Results Of Research Research Articles

Legal Certainty In Financial Disputes Case Resolution Progressive Legal Perspective

Pure Legal Theory (The Pure Theory of Law) is a positive legal theory. However, it does not discuss positive Law that applies in a particular legal system; it only discusses general legal theory. Hans Kelsen's presentation of Pure Legal Theory aims to explain the nature of Law and methods of making Law rather than explaining what the Law should be or the best way for Law to be created. This writing uses descriptive legal research, in which the author uses a normative juridical research type using the Library Research data collection method. This research aims to determine how the legal certainty and protection of the parties in mediating the resolution of Sharia financial disputes, a comparison of progressive legal analysis of Hans Kelsen and Satjipto Raharjo's legal theory in resolving Sharia financial disputes. Based on the research and discussion results, a picture is obtained that legal certainty (rechtssicherheit) Legal certainty is the certainty of laws or regulations; all kinds of methods, methods, and so on must be based on laws or regulations. Within legal certainty, there are positive laws and written laws. Normative legal certainty is when a regulation that regulates it clearly and logically is created and promulgated. Progressive Law wants to return the Law to the right track (on the right track). For this reason, Satjipto Rahardjo thinks that legal breakthroughs are needed (legal breakthroughs, not legal breaking) in law formation and enforcement.

Purpose of Implementing Progressive Law against Criminal Offenders in Order to Provide Legal Certainty and Legal Benefits

The implementation of Progressive Law Enforcement is motivated by the desire to avoid negative effects on the ineffectiveness of the criminal justice system in accommodating criminal cases so that the law enforcement process does not continue through the courts. This writing uses descriptive legal research, in which the author uses a normative juridical research type using the Library Research data collection method. This research aims to find out the philosophical basis of Progressive Law in providing legal certainty and legal benefits and the application of Progressive Law by the National Police in increasing the resolution of criminal cases. Based on the research and discussion results, a picture is obtained that law is the rules and guidelines that regulate life in society to create peace and order. Progressive legal ideas occupy a separate legal position. Various groups in handling legal cases, especially in the country, emphasize the preposition of Progressive Legal theory. Especially emphasizing the element of benefit in the form of human peace in society, nation, and state, the implementation of progressive law as an effort to improve the resolution of criminal cases requires that police investigators be able to carry out their duties and authority professionally, accountably and morally so that progressive law enforcement can be in line with legal objectives. It provides legal certainty, legal benefits, and a sense of justice.

Cyclical issues of pricing of regulated services

The article reflects current issues of the formation and regulation of tariffs that have developed in the modern economy. A brief analysis of the historical development of tariff regulation with the assessment of the used methods and ways is conducted. The authors identified expediency of tariff formation and regulation by a single body determining functions and set tasks. The study uses descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods. The article describes a positive example of applying the practice of deregulation with subsequent possible extension to other areas. The reasons of inefficiency of using the marginal indices mechanism are determined and justified, which is directly related to underfunding of the industry and lack of investment components. The question is raised about the fulfillment of the development, or social function by tariff regulation. It is proved that the current tariff system is not able to change the situation of increasing the investment base necessary to stabilise the deterioration of infrastructure. The main components of the current tariff regulation system are identified, and the directions of a new development model are proposed with consideration to the problems found by the study. According to the research results, conclusions are given that reflect the essence of the designated topic for possible solutions to issues existing in the functioning development model.

Effect of the Addition of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) on the Protein Profile, Antiradical Activity, and Microbiological Status of Raw-Ripening Pork Sausage

The study evaluated the effect of adding dandelion extract on the characteristics of raw-ripening pork sausages while reducing the nitrite addition from 150 to 80 mg/kg. The sausages were made primarily from pork ham (80%) and pork jowl (20%). The process involved curing, preparing the meat stuffing, forming the links, and then subjecting the sausages to a 21-day ripening period. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, water activity, and oxidation-reduction potential were compared at the beginning of production and after the ripening process. The study also examined the impact of ripening on protein metabolism in pork sausages and compared the protein profiles of different sausage variants. The obtained research results indicate that dandelion-leaf extract (Taraxacum officinale) were rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, and their derivatives (LC-QTOF-MS method). Antiradical activity test against the ABTS+* and DPPH radical, and the TBARS index, demonstrated that addition of dandelion (0.5–1%) significantly improved the oxidative stability of raw-ripening sausages with nitrite content reduction to 80 mg/kg. A microbiological evaluation of the sausages was also carried out to assess the correctness of the ripening process. The total number of viable bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and coliforms were evaluated and subsequently identified by mass spectrometry.

