Results Of CFA Research Articles

The Authenticity Scale: Validation in Russian Culture.

The correlational study is aimed at validating the Authenticity Scale in Russian culture. Authenticity is considered a trait responsible for a person’s ability to be oneself. It helps people resist environment pressure and prevent self-alienation, which contributes to maintaining psychological wellbeing. The original Authenticity Scale includes three subscales: Authentic Living, Accepting External Influence, and Self-Alienation. In total, 2,188 respondents (Mage = 26.30, SDage = 13.81; 78.1% female) participated in the survey. The dimensionality of the Authenticity Scale and its measurement invariance across sex, age, and depression rate subgroups was examined with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; the original tripartite structure was kept. Convergent validity was tested through correlation analyses with the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short-Form, the Centre of Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. According to the CFA results, the structure of the Russian version differs from the original one slightly (item 1 was moved from the subscale Authentic Living to the subscale Accepting External Influence and item 4 was excluded); however, the modified factor model showed the best absolute and comparative fit statistics [CFI = 0.961, TLI = 0.949, RMSEA = 0.050 (90% CI [0.40; 0.60]) and SRMR = 0.037]. The reliability (McDonald’s Omega) of the Authenticity Scale subscales was satisfactory and ranged from 0.78 to 0.84. It was revealed that youth are more likely to have high scores on Accepting External Influence and Self-Alienation than adults. Men and women did not significantly differ on the sub-scores of Authenticity Scale. Multigroup CFA also showed that Authenticity Scale scores may be biased in people with high levels of clinical depression, in terms of the item intercepts. Authentic Living is positively connected with mental wellbeing, self-esteem, positive affect, satisfaction with life, and negatively with depressive symptoms and negative affect; reverse trends were found for Accepting External Influence and Self-Alienation subscales. The Russian version of the Authenticity Scale is a valid, reliable tool that may be recommended for use in various areas of non-clinical practice.

Analisis Faktor Eksploratori dan Konfirmatori untuk Validasi Skala Lingkungan Makan Terstruktur pada Ibu Bekerja

This study aims to develop and validate the construct of structured meals environment scale. The method used was a cross-sectional survey. The participants were working mothers with early-aged children. The structured meals environment scale used Likert scale which consists of three dimensions: structured meals setting, structured meals timing, and family meals setting. The results of EFA (N = 302) showed that the scale explains the construct of a structured meals environment was 63.98%. The results of CFA (N = 202) showed that the goodness of fit model was acceptable. Factors loading > .5 (.503 - .819) shows the items are valid. Discriminant validity (AVE) moves from .482 - .577 with construct reliability > .7 (.760 - .802). Structured meals environment scale has met the psychometric property test so that the scale is proper to be used.

Analisis Faktor Adaptasi Instrumen Resiliensi Akademik Versi Indonesia: Pendekatan Eksploratori dan Konfirmatori

Academic resilience is an individual response to overcome the academic difficulties they face. Academic resilience has three dimensions, namely perseverance, which reflects behavioral responses, reflecting and adaptive help-seeking, which reflects cognitive responses and negative affect and emotional responses that reflect the affective dimension. The Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30) is the latest instrument that measures academic resilience. To be used in Indonesia, an adaptation process is needed to suit the context and culture in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to validate the adaptation of ARS-30 to produce a valid and reliable measurement model. Adaptation is carried out following guidelines issued by the International Test Commission. Based on the results of reliability testing, EFA and CFA using JASP note that ARS-Indonesia is valid and reliable in measuring academic resilience. The final ARS-Indonesia fit model can be seen in the results section.

Assessing safety culture in a gas refinery complex: Development of a tool using a sociotechnical work systems and macroergonomics approach

Forty years of research into safety culture indicates that an appropriate assessment in a safety–critical context will include items that are common safety factors and also items that are specific to the particular industry and community. To develop a new survey tool, suitable for use in the gas refinery industry, a sociotechnical work systems approach was used, to capture all aspects of that work system context. The program was carried out in three parts at a gas refinery complex in the Persian Gulf. First, 18 semi-directed interviews of experienced employees were conducted. Using a confirmatory framework, the rich qualitative data were summarized into structural codes and 12 themes. Second, 15 safety specialists served as an expert panel on proposed items that emerged from the qualitative interviews. Their comments and assessment of content validity led to a 59-item questionnaire, in which the 12 themes were aligned to 12 safety culture factors and five macroergonomic subsystems of the sociotechnical work systems approach used. In the third part, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were examined using a sample of 276 employees, supervisors and managers. The results of CFA indicated that a 56-item assessment tool was valid and reliable. Goodness-of-fit indices had acceptable values and measurement model was confirmed (CMIN/DF = 1.55; GFI = 0.94; AGFI = 0.91; CFI = 0.89; RMSEA = 0.05). The sociotechnical work system approach provided a suitable route to developing the safety assessment tool that recognizes aspects of the gas refinery industry, such as work schedule type, cultural environment, and being away from family support.

