Phase Of Restructuring Research Articles

P63 is a prosurvival factor in the adult mammary gland during post-lactational involution, affecting PI-MECs and ErbB2 tumorigenesis

In embryogenesis, p63 is essential to develop mammary glands. In the adult mammary gland, p63 is highly expressed in the basal cell layer that comprises myoepithelial and interspersed stem/progenitor cells, and has limited expression in luminal epithelial cells. In adult skin, p63 has a crucial role in the maintenance of epithelial stem cells. However, it is unclear whether p63 also has an equivalent role as a stem/progenitor cell factor in adult mammary epithelium. We show that p63 is essential in vivo for the survival and maintenance of parity-identified mammary epithelial cells (PI-MECs), a pregnancy-induced heterogeneous population that survives post-lactational involution and contain multipotent progenitors that give rise to alveoli and ducts in subsequent pregnancies. p63+/- glands are normal in virgin, pregnant and lactating states. Importantly, however, during the apoptotic phase of post-lactational involution p63+/- glands show a threefold increase in epithelial cell death, concomitant with increased activation of the oncostatin M/Stat3 and p53 pro-apoptotic pathways, which are responsible for this phase. Thus, p63 is a physiologic antagonist of these pathways specifically in this regressive stage. After the restructuring phase when involution is complete, mammary glands of p63+/- mice again exhibit normal epithelial architecture by conventional histology. However, using Rosa(LSL-LacZ);WAP-Cre transgenics (LSL-LacZ, lox-stop-lox β-galactosidase), a genetic in vivo labeling system for PI-MECs, we find that p63+/- glands have a 30% reduction in the number of PI-MEC progenitors and their derivatives. Importantly, PI-MECs are also cellular targets of pregnancy-promoted ErbB2 tumorigenesis. Consistent with their PI-MEC pool reduction, one-time pregnant p63+/- ErbB2 mice are partially protected from breast tumorigenesis, exhibiting extended tumor-free and overall survival, and reduced tumor multiplicity compared with their p63+/+ ErbB2 littermates. Conversely, in virgin ErbB2 mice p63 heterozygosity provides no survival advantage. In sum, our data establish that p63 is an important survival factor for pregnancy-identified PI-MEC progenitors in breast tissue in vivo.

Activity-based costing on the example of prune-drying company

This paper examines the possibility of application of the activity-based costing in a company engaged in drying fruit. Activity Based Costing (ABC) was developed due to the shortcomings of traditional cost accounting systems, which was shown to have serious limitations, on one hand, and due to the need for more accurate cost price, on the other. This is of great importance for business decision making, which requires quality data and information, because the intense technical and technological progress has significantly altered the environment companies operate in. Along with this fact, major changes in cost structure occurred, which reflected through the increase of the indirect cost portion, and decrease of direct labor and material costs. Traditional cost accounting methods allocate indirect production costs using keys which are no longer appropriate for the new circumstances, and therefore typically allocate unreasonably high amount of indirect costs to those products which are produced in larger series. ABC cost accounting system firstly allocates indirect costs to pre-defined activities, and afterwards carries them to cost and profit drivers. The application of ABC costing in Serbia is at the very beginning. Having in mind that the privatization and the restructuring phase in the economy is followed by the establishment of a new management with fresh ideas, this can be a good timing for companies to introduce modern approach and modern methods of cost accounting. ABC method is very convenient for application in service companies, food processing industry, confectionery companies, driers, sugar refineries, breweries, dairies, mills etc.

Deepening Neoliberalism via Austerity and ‘Reform’: The Case of Ireland

The current economic crisis – the ‘great recession’ – raises numerous questions about neoliberal ideas and practice, not the least of which is whether (and if so, how) neoliberalism can survive it. Our paper takes on these issues using the case of Ireland. This is the first proper neoliberal crisis in Ireland. From the early 1990s to 2008, Ireland was held up by many neoliberal champions as a place that gained from deregulation, openness to inward investment, and low corporation tax rates. But the build-up of contradictions in Ireland exploded rapidly in 2008, when its property bubble burst and private banks and government finances collapsed. Rather than examining what caused Ireland's crisis, we look at what has happened between 2008 and 2013. We focus on structural adjustments regarding the property, finance, and labour markets and then on the government's austerity programme as a whole. In addition to demonstrating how these adjustments have been an attack on workers and ordinary citizens, we identify some particularly striking elements, which we use to argue that a new phase of disturbance and restructuring is deepening and extending neoliberalism's influence in Ireland.