Study on Ecological Water Demand Pressure of Forest and Grass Vegetation Construction in Northwest Loess Plateau Based on Fitting Verification

In this paper, the minimum ecological water requirement of forest and grass vegetation in different types and regions and small basins in Pingliang City was analyzed and evaluated by using the quota of water consumption for ecological construction. The actual evapotranspiration water consumption of different types of vegetation was used as the quota to calculate the appropriate ecological water demand of vegetation, and the actual evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation was used as the quota to calculate the appropriate ecological water consumption of vegetation in this region. At the same time, in order to make the calculation result more accurate, the water consumption per unit area after the actual evapotranspiration of different regions and different types of vegetation is used as the calculation quota. In addition, according to the principles of similar vegetation types, similar site conditions and similar climate environment, the research results of He Wentao et al., Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, on the ecological water requirement of forest in the whole Jinghe River basin (He Wentao et al. Determination and calculation of ecological water requirement of forest vegetation, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 18(6)) were selected and compared with this study. This study verifies the reliability of the calculation results of evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation in this area. It should be noted that He Wentao et al. also evaluated the ecological water requirement of vegetation in the whole Jinghe River basin by calculating the evapotranspiration water consumption of vegetation, and analyzed the vegetation ecological water requirement deficit in 2020 by comparing the calculated minimum ecological water requirement of vegetation in the region, so as to reflect the ecological water demand pressure faced by vegetation construction in the region. It provides a basic basis for coordinating the relationship between vegetation construction and water resources in this region.

Effects of Mebyakaonan Marriage Law in the Perspective of Balinese Customary Law: Study on Balinese Community, Rantau Jaya Village, Ilir District, Putra Rumbia, Central Lampung Regency

Marriage is the outward and inner bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife to continue their lineage. Marriage in Balinese customs is called pawiwahan. Pawiwahan is a sacred thing in the process of human life from the status of brahmacari to the time of grhasta. Mebyakaon marriage is marriage under the hand. The problem in this study is why mebyakaon marriage is taken by the parties to form a marriage and the legal consequences of mebyakaon marriage on their marital status in the community and the status of children born from this marriage in Rantau Jaya Ilir Village, Putra Rumbia District, Central Lampung Regency. This research is normative-empirical legal research with a descriptive research type. The problem approach used sociological juridical approach with data sources is primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques with literature studies and field studies are interviews with informants and respondents who carry out marriage mebyakaon. Data analysis is qualitative analysis. The results of research and discussion show that the reason for the marriage is caused by several factors, namely economic factors, educational factors, mutual demen, parental desire factors, and the factor of men who are still legally married to other women. The marital status of mebyakaon is not the same as traditional Balinese marriage in general, what distinguishes it from mebyakaon marriage is that it lies in a traditional procession that has not been carried out completely. Based on the decisions and decrees of Parisadha Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI), the validity of marriage is determined on condition that Tri Upasaksi. The legal position of mebyakaon marriage does not have a strong binding force so that this marriage may not have the same legal status as traditional Balinese married couples in general. Similarly, the legal consequences of marriage will be different. Couples who perform mebyakaon marriage may not enter the temple and participate in the massacre in the village because mebyakaon marriage is valid according to the parties only but, according to Balinese customary law this marriage is invalid and children born from mebyakaon marriage are extramarital children (anak astra) and marital property in mebyakaon marriage There is no legal certainty and there is no mixing of property between husband and wife.

Study on the smoke flow characteristics in inclined tunnel with an upstream shaft under natural ventilation

The rapid expansion of urban highway tunnels has led to a significant increase in the risk of fire incidents. Moreover, the urban highway tunnels often have inclinations, which further exacerbates the complexity of the smoke flow. In contrast to the extensive research on natural ventilation in horizontally tunnels, there is still a lack of studies on the natural ventilation of shaft in inclined tunnels. Therefore, this study employed numerical simulations and theoretical analysis to investigate the length of smoke back-layering and flow patterns in inclined tunnel fires with an upstream shaft. By comparing the induced air inflow velocity and smoke back-layering length in inclined tunnels, both with and without an upstream shaft, three types of smoke flow states were identified. State 1: smoke spreading to the upstream shaft, State 2: smoke being limited between the shaft and the fire source, State 3: no smoke backflow in the inclined tunnel. In State 1, the shaft discharges smoke outward. The downstream length and the distance between the shaft and the fire source determined smoke back-layering length. In States 2 and 3, the shaft fills the air inward. The shaft has no obvious effect on the smoke back-layering length. Furthermore, the effects of HRR, fire source position and shaft position on smoke flow characteristics are analyzed. As a result of the analysis, a segmented prediction model for smoke back-layering length and a quantitative method for predicting smoke flow state are proposed. By fine-tuning the tunnel slope, two critical values between the three smoke flow states are obtained. The research results can provide a useful reference for ventilation and evacuation design of inclined tunnels.