Validation of the scale for assessing the psychological vulnerability and its association with health of intimate partner violence victims in Chinese young adult population.

The Women’s Experience with Battering (WEB) scale is a self-report instrument that uses a 10-item Likert-type scale to measure IPV victims’ cognitive and affective experience of battering. This study aimed to validate the Chinese version of the WEB scale using gender-neutral questions, Experience of Battering Scale (Chinese) (EBS-C), to assess the psychological vulnerability of victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). The study adopted a range of methods, including translation and back translation, expert reviews, cognitive debriefing, and test-retest reliability assessment. The EBS-C was validated in a purposive convenience sample of 718 Chinese-speaking participants (male = 362; female = 356) aged 18–24 (mean age = 21.4) in Hong Kong. The results of CFA showed a good model fit: CFI = .97, TLI = .96, RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .03. The EBS-C was also found to be significantly associated with the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2; r = .13–.17, p < .01), depression (BDI-II: r = .15, p < .01), anxiety (GAD-7: r = .17, p < .01), interpersonal support (ISEL-12: r = -.27, p < .01), relationship satisfaction (RAS: r = -.36, p < .01), and self-esteem (RSES: r = -.22, p < .01). The study demonstrated the EBS-C to be a reliable and valid measure for assessing the psychological vulnerability of IPV victims. It is thus useful for identifying the risks such individuals face by assessing their experience of fear, danger, and disempowerment in the intimate relationship relative to abusive incident-based measures alone. The EBS-C will also be useful for developing effective treatments to address the psychological vulnerability resulting from IPV and will facilitate cross-cultural comparative research aimed at enriching our knowledge of IPV victimization.

Psychometric properties of the Bulgarian version of Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture

To explore the psychometrics of the Bulgarian version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (B-HSOPSC) and its suitability for use in Bulgaria. A national web-based cross-sectional survey of the safety patient culture. The hospitals' staffs from 28 administrative areas in the country. Web-based self-administered questionnaire. Physicians and non-physicians such as nurses, midwifes, etc., working at hospitals. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess the psychometric properties of the original US structure. Assessment of construct validity included convergent validity, discriminant validity, and nomological validity of constructs. A total of 525 valid cases were included in the analysis. The results of CFA revealed acceptable values for absolute indices and lower for the incremental index, comparative fit index. Due to the very low convergence validity, the dimension 'staffing' was removed from the model. Additionally, one item was removed from another dimension. The B-HSOPSC included 11 dimensions and 37 items. The B-HSOPSC had acceptable levels of global and local fits. Its safety culture dimensions were sufficiently distinguishable and correlated with outcome variables.

Validity and reliability of the Greek version of Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS)

BackgroundThe need for developing pragmatic and reliable measures that affect evidence-based practice has been highlighted in organizational studies. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Greek version of Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS). ILS is a brief and effective tool for measuring leadership when implementing evidence based practices.MethodsThe translation process followed World Health Organization guidelines. Face and content validity were examined. Then, the psychometric properties of ILS were tested with a sample of 143 nurses and midwifes working in a private Greek hospital. Confirmatory Factor Analyses for structural validity testing, Pearson coefficient for convergent and discriminant validity testing as well as internal consistency analysis for reliability testing were conducted. Quality of leadership scale from COPSOQ II and Organizational Climate Measure were used for assessing convergent and discriminant validity, respectively.ResultsGreek version of ILS show good face and content validity. CFA results (x2 = 100. 69 (50); CFI = 0.93; GFI = 0.83; RMSEA = 0.06) confirmed the four-factor structure of the scale (Proactive, Knowledgeable, Supportive and Perseverant leadership). The internal consistency was excellent (a = 0.94 for total scale and between 0.85 and 0.91 for subscales). Analyses also revealed good convergent and discriminant validity.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that the Greek Version of ILS is a valid and reliable tool for measuring leadership of evidence based practices implementation. However, further research for assessing its psychometric properties in various samples and more professional groups is suggested.