The limiting & facilitating factors for export through Textile, Chemical & Pharmaceutical SMEs: In Indian perspective

The SMEs are playing a strategic role in economic growth and development of the country through their contribution to the creation of wealth, employment and income generation. The Textile & Chemical Industries are the leading segment in the SME sector. For the Indian economy textiles & chemical segments plays a major role. These segment of SMEs are exposed to the competitive pressures either directly from the market place or indirectly passed on from their higher ups in the chain. However, with SMEs dynamism, flexibility and innovative drive they are increasingly focusing on improved production methods, penetrative marketing strategies and management capabilities to continue and build up their operations. The Textiles exports consists of Fabrics, Ready-made garments, Cotton textiles, Textiles made from man-made fiber, Wool and Woolen goods, Silk, Handicrafts etc. Out of which man-made textiles and silk are showing the highest growth rate. The Indian Chemical Industry comprises both small and large-scale units. The fiscal concessions granted to the small-scale sector in mid-eighties led to establishment of a large number of units in the Small Scale Industries (SSI) sector. Currently, the Indian Chemical industry is in the midst of a phase of major restructuring and consolidation. With the shift in emphasis on product innovation, brand building and environmental friendliness, this industry is increasingly moving towards greater customer orientation. Even though India enjoys an abundant supply of basic raw materials, it will have to build upon technical services and marketing capabilities to face global competition and increase its share of exports. With the initiation of planned economy from 1951 and Government of India's subsequent industrial policy earmarked a special role for small-scale industries and medium scale industries in the Indian economy. Currently Textile & Chemical SMEs are facing the challenge of increased competition on account of new open markets. In such a context the ability to export is becoming a critical factor in the development and long term survival of many SMEs.

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMUNAL SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HUNGARY

Consumption and related waste production is an integral part of our daily lives. The waste generation worldwide depends on the economic strength of the given region/country, and it increases from year to year. More and more attention is drawn to the re-use, recycling, reutilization of the waste which are driven mainly by environmental concerns and economic interests. Regional waste management systems have been established in Hungary with the support of EU funds, which process the waste according to European standards. In addition to this in January 2013 new Waste Management Act was introduced in Hungary, with the main objectives to increase the rate of recycling and to significantly decrease the proportion and amount of waste taken for final disposal at landfill sites. By the development of waste handling techniques and the harmonisation of the legal environment and instruments to the European standards the Hungarian waste management has achieved a restructuring phase, where the core issues of the sustainable waste management are considered and implemented.

The effect of hydrographs on bed load transport and bed sediment spatial arrangement

Field measurements of sediment transport in gravel bed rivers often reveal hysteretic effects due to differences in sediment availability between the rising and falling limbs of a flood hydrograph. However, only a small number of flume studies have analyzed the dynamics of sediment transport during hydrographs. Three types of stepped hydrographs with contrasting durations and magnitudes are simulated here under sediment recirculation conditions. Bed load transport rate and grain size have been measured continuously. The dynamic behavior of the surface armor layer has been explored by analyzing digital photographs and laser scanner surveys of the bed surface taken during hydrographs. The results indicate that sediment transport during the falling limb was lower than during the rising limb in all of the three types of hydrographs. This reduction is more evident for the low‐magnitude hydrographs. The grain size of the bed remained virtually constant throughout the hydrographs but the grain size of transported sediments exhibited a counterclockwise hysteresis. Also, a significant increase in the reference shear stress for sediment entrainment was measured during the falling limb of hydrographs. Additionally, a detailed analysis of partial transport dynamics of the bed surface sediments reveals a reduction in sediment mobility during the falling limb of the hydrographs. The difference in sediment entrainment and transport before and after the peak of the hydrographs appears to be caused by a change in the organization of the surface sediments. An analysis of detailed laser scan bed surveys reveals a phase of bed restructuring (lower vertical roughness, clast rearrangement) during the falling limb of hydrographs. Consequently, changes in the degree of organization and complexity of the bed surface are likely the cause of the reduced mobility of sediments, and thus of the reduced sediment transport rate, during the falling limb of the hydrographs.