Interactive machine learning for segmenting pores of sandstone in computed tomography images

In the realm of gas field development and CO2/H2 geological storage, the precise characterization of reservoir parameters stands as a critical role. In recent years, digital rock technology has emerged as a cutting-edge tool for examining micro-pore structures, permeability parameter characteristics, and reservoir flow mechanisms. However, there are still certain defects in image segmentation, where low-density pore bodies in low-resolution images make it difficult to clearly distinguish between pores and solid minerals, affecting the accuracy of pore segmentation. This article aims to improve the accuracy of sandstone pore segmentation. We utilized the interactive machine learning segmentation method to segment pore structures and compare the segmented images obtained with the traditional ImageJ grayscale threshold segmentation methods. Furthermore, we evaluated the effectiveness of different segmentation methods quantitatively using the confusion matrix. The research results indicate that the segmentation quality (F1 score) of the machine learning method is higher than the grayscale methods, and the segmentation effectiveness of machine learning method is more stable. To further validate the accuracy of the machine learning method, we simulated the permeability and the results were compared with the experimental results, and the results show that the deviation in permeability segmented through machine learning methods is the smallest. Therefore, our results demonstrate the effective application of the machine learning method in segmenting sandstone pores in the digital rock images.

Digitization of AEC Industries Based on BIM and 4.0 Technologies

BIM and 4.0 technologies are currently the leading branches of digitization in construction. The aim of this article is to confront theses on building information modeling (BIM) and coexisting technologies, and to present an analysis along with conclusions regarding the digitization process of AEC industries using BIM methodology and advanced digital technologies within the scope of 4.0 technologies. Key aspects of BIM and 4.0 technology integration were discussed, including artificial intelligence (AI) or big data and data science analytics. The impact of these fields on design processes, as well as on data management, monitoring of design and construction progress, and overall efficiency of AEC industries, was analyzed. The article pays particular attention to the synergy between BIM and 4.0 technology, identifying benefits, challenges, and development perspectives. Conclusions indicate the growing importance of interdisciplinarity for improving AEC industry processes and the need to adapt to the changing digital landscape in the field of design and construction. A survey was conducted, where respondents’ answers were presented in the form of charts. Questions focused on the issue of the use of BIM methodology along with coexisting technologies in the design process by the Polish engineering staff. The research results indicate that the use of the latest technological solutions in Poland is still rare, and the digital potential of these solutions is not fully utilized. The article can make a significant contribution to the discussion on technological evolution in AEC industries, identifying development directions in the context of digitization and the use of the latest achievements of 4.0 technology. Previous research has not included such a wide spectrum of BIM use in Poland. An analysis was conducted comparing Poland in a global context with other countries in BIM adoption.

The symbolic meanings and values in the Momayango Bele procession of the Gorontalo community and its implications on the learning of local wisdom in school

This research is intended to obtain a description of (a) the meaning of verbal and nonverbal symbols of the values contained in the Momayango Bele process, (b) the meaning of nonverbal symbols in the Momayango Bele process, and (c) the implications for learning local wisdom in schools. The study employed a descriptive method with a type of qualitative research that is used to reveal and describe how the payango tradition determines people's houses in Gorontalo and the extent to which the payango tradition is applied as well as the stages of traditional procedures in building a house. The data were obtained from informants/speakers through the interview, the recording and observation of data obtained then analyzed. Based on the research results, the Momayango Bele procession is a process of measuring and making foundation patterns and laying the first stone for house building in the Gorontalo community. The symbols in the Momayango Bele procession contain complex and deep meanings. The impact of the Momayango Bele procession on the local community is to preserve their cultural identity.

Spatial adequacy of afforestation in Poland: do afforestation needs and environmental preferences matter?