Continuous intention to use mobile money (MM) services: Driving factors among small and medium-sized tourism and hospitality enterprises (SMTHEs)

ABSTRACT Mobile money (known popularly as “MOMO” in Ghana) usage has become common in Africa. However, the driving factors explaining the continuous use of such services among small and medium-sized tourism and hospitality enterprises (SMTHEs) is still unknown. This study examines the driving factors of continuous intention to use MM services among SMTHEs in Ghana. It employs the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2), and the diffusion of innovation and perceived risk theories to examine the key drivers and deterrents of continued MM usage among SMTHE operators. A structural model was developed to test eleven hypotheses. A multi-stage proportionate random sampling was conducted on sub-sectors such as accommodation, restaurants, transport agencies and artisans within four selected cities in Ghana, yielding 380 useful survey questionnaires. Overall, the results of both CFA and SEM indicate that the model fits the data. For instance, effort expectancy, performance expectancy, hedonic motivations, habit, personal innovations, destination-infrastructure risk, technology risk and awareness were significant drivers of the intention to continuously use MM services. Further results from the multi-group moderation analysis show significant differences between males and females relative to the relationship between effort expectancy and continuous intention. The implications and limitations of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are given.

Indonesian version of FASER LX scale to measure Learner Experience: A validation study

This study aims to test and validate the FASER LX Scale, an instrument developed to measure e-learning learner experience. Online survey to 365 respondents selected randomly form Komunitas Guru Belajar, a virtual learning community in Indonesia was applied. Statistical analysis was firstly performed by optimizing Confirmatory Factor Analysis to confirm the compatibility between factor structure from existing data and its model specification as proposed in the previous research. Result of CFA showed that model fit criterion is failed to achieve. So, the five dimensions model of learner experience cannot be confirmed. Thus, an additional EFA was conducted to find the underlying factor structure in the existing data. EFA revealed a 32-item, 5-factor structure solution which proven to be valid and reliable. Further analysis of this finding stated that this instrument successfully explained 61,239% of total variance. This study recommends the use of this instrument to measure learner experience in order to evaluate e-learning program as one of the alternative way to support SDGs good education mission.

Validity and Reliability of the School’s Emotional Climate Scale

The aim of this study is to develop and validate the School’s Emotional Climate scale. To this end, 683 teachers working in elementary and middle schools were recruited. An item pool with 39 items was created based on an extensive literature review and expert opinions. The items were reviewed by experts and seven items were dropped out from the item pool. EFA was conducted with 32 items. Based on the results of EFA, thirteen items were removed, which left 19 items with three factors. In order to test this structure, CFA was conducted. According to the CFA results, the scale was found to be reliable, which is also proved through Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient values. The final form of the scale consisted of 19 items with three factors entitles as emotional association, empathy, and emotional fatigue. The limitations and suggestions for future research is discussed.

Antecedents and Consequences of Child Abuse

Objectives: The study explored the dimensions of antecedents of abuse, such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional abuse, which leads to the consequences of child abuse. The data were examined for model fitness towards the causes and effects of child abuse. Methods: The research underwent an empirical study analysing and testing through a structured questionnaire, and the purposive sampling technique was adopted. As many as 500 questionnaires were dispersed among children in various government schools in OMR, Chennai, Kanchipuram district, and finally 325 questionnaires were considered to be usable for analysis. The survey was conducted in the year 2016; the study data were collected over a period of 3 months. The participants chosen for the study were in the age group of 11 to 17 years and were students from high schools and higher secondary schools. The final sample consisted of 325 students. The schools where the participants studied catered mainly to families who belong to lower-middle socioeconomic class. The questionnaire was structured in such a way to elicit demographic details and determine variables to pose questions through different formats, such as Likert Scale, dichotomous questions, and rating scale questions. The secondary data used in our study were gathered from the reports of the primary health care centres functioning near the schools covered in our study. Findings/ application: Reliability of the items in the questionnaire was above 0.65, and on final consolidation, Multiple Regressions and SEM were used to test the hypotheses; statistical analysis was carried out using software such as SPSS 2.0 and AMOS 2.1. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed, taking Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse, and Neglect and Emotional Abuse as the independent variables and Child Abuse as the dependent variable. All the dimensions of antecedents emerged as significant predictors to child abuse. The collinearity statistics revealed the absence of multicollinearity between independent variables. As for relative importance of each variable, physical abuse (0.71), sexual abuse (0.88), neglect (0.83), and emotional abuse (0.75) made the strongest contribution in exploring the dependent variable. This resulted in the rejection of null hypothesis. Multiple determination factor R2 (Goodness of fit) value was 0.39, and F value of the regression, 79.87 (p < 0.01). Factor R of multiple cross-correlations showed high cross-correlation, which is less than the acceptable level of 0.01; the results of CFA suggest that the factor loadings for all major variables range between 0.89 and 0.98. SEM was performed to test the goodness of fit using large sample size, and the following values were obtained: Goodness of fit (GFI) indices = 0.98, AGFI = 0.90, CMIN = 77.8, PGFI = 0.37, RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.999, GFI = 0.99, and IFI = 0.99.Keywords: Child Abuse, Antecedents, Consequences, Physical, Emotional, Sexual Abuse