Des outils de thérapie cognitivo-comportementale pour la remédiation cognitive

Le programme de remédiation cognitive pour la schizophrénie ou un trouble associé (RECOS) s’appuie sur plusieurs techniques et outils développés par l’approche cognitivo-comportementale. L’évaluation des répercussions fonctionnelles (ERF) permet tout d’abord de saisir l’impact cognitif, comportemental et émotionnel des déficits cognitifs mesurés par une évaluation neuropsychologique détaillée. Au terme de l’évaluation, chaque participant est invité à fixer des objectifs concrets susceptibles d’améliorer sa qualité de vie. Durant les exercices d’entraînement cognitif, il est encouragé à analyser les résultats obtenus au regard des stratégies qu’il a lui-même déployées. Ce travail de « restructuration métacognitive » est fondamental car il lui permet d’identifier les raisons de ses échecs et de générer des stratégies alternatives afin de répondre précisément aux exigences de la tâche. Avec l’aide de son thérapeute, chaque participant visera finalement à transférer ses nouvelles compétences dans son lieu de vie afin d’atteindre l’objectif fixé. The Cognitive Remediation Program for Schizophrenia and other related disorders (RECOS) aims to improve participants’ skills in one or more cognitive areas in a specific and personalized way. It is based on theoretical principles derived not only from the fields of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and educational psychology, but also from the cognitive behavioral approach. The program begins with an evaluation phase using psychopathological scales and neuropsychological tests. The evaluation of the functional repercussions then allows us to understand the cognitive, behavioral and emotional impact of measured cognitive deficits. Each participant is then asked to set concrete goals likely to improve their quality of life. Before starting the cognitive training, a session of psychoeducation emphasizes the importance of treating cognitive difficulties to promote independence and increase the chances of social and professional reintegration. The remedial phase itself is designed to improve the deficit skills while promoting the transfer and generalization of skills learned in therapy to everyday life. The objectives set at the beginning of the program and the clinical benefits of cognitive work and cognitive remediation are evaluated at the end of fourteen weeks of cognitive training. Besides the desire to measure progress observed with psychopathological scales, the RECOS program borrows concepts of empathy, positive reinforcement and collaborative relationships from cognitive behavioral therapy. From a neurocognitive point of view, the RECOS program develops the ability to change personal thought processes since each participant is requested to analyze performance against strategies they have themselves deployed. This work of “metacognitive restructuring” is important because patients tend to think that they have no control over their difficulties. They commonly consider that their failures are simply due to the fact that they suffer from schizophrenia. This sense of “learned helplessness” suggests that the drop in performance is due to repeated failures and the subjective impression that the situation is not controllable. On the contrary, the patient must understand that their successes are due to the conscious and systematic use of relevant problem-solving strategies and that their failures are due to strategies which are ineffective or inappropriate for the situation. Their sense of self-efficacy and motivation is then increased on a long-term basis. Therefore, the therapist's role is to help each participant to identify the strategies used, compare them with results and restructure these metacognitive processes to achieve the desired result. Based on our understanding, this work includes three metacognitive restructuring phases. The first stage of self-assessment is based on the techniques of “current and retrospective introspection” and work and observation by the therapist. The second step is to analyze the results in light of the chosen strategies. When the result is satisfactory, the therapist positively encourages the participant by underlining the relevance of the strategies used. If this is not the case, they are asked to generate and apply new strategies for problem solving. The results obtained with these alternative strategies ultimately determine their future use. This restructuring work is fundamental because it allows everyone to identify the reasons for their failures and to seek alternative solutions to respond appropriately to the requirements of the task. The therapist then helps each participant transfer these newly-acquired skills to their own environment to achieve their set goals. Thus, the RECOS therapy program aims to understand changes in the cognitive and metacognitive processes in each individual patient. The great heterogeneity of clinical and cognitive manifestations of schizophrenia prompted us to develop specific training modules and to work on a one-to-one basis. This personalized work is defined in terms of true functional analysis. As proposed by cognitive behavioral therapy, the results obtained after the phase of cognitive remediation are evaluated using an experimental approach with dedicated psychopathological tools and standardized tests. Due to the common use of techniques and a clinical approach based on functional objectives, cognitive remediation offered by the RECOS program seems to be able to integrate tried and tested cognitive-behavioral techniques in the field of psychosis.