The article concerns the afforestation of agricultural land, especially soils of low quality classes with little suitability for agriculture. The assumption was made that in order to effectively implement afforestation and optimize spatial structures, these lands should be analyzed from the point of view of environmental and spatial conditions (including the quality of the land and its suitability for field crops, cohesion of the forest ecosystem, the presence of naturally valuable areas), according to the potential of a given area. Land that is ineffective in cultivation and does not improve the cohesion of the ecosystem should be treated as preferred for afforestation. The assessment of the spatial adequacy (optimization) of afforestation in the context of afforestation needs and predispositions was carried out for Poland in terms of municipalities using the spatial autocorrelation model and methods. The research results indicate the need to strengthen the effectiveness of solutions that take into account the endogenous potential of municipalities.

Study of Urban Arterial Road Off-Ramp Configuration in Highway Municipal Reconstruction

To reduce traffic congestion and improve the overall traffic capacity of roads, the municipal reconstruction of arterial roads from high-grade highways often involves setting up auxiliary roads on both sides of the road. This paper analyzes the existing methods of determining the configuration of urban arterial road off-ramps and proposes a novel design method, includes adding a “waiting for merging” section. Based on the traffic flow characteristics of the main roads, auxiliary roads, as well as off-ramps, second-stage deceleration theory and the insertable gap theory are applied. Considering the worst-case of diverted vehicles, a calculation model for the length of the urban arterial road off-ramps is proposed and utilized to calculate the advisory values for each segment of the off-ramps. Taking the reconstruction of an expressway in Hubei Province, China, as a case study, Vissim traffic simulation software was used to compare the proposed method with the traditional design method under four different traffic volumes. The results show that the proposed design method greatly improves the overall traffic capacity of roads compared with the traditional method, with a reduction of approximately 40% and 60% in delay time and queue length for the overall traffic, respectively. Furthermore, the research results can provide direct and effective design solutions and a basis for decision-making for setting the length of main and auxiliary road off-ramps.

Study on the adsorption/desorption characteristics and dynamic diffusion mechanism of rare earth hydrated ions on the kaolinite (001) surface

Coal gangue (CG) contains abundant rare earth elements (REEs), which is a potential REE resource. REEs are mainly present in clay minerals as hydrates. The adsorption, desorption, and diffusion of REEs-hydrates on the surface of clay minerals are the key to regulating the leaching effect of REEs. The paper focuses on the typical clay minerals kaolinite and REEs-hydrates and combines quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics methods to systematically study the adsorption, desorption, and dynamic diffusion behavior of REEs-hydrates in acid solution. The research results indicate that stable REEs-hydrates La(H2O)9 and Y(H2O)7 are formed, with ion bonds between REEs and water molecules. La(H2O)9 and Y(H2O)7 mainly interact with the kaolinite (001) surface through hydrogen bonding. Competitive adsorption is formed between water molecules, hydrated hydrogen ions, and REEs-hydrates. Water molecules and hydrated hydrogen ions occupy the adsorption active sites of REEs-hydrates and form a dense water molecular layer on the surface. The distance between H3O+ and REEs-hydrates and the number of H3O+ in the solvent layer affect the desorption and diffusion behavior of hydrates. The bonding law, dynamic desorption, and diffusion mechanism of REEs-hydrates can provide meaningful references for selective leaching of REEs from CG.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Set Yogurt Fortified with Dracaena angustifolia Leaves Extract

Aims: This study aims to analyze syneresis, pH, total acid, viscosity, color (L, a*, b*) and sensory analysis (taste, aroma, and color) and antioxidant activity of yogurt set added with Dracaena angustifolia leaves (DAL) extract. Study Design: The research used a factorial experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), four treatments, and four replications. The research used a percentage treatment of DAL extract (0%, 2%, 4%, 6% from milk total). Place and Duration of Study: This was carried out at the Animal Products Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya. The Research was conducted from October- December 2023. Methodology: The yogurt-making process begins with pasteurizing milk to a temperature of 65-70°C, followed by the addition of DAL extract according to the treatment: P0 (control), P1 (2%), P2 (4%), P3 (6%). After pasteurization, the milk is filtered, and a starter inoculation is added at a temperature of 43-45°C, constituting 3% of the milk volume. The milk-starter mixture is thoroughly stirred to ensure even distribution. The inoculated milk is then poured into sterilized glass containers, incubated in an incubator at 43-45°C for 6 hours, and analyzed physicochemical characteristics (syneresis, pH, total acid, viscosity, color (L, a*, b*) and sensory analysis (taste, aroma, and color) and antioxidant activity). Results: The yogurt set fortified DAL with different concentrations showed a significantly different effect (P<0.05) on pH, color (L, a*, b*), and sensory (taste, aroma, and color) and did not have a different effect (P>0.05) on syneresis, total acid, and viscosity. Conclusion: Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the addition of DAL extract to the yogurt set provides an increase in viscosity, color brightness (L), yellowish color (b*), organoleptic quality (taste, aroma, and color), total acid, antioxidant activity, and reduces syneresis, reddish color intensity (a*), and pH.