Developing of Bloomian HOTS Physics Test: Content and Construct Validation of The PhysTeBloHOTS

Higher order thinking skills (HOTS) of the students in physics learning need to be assessed. There are several kinds of HOTS, one of which is Bloomian HOTS. The Bloomian HOTS Physics test for Senior High School Students called PhysTeBloHOTS has been developed to assess students’ HOTS. The purpose of this study is to prove validation of the PhysTeBloHOTS. There were two steps of validation: proving the content validity and construct validity. The content validity analysis was conducted using Aiken’s V and the analysis of construct validation was conducted using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The PhysTeBloHOTS consisted of four test sets: A, B, C, and D. The each of test set consists of 40 items with 8 anchor items. For the test trial, PhysTeBloHOTS were administrated to 301 Senior High School Students in Yogyakarta. The result of the study shows that PhysTeBloHOTS is valid according to the content and construct validity. The PhysTeBloHOTS items are valid according to the expert judgments with Aiken’s V index ranged from 0.83 to 0.97, respectively. The result of EFA and CFA show that PhysTeBloHOTS consist of three aspects: analysis, evaluate, and create.

Indonesian-language version of general self-efficacy scale-12 using Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis: A construct validity testing

The General Self-Efficacy Scale 12 (GSES-12) is a brief measure for assessing self-efficacy. This study aimed to revise an Indonesian language version of the GSES-12 that was translated and adopted from previous research. The revision conducted by following the Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures, and the final version was administered to 303 (132 male, 171 female) Indonesian students, with a mean age of 19.56 years (SD: 1.20). This study is presented to establish the construct validity of this instrument further. The results of Bayesian CFA revealed a higher-order structure of factor representing constructs of self-efficacy. Considering the theoretical background and the best model fit indices (PPP-value = 0.549 and BRMSEA = 0.001), it is concluded that the Indonesian version of GSES-12 appears to be a valid instrument in assessing self-efficacy in Indonesian speaking students and is expected to facilitate the examination of self-efficacy in Indonesian speaking populations.

Validation study of Indonesian mother-infant bonding scale.

Mother-infant bonding scale (MIBS) is a questionnaire that can be used to elaborate the quality dyad between mother and infant; however it is not validated in Indonesian language optimally. This study aimed to identify the validity and reliability of the MIBS-Indonesian (MIBS-I) version based on Japanese MIBS (MIBS-J) that could be used in general population and hospital setting. Design of the study was cross sectional and involving 150 mother-infant dyads recruited from Growth and Developmental Clinic dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Jakarta and Beji Volunteer-Staffed Integrated Health Service (Posyandu)-Depok/West Java. Infant was categorized as children from 0-36 months old. Mother with at least junior high-school background fulfilled MIBS-Indonesian version and also demographic data. SPSS version 21 for Mac and Lisrel 8.8 program for Windows was applied to analyze the data. Results of the study demonstrated that the content validity was good with I-CVI=0.9875 and S-CVI=0.99; and EFA results of 3 components total variance was 57.90% and CFA results showed three factors structure out of eight items and it fullfiled an adequate goodness of fit with each factor CR >0.7; factor 1:'desire to love and denial', factor 2: 'hate and being closed', and factor 3: 'rejection feeling'. Cronbach's alpha for the eight items of MIBS-I was 0.535. To be concluded, MIBS-I was a multidimentional scale with three-factor model and it was confirmed valid and reliable to be implemented in Indonesian children from 0-36 months old.