The social composition of VET in New Zealand

This paper identifies three, overlapping, phases of restructuring of New Zealand's system of vocational education and training (VET). These are the meritocratic, the market and the managed. In very different ways, each phase has been designed to increase the propensity of students from all social backgrounds to participate in VET. This paper contributes to debates about the impact of reform of VET in New Zealand by reporting on the results of a study that assesses the propensity of students from different social backgrounds to progress to VET in New Zealand. In doing so, the paper assesses the extent to which VET is ‘for other people's children’ and responds to recent calls for research in VET that foregrounds ethnicity, gender and social class.

THE ENIGMATIC ORDER; THE ORDER OF THE STAR OF SOUTH AFRICA ITS ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTER AND PROBLEMS!

The Order of the Star of South Africa is the Republic's premier order. It superseded the Star of South Africa (instituted in 1952), which was formally classed as a decoration (and awarded in one class only). For students of the South African award structure it is pivotal, in two major respects. First, it has exhibited an undeniable restlessness and instability since its inception in 1975; having experienced two major phases of reorganization and restructuring, its final form, to date, appearing in 1988. In this respect, it is clearly symptomatic of the unstable and continually fluctuating character of the South African award structure, a theme that has been explored in several published sources, written by the author of the present article.2 Most importantly, the source of this instability is encapsulated in the Order: viz the departure from sound and firmly anchored precedents, established over several centuries. Second, the Order points to the manner in which a medal pantheon forms an index of political-social-cultural development in a nation's history. For the development of the Order of the Star of South Africa has coincided with a period in which the SADF has occupied an extremely high and aggressive profile in the collective consciousness of the South African public.3 Thus, the institution of the Order of the Star of South Africa in 1975 was the fountainhead, so to speak, of a veritable plethora of either new or reconstituted awards. The year 1975 also witnessed the institution of the: Honoris Crux Decoration - Gold (HCG), Silver (HCS) and Decoration (HC); Southern Cross Medal; Pro Merito Medal; Southern Cross Decoration (SD), Pro Merito Decoration (PM D): South African Defence Force Good Service Medal (Gold, Silver, Bronze - for 30, 20 and 10 years meritorious service in the Permanent Force/Citizen Force/Commandos respectively); and SADF Champion Shot Medal.

TEKNIK APROKSIMASI DALAM PERESTRUKTURAN KLAUSA EKSISTENSIAL: KASUS PENGINDONESIAAN NOVEL SERIAL HARRY POTTER KARYA J.K. ROWLING

This study aims to explain the implementation of approximation technique in clause restructuring to produce a target language text, which is functionally equivalent with its source language counterpart. It is deliberately designed to analyze existential clauses contained in an English novel along with its Indonesian translation. Four basic steps, which has been taken to process the data, are (1) data reduction, (2) data display, (3) data analysis, and (4) inference. It is revealed that a number of restructuring phases are employed to achieve functional equivalence. These phases are taken due to the fact that the basic elements of existential clauses in English do not have any one-to-one formal correspondence with their counterpart in Indonesian. Through approximation technique, existential clauses are then restructured according to their communicative or interactive functions. Clauses, which refers to existence, are restructured to form clauses on "being", while those, which refers to events, are restructured according to their types or categories.

Market segmentation and the changing South African hotel industry (1990 to 2010)

Market segmentation is an expanding focus in tourism scholarship. Only limited application of this concept has been undertaken to interpret hotel business development, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This article shows that in South Africa, one of Africa’s leading tourism destinations, market segmentation has been a distinguishing feature of the country’s hotel sector especially over the past 20 years. It is argued that as post-apartheid South Africa shed its international pariah status and emerged as a new destination in the international tourism economy, the national tourism industry experienced a phase of considerable restructuring. The growth and subsequent acceleration of market segmentation in South Africa’s hotel industry is one outcome of the country’s reintegration into the global tourism economy which facilitated a range of new upgrading opportunities for business development and property investment. Key words: Hotels, segmentation, South Africa, tourism.