Music and Religion in the Spiritual World of the Hungarian Aristocracy: The Case of Count Anton Erdődy (1714–1769)

This study deals with the forms and expressions of the Christian piety of the Hungarian aristocracy in the early modern period on the example of Anton Erdődy (1714–1769), a representative of one of the most influential and most ancient Hungarian–Croatian noble families. The personal piety of this socially high-ranking aristocrat was shaped by familial, social, and spiritual traditions, which determined the nature of his artistic patronage. The unique Baroque organ preserved in the chapel of his no longer existing mansion in Trenčianske Bohuslavice, Slovakia (former Bohuslavice, Upper Hungary) is a magnificent manifestation of this patronage. The reconstruction of Anton Erdődy’s idea of the spiritual world and of his piety enables us to formulate a hypothesis that the atypical architectural and structural design of this organ did not result only from the aesthetic requirements of its commissioner, but also had a theological foundation and religious essence in addition to its visual effect. This study is the result of extensive heuristic research and analysis of sources and extant artefacts using the methods of music historiography.

Proposal of innovative smart solutions for retail store in order to support competitiveness and sustainable development

The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an increasingly important concept in various areas of our daily lives. With the development of information and communication technologies, the possibilities of IoT implementation are also expanding. The retail sector is also starting to make more significant use of IoT to improve and increase the efficiency of its business processes and more effective interaction with customers. Even though several partial IoT solutions have been implemented in retail, according to publicly available sources, there is no comprehensive IoT implementation in this sector. Therefore, we focused on the possibilities of creating a comprehensive proposal for the use of IoT in a retail enterprise in Slovakia. The main reasons for this transformation are the development of intelligent technologies, the increased demand of consumers for more convenient purchases and the efficiency of business processes, as well as to increase the competitiveness of the company. The aim of the contribution is to create a proposal for the implementation of IoT in retail, which will contribute to the sustainable development and competitiveness of the company. The result of the contribution is the creation of a proposal for the integration of the Internet of Things in retail, while the proposal is also applicable in other similar enterprises. The research methodology includes secondary sources and primary inquiry using an online questionnaire. The results of the primary research showed that a large part of respondents are interested in using IoT solutions in retail and that the implementation of these solutions affects their purchasing behavior. The conclusions of the paper indicate that the implementation of IoT solutions in retail would have a positive impact on the competitiveness of businesses. Factors that influence the choice of brick-and-mortar and online stores by customers were also identified. Customers’ interest in IoT solutions, as well as their preferences when choosing stores, represent a guideline for businesses operating in the retail sector. The implementation of the proposed solutions is relatively demanding on financial resources, therefore a good financial condition of the company is a necessary condition. Further research should focus on the security risks, barriers, ethical privacy issues associated with the use of IoT in retail stores.

Transdisciplinary Research in Marine Science: What’s the added value of involving stakeholders?

The holistic solution of complex, global problems in marine topics requires innovative research formats - which can be served by transdisciplinarity. To assess the success of the transdisciplinary approach for marine research, several case studies from marine research at Kiel University (Germany) were analysed for this study. Interviews with both scientists and stakeholders were carried out to 1) clarify whether stakeholder involvement in scientific projects provides additional knowledge and to 2) identify the underlying success factors. Both groups see added value in transdisciplinary projects and name positive aspects of cooperation, mutual interaction and information exchange. Essential are the applicability of research results, and the formation and maintenance of networks enabling further joint activities. Stakeholders add practical contexts to scientific knowledge so that the results of this transdisciplinary research can be translated into practical actions. Resource availability sets clear limits within the project framework. Successful transdisciplinary approaches require standardized definitions of terms, the selection of suitable participation formats and continuous, clear communication. Transdisciplinary projects proved suitable as a tool for sensitizing the general public and raising awareness of complex marine challenges.

TECHNOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING THE OPERATIONAL QUALITY OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF PARTIAL MILITARY DESTRUCTION

Purpose. Research conducted in the direction of operational quality proves that the life cycle of construction products can also be significantly increased due to the use of the latest technologies of a complex technical approach. The complex technical approach covers the principles of using the latest technologies, which compensate for the functional costs of the object at the stage of operation. As part of the latest technologies, the modern world requires the presence of developments that effectively save resources and at the same time ensure the required level of security in various crisis situations, including during a state of war. The main purpose of implementing this approach is to establish the reasons for the loss of reliability and resource when accounting for changes in the conditions of the external and internal environment. Methodology. Methods and techniques for diagnosing the reliability and operational quality of construction objects make it possible to implement assessment procedures at various stages of the life cycle, including during the current period, in previous design cycles (prototype search stages), as well as comparative and analytical comparison with analogues . The results of the implementation make it possible to identify the promising direction of normalization of construction projects, to substantiate and develop technologies for the formation of its operational quality. Findings. The situation of the physical state of the industrial building due to military destruction is analyzed, after which the search for optimization technologies in the formation of reliability and operational quality of construction objects, including for the effective implementation of investment and construction projects, is substantiated and proposed. Originality. Adaptation approaches of timely response in emergency conditions, in order to comply with the planned standards of operational quality, are substantiated, implemented on the practical example of the implementation of the technical report of the production and mechanical building No. 132, located in the city of Zaporizhzhia, SE "Ivchenko-Progress" 63T-1286-OB – TK after military destruction. Practical value. Adaptation approaches of timely response in emergency conditions, in order to comply with the planned standards of operational quality, are substantiated, implemented on the practical example of the implementation of the technical report of the production and mechanical building No. 132, located in the city of Zaporizhzhia, SE "Ivchenko-Progress" 63T-1286-OB – TK after military destruction. Conclusions. The results of scientific and practical research made it possible to reveal the actual principles of management technologies, evaluation and methods of improving operational quality at all stages of the life cycle of a construction object, taking into account risky and dangerous situations during military operations. This technical report was prepared on the basis of the performed visual and instrumental research of construction structures of the industrial building. The decision of the scientific group of experts established that the operation of the object under study should be stopped until its operational suitability is restored in accordance with the proposed recommendations in accordance with the project documentation. The scientific and practical significance of the study justifies the need for further application of the latest technologies of the complex technical approach in the formation of operational quality for the effective implementation of investment and construction projects.

Comical Attractions of Hanoman as Commercial Tractive Power of Kecak Ramayana in Pura Uluwatu Bali

The article examines the commercial tractive power of Kecak Ramayana in Pura Uluwatu Bali. Kecak Ramayana has become tourism commodity since 1930s, thanks to I Wayan Limbak and Walter Spies. One of characters in Kecak Ramayana is Hanoman, considered as the most attractive character. The Ramayana Story is a sacred epic recounting the struggle of Sri Rama against the evil of Rahwana, King of Alengka. Foreign tourists love this story and seem fairly enthusiastic to see the show. The number of foreigners who come to see Kecak Ramayana has increased every year, impacting the commercialization of Kecak Ramayana as tourism art. The tractive power behind the show becomes the question that warrants exploration. The research methodology employs observational qualitative descriptive, gathering data from interview and field observation. Data analysis involves two techniques, namely visual textual descriptive and interpretative. The result of research consists of three aspects, respectively (1) the role of Hanoman character in Kecak Ramayana, (2) the comedic allure of Hanoman as spectator decoy, and (3) the impact of Hanoman’s comedic appeal on the commercial success of Kecak Ramayana. Keywords: kecak Ramayana, tourism commodity, tourism art

Role of maternal-fetal immune tolerance in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.

Normal pregnancy is a contradictory and complicated physiological process. Although the fetus carries the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) inherited from the paternal line, it does not cause maternal immune rejection. As the only exception to immunological principles, maternal-fetal immune tolerance has been a reproductive immunology focus. In early pregnancy, fetal extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs) invade decidual tissues and come into direct contact with maternal decidual immune cells (DICs) and decidual stromal cells (DSCs) to establish a sophisticated maternal-fetal crosstalk. This study reviews previous research results and focuses on the establishment and maintenance mechanism of maternal-fetal tolerance based on maternal-fetal crosstalk. Insights into maternal-fetal tolerance will not only improve understanding of normal pregnancy but will also contribute to novel therapeutic strategies for recurrent spontaneous abortion, pre-eclampsia, and premature birth.