Expectancy Value Scale on Information Technology: A Validation Study

The present study validated the Expectancy Value Scale (EVS) for teachers regarding information technology. Participants were 866 teachers from 58 kindergartens in China. Based on a randomly split sample, we used one half (n = 433) for exploratory factor analysis, and anther half (n = 433) for confirmatory factor analysis. Both EFA and CFA results revealed that Expectancy and Value were distinguishable. Furthermore, latent factor means for the EVS were invariant across age (less than 30 years vs. 30 years and more) and education level (high school vs. bachelor’s or beyond). Finally, consistent with theoretical expectations, the EVS was negatively correlated with distractions while learning and applying information technology.

Measuring the Corporate Brand Image of Islamic Banking Institutions

The measurement of image in the banking sector is important especially to understand customer’s perception towards the bank service. However, the available scales measuring the image of banks are mainly based on the conventional institutions, which neglect the important Islamic values adopted by Islamic bank. As such, this study proposes to develop a reliable and valid scale to measure the functional component of the corporate brand image for Islamic banking institutions. Based on the available literatures and interviews with relevant stakeholders, a modified scale is suggested. The result of EFA and CFA shows that the functional image of an Islamic brand could be divided into four dimensions which are contact personnel, shariah advisory panel, access to service, and service offerings. The results provide a tool that could be used by banking management to measure the bank image.

Psychometric Properties and Validation of Body Appreciation Scale (BAS)

Objectives: The purpose of this paper was to assess the psychometric properties of BAS-2 among university students in Urmia, Iran. Methods: This is a descriptive-exploratory study that specifically aims at validating tests. The current research goes under the rubric of standardization studies. The study population consists of university students in Urmia in the academic year of 2014 - 2015 and after providing the Persian version of the target scale using translation and back translation, the approved version of the BAS-2 as well as multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire, body dysmorphic metacognitive questionnaire, and Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (modified for body dysmorphic disorder) administered to 400 university students in Urmia have been selected through quota sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, face, content, construct and convergent validity, Cronbach’s alpha, and split-half reliability with SPSS and AMOS Graphics softwares. Results: The results indicated that Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and split-half reliability were 0.87 and 0.83, respectively. The face, content, construct, and convergent validity of the BAS-2 were confirmed to be in consistent with other instruments. The results of CFA to obtain the construct validity indicated that every 10 items showed high factor loading with the total score. BAS-2 scale has an acceptable validity and reliability and is applicable to research and clinical settings in Iranian context. Conclusions: It can be concluded that BAS-2 is a psychometrically sound positive body image measure.

Measurement of muscular Christian ideals in sport: Validation of the Contemporary Muscular Christian Instrument

Muscular Christianity’s influential role in establishing Western sport values and ideals during the 19th century has long been acknowledged by sport scholars. Yet these relatively dated sets of physical moral constructs are rarely understood as having lasting relevance, or as forming part of the contemporary attraction to sport, and thus have been missing in critical sociological analyses of sport. While shown to be valid and reliable, initial results from developing the Contemporary Muscular Christian Instrument (CMCI) also suggested that modifications to item wording could enhance readability and capture all six theorized factors of muscular Christianity, supported by literature. The current scale development study is aimed to strengthen the instrument and verify its structural validity and internal consistency among a more diverse sample population: spectators at the 2014 Tour de France. Following data collection and cleaning of data, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and internal consistencies were examined. Results indicate strong support for the structural validity of the revised 20-item, 6-factor CMCI, showing strong factor loadings across all items and acceptable internal consistencies for all six-theorized factors. Findings among this international sample of sport spectators suggest that historic muscular Christian themes used to develop this instrument continue to shape and influence perceptions of what is deemed good, right, and valuable in sport. Our findings point to the importance of understanding these six moral constructs as contemporary discussions on the social value and importance of such activities evolve. The revised CMCI provides sociologists of sport a tool by which to examine theorized muscular Christian constructs, promoting certain values about sport and its social “good,” and allows for further investigation into sports’ social significance, meanings, and values within related topics. This paper details the improvements to the survey instrument, the CFA results, and recommendations for future application and research using the survey instrument.