Crime prevention and community safety policies from a dynamic and comparative perspective: The cases of Rome and London

In the past 30 years, the issue of urban community safety has gained increased social and political relevance, being decisive in the results of national and local elections in Europe and elsewhere. Western countries have responded to increasing levels of fear and insecurity through the diffusion of ‘new prevention’ approaches, giving place to what has been called the ‘preventive turn’. The spread of these new approaches generated a debate around the convergence of policy ideas and solutions. These convergence processes have been widely interpreted as the result of macro-factors such as the deep socio-economic and cultural processes of change impacting post-modern societies, determining a phase of state restructuring rooted on neo-liberal principles. Despite the fact that convergence processes are taking place, significant elements of divergence are still present across Europe. These are attributed to the complexity and heterogeneity of what Hughes defines as ‘geo-histories’ (namely, a place's own geographic and historical context of reference) and to a country's institutional infrastructure. The objective of this work is to offer a contribution to the debate around convergence and policy change processes of crime prevention and community safety in Europe through a comparative analysis of community safety policies in Rome and London. The article concludes that different factors may impact upon policy divergence or convergence at different times. In the period of left-wing dominance up to 2008, local discourses and practices were strongly influenced by the different national and local politics on crime prevention and security, as well as by the different normative framework and governance patterns. However, since 2008 and the shift to right-wing local governments that assumed power, there has been a convergence based on discourses operating more at a symbolic and emotive level. Furthermore, there may be greater continuity in policy between politically different administrations than is immediately apparent.

Influence of Velocity Gradient on Optimisation of the Aggregation Process and Properties of Formed Aggregates

Influence of Velocity Gradient on Optimisation of the Aggregation Process and Properties of Formed AggregatesThe follow up research into the IHDS process was carried out with a Couette device. The outcome of this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the effect that both the agitation intensity and the agitation time have on the kinetics and the mechanism of the aggregation process. The results obtained confirm the very favourable influence of high agitation intensity for the formation of more compact and dense aggregates than those formed by the accustomed flocculation conditions with low agitation intensity. This research also proved that the agitation intensity and time are the inherent means profoundly influencing the properties of the resultant aggregates such as their size, shape, density and homogeneity. Further, it was confirmed that the aggregation process passes through a minimum. Furthermore, it was verified that the aggregation process takes place in four consecutive phases, namely a) the phase of formation, b) the phase of compaction, c) the phase of a steady (equilibrium) state and d) most probably the phase of inner restructuring. The pattern of the aggregates development in these phases remains the same irrespective of the magnitude of the velocity gradient applied but the time at which these phases are completed is velocity gradient dependent. Last but not least this study proved that the dimensionless productCa=G T= const. has no general validity.

Hacia una nueva inserción de Europa en la economía mundial

To speak of "the insertion of Europe into the world economy" poses a very particular problem. As an economic entity, Western Europe exists and does not exist at the same time. This Europe must be conceived as an open, complex and heterogeneous subsystem that is in a phase of rapid economic and institutional restructuring. And this subsystem is in turn inserted into a world economy whose evolution is itself problematic. The first section of this paper describes this "world picture". Then the macroeconomic insertion of Europe in this panorama is studied, and the third section examines this insertion again, but this time from a sectorial point of view.

GLOBAL CHANGE, SMALL ISLAND STATE RESPONSE: RESTRUCTURING AND THE PERPETUATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN MAURITIUS AND SEYCHELLES

AbstractThis article examines the forms of economic restructuring recently undertaken by Mauritius and Seychelles in response to recent changes in the global economy, which have a fundamental impact upon their socio‐economic landscape. We argue that both Mauritius and Seychelles have recently embarked upon programmes that do not actually attenuate their exposure to the vagaries of international trade but continue a historic pattern of development that addresses ailing economic performance by refining and then replacing one small set of industries with another. The latest phase of restructuring is merely the most recent instalment in this pattern. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Transformation as social drama: Stories about merging at North West University, South Africa

South African higher education is going through a transitional phase of transformation in which existing cultures and identities are strongly contested. The ambiguity and insecurity that come along with such a process are demonstrated in this article through presentation of two rival ‘narratives of change’ that can be found packed into a number of reports concerning the merger of universities that now form the North West University. Following Victor Turner's vocabulary, this transitional phase of social, political, and organisational restructuring is labelled a social drama. This is because the changes in the higher education sector starting in 2004 have meant a breach in the normative order at various higher education institutions, a breach that has caused feelings of insecurity and crisis which the South African government has tried to deal with through a series of redressive actions. The different narratives dealing with the particular institutional transformation, the outcome of which is North West University, are a clear demonstration of what Turner refers to as the liminal and indeterminate aspects of social drama.

