those requiring a body fat measurement (from 55% [n = 498) to 35% [n = 319]). Adopting the DoD body fat equation did not change the proportion of overfat women, i.e., noncompliant with the AWCP, (from 26% [n = 232] to 27% [n = 246]). More women with a waist circumference > 35 inches (i.e., at increased disease risk) were identified as noncompliant with the AWCP by the proposed body fat equation (from 76% [n = 61] to 96% [n = 77]). Proposed changes reduce the proportion of women unnecessarily measured for body fat and do not change the proportion of women on the AWCP, yet select more women at increased disease risk and most in need of an effective intervention.

Physical Performance, Body Weight and BMI of Young Adults in Germany 2000 - 2004: Results of the Physical-Fitness-Test Study

In westernized countries the sedentary lifestyle in conjunction with a hypercaloric diet has caused an increase in the number of obese adults. Moreover, recent studies suggest that the prevalence of overweight in children increased during the last decade. However, the literature has to be interpreted with some caution since the majority of epidemiological studies examining health, fitness, and obesity rely on self-reported data rather than measurements. A further limitation is that most studies examine either physical activity or nutrition, only few deal with both aspects simultaneously. In the present study we analyzed both aspects in more than 58,000 persons aged between 17 and 26 years. All of them were applicants for the German Bundeswehr, which accepts only volunteers with school leaving certificates and a body mass index (BMI) below 30 kg . m (-2). The admitted subjects performed a Physical-Fitness-Test (PFT) consisting of 5 simple sport tests (shuttle run, sit-ups, push-ups, standing jump, Cooper test). For 23 000 subjects additional measurements of body height and body weight as well as information about their education level were available. These data were combined with the PFT results. We found large deficits in the physical fitness of young adults: More than 37 % of the participants failed to pass the PFT, with failure rates of the male volunteers increasing significantly since 2001. While the female volunteers showed virtually constant body weight and BMI, the corresponding values of men increased monotonously between the age of 17 and 26 years. Physical fitness was positively, BMI negatively correlated with education level. The present findings suggest that body weight increases and fitness decreases in non-obese young adults in Germany. Despite the correlations between BMI and physical fitness the terms "overweight" and "physically unfit" should not be regarded as synonyms.

A LONGITUDINAL SURVEY OF THE PHYSICAL FITNESS OF STUDENTS AT CAULFIELD GRAMMAR SCHOOL, 1969 – 1979 AND ITS EFFECT ON OTHER FACTORS

The results of physical fitness tests conducted at Caulfield Grammar School for the last nine years, 1969-1978. However concomitant with these results, other variables such as self esteem, academic performance etc, have been evaluated that perhaps show us that improving a person's level of fitness may also positively affect non-physical variables. It will not be my contention to justify physical education programmes on these grounds, because they need no other justification than that physical activity is a biological need and a pleasurable experience. But realistically it is the academics who control funds, staffing and timetables, so convincing these administrators that academic performance will not suffer from an increase in physical education time may have to be our tack.

Cardiovascular effects of breathing against unbalanced atmospheric pressures.

• The effects of applying unbalanced pressures to the head and body were studied in 56 airplane pilots. The head and upper airways of a given subject were exposed to varying pressures within a full-head pressure helmet while the trunk and extremities were exposed to independently adjustable pressures in a separate compartment. Both compartments contained 100% oxygen. When the pressure on trunk and extremities was reduced to that equivalent to an altitude of 40,000 ft. (12,200 m.), marked differences were found among the subjects as to their ability to maintain a normal pulse rate, normal electrocardiogram, and consciousness in the face of increasing difference of pressure between the two compartments. No significant relationship was found, however, between this ability and the results of physical fitness tests or anthropological groupings. The data suggested that unbalanced pressures acting upon the lungs reduce the efficiency of the coronary circulation and cause myocardial hypoxia.