A Study on the Development of a Principals' Trust in Teachers Scale for Secondary Schools in Korea

본 연구는 중등학교 교장이 신뢰하는 교사는 어떠한 요인으로 구성되는 지를 탐색하고 이를 측정할 수 있는 도구를 개발하고 타당화 하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 국내외 신뢰척도에 관한 문헌 조사를 통하여 예비 설문 문항을 개발하고 전문가들을 활용하여 문항의 내용타당도를 검증하였으며 23명의 교장으로부터 예비조사를 실시한 후 예비문항 50개를 완성하였다. 내용타당도와 안면타당도를 검증한 50개의 설문문항을 사용하여 전국의 중학교와 고등학교의 교장 223명을 대상으로 개발한 문항에 대하여 탐색적 및 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 추출된 척도의 모델에 대한 신뢰도 검증을 위하여 각 요인별로 신뢰도계수를 산출하였다. 그 결과, 교장이 신뢰하는 바람직한 교사의 신뢰 척도에는 총 25문항으로 구성되었다. 추출된 요인은 각각 ‘학급경영, 수업, 학생지도’, ‘학교장에 대한 지지와 교장에 대한 신뢰’, ‘학부모와의 동반자 관계’, ‘교장의 교사에 대한 신뢰 형성의 결과’로 명명되었으며, 산출된 모델지수는 카이제곱(chi^2)값은, chi^2(269)=656.050, p-value<.001로 나타났고 다른 적합도 지수는 SRMR=.041, TLI=.902, CFI=.913로 나타나 연구모형의 적합도는 만족되었다. 신뢰도계수(Cronbach’s alpha)는 학급경영, 수업, 학생지도 = .971, 학교장에 대한 지지와 교장에 대한 신뢰 = .856, 학교장에 대한 지지와 교장에 대한 신뢰 = .914, 교장의 교사에 대한 신뢰 형성의 결과 = .721 각각 나타나 본 척도는 관리자인 교장이 인식한 교사의 신뢰를 측정하는데 타당한 도구라고 할 수 있다.The study aimed to develop an instrument-principals’ trust in teachers scale to better understand how principals trust in teachers in the context of secondary schools in South Korea. Based on the literature review of instruments developed to measure trust and how principals perceive teachers’ behaviors and attitudes to form the trust between them, a conceptual model and initial items were developed. Next, through expert judges and pilot tests, 50 items were developed. A total of 223 principals from secondary schools provided usable data as measured by the principals’ trust in teachers scale. The results of EFA and CFA suggested a four-factor model with the final 25 items retained: class management, instruction, and caring for students (α= .971), teacher’s support and trust in the principal (α= .856), partnerships with parents (α= .914), results of principal’s trust formation in teachers (α= .721) with chi^2(269) = 656.050, p-value <.001, CFI = .913, SRMR = 0.041, and TLI = .902, which indicates a good model fit. The implications for further research and practices related to developing parents’ trust in teachers are discussed.

Development and Validation of Social Cognitive Theory Based Questionnaire for Physical Activity to Preventing Osteoporosis (PAQ-SCT)

Background: Social cognitive theory is a suitable model that examines many factors associated with physical activity. Despite the importance of this issue, there is no evidence of a specific questionnaire for assessing physical activity in Iranian women. Objectives: This article reports the development and psychometric evaluation process of a physical activity questionnaire among Iranian women. Methods: In 2016, this psychometric study was carried out on 400 women aged less than 50 years old from 10 health centers recruited by clustering sampling in Isfahan. After reviewing numerous texts, a questionnaire was developed and necessary reforms, in accordance with the principles of translation and cultural adaptation, were applied in a research committee. Then, content validity confirmed by an expert panel as well as face validity was evaluated in a pilot study. Construct validity was conducted using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was also measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and internal consistency method. Scales used in this study included self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social support, and self-regulation. Results: Internal consistency was found 0.90. In the exploratory factor analysis, four-factor models with a total variance of 80.9% were identified (P < 0.001). The CFA results (CMIN = 276/874, DF = 166, P < 0.001, CFI = 0.967, RMSEA = 0.061) represent the suitability and acceptability of a model based on social cognitive theory. Conclusions: Due to good values of validity and reliability, the questionnaire was developed based on social cognitive theory, its use is recommended to assess physical activity in Iranian women.