A CAMELS Analysis of the Indian Banking Industry

The banking sector has undergone a complex, but comprehensive phase of restructuring since 1991, with a view to make it sound, efficient, and at the same time forging its links firmly with the real sector for promotion of savings, investment and growth. Some improvement in the Indian banking sector has been seen after the reforms. A natural framework to analyse this improvement is the CAMELS framework, under which banks are required to enhance capital adequacy, strengthen asset quality, improve management, increase earnings and reduce sensitivity to various financial risks. The present study compares the performance of public sector banks with private/foreign banks under the CAMELS framework. The data used for the study were the audited financial statements of a sample of Indian banks over the last five financial years. The results of the study show that private/foreign banks fared better than public sector banks on most of the CAMELS factors in the study period. The two contributing factors for the better performance of private/foreign banks were Management Soundness and Earnings and Profitability.

Restructuring liaison librarian teams at the University of Arizona Libraries, 2007‐2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the restructuring process of the University of Arizona libraries. The paper focuses more specifically on the research support services (RSS) team, one of the librarian teams, that moved from a subject liaison model to a domain model focused on different work areas.Design/methodology/approachThe paper details the three phases of restructuring: building the general frame of change by the restructuring team, staffing outline by the implementation team, and how the resulting team, the research support team, managed its assigned work.FindingsThe restructuring resulted in a few changes to the library as whole but the largest change was the creation of the RSS team and the move from a subject specialist model to a domain model. The RSS model has allowed the team to accomplish their work with fewer staff.Originality/valueThe paper provides a new approach of how a research university is responding to economic and technological challenges.

Schumpeterian economic dynamics as a quantifiable model of evolution

We propose a simple quantitative model of Schumpeterian economic dynamics. New goods and services are endogenously produced through combinations of existing goods. As soon as new goods enter the market, they may compete against already existing goods. In other words, new products can have destructive effects on existing goods. As a result of this competition mechanism, existing goods may be driven out from the market—often causing cascades of secondary defects (Schumpeterian gales of destruction). The model leads to generic dynamics characterized by phases of relative economic stability followed by phases of massive restructuring of markets—which could be interpreted as Schumpeterian business ‘cycles’. Model time series of product diversity and productivity reproduce several stylized facts of economics time series on long timescales, such as GDP or business failures, including non-Gaussian fat tailed distributions and volatility clustering. The model is phrased in an open, non-equilibrium setup which can be understood as a self-organized critical system. Its diversity dynamics can be understood by the time-varying topology of the active production networks.

Not so Tough on Crime?: Why Weren't the Thatcher Governments More Radical in Reforming the Criminal Justice System?

Despite becoming almost synonymous in the public's imagination with ‘law and order’ and toughness on crime, the Thatcher years (1979-90) would not be characterized by many criminologists as a period of radical reform of the criminal justice system. Thatcherism, it seems, was far less radical in the criminal policy field than it was in housing, the economy or local government finance. This paper explores the reasons for this seeming paradox. Our argument is that Thatcherite thinking came late to this policy realm and only started to inform policy in any consistent and radical way after Thatcher had left office. This we attribute to: (1) the precedence accorded other issue domains more closely associated with the ‘crisis’ to which Thatcherism claimed to provide a response; (2) the power-sharing that Thatcher had to engage in with the more paternalist wing of her party during much of her time in office; and (3) a series of time-lag effects. Crime, being the expression of social and economic forces, did not rise dramatically during the early phase of Thatcherite restructuring. In crime and criminal justice policy, radical Thatcherism post-dated Thatcher. It should be seen as a knock-on effect of the steep rise in unemployment and the social polarization resulting from policy radicalism in other issue domains exacerbated by the slide into recession from 1990.