Restrictive Regime Research Articles

Quantitative Characteristics of the Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] Root System Under Water Constraints

The depth and density of roots play a determining role in the maintenance of the water supply of the plant in a condition of water deficit in the soil. Under water deficit conditions, a root system developing deep in the soil is the most desired character. This study aims to determine adaptive performance of the okra root system under water stress. Thus, the effects of water deficit induced by restriction of soil field capacity (SFC) to 60%, 40% and 20% were studied in two varieties of okra (V1 and V2) and compared to a control water regime ( 100% SFC irrigation). Results showed that the number of primary roots, the root volume, the root dry matter, the length of the main root and the root fineness varied according to varieties, water regimes and their interaction. However, varietal differences were observed for the characters length of the main root and root fineness. In addition, a significant difference and very highly significant were respectively observed for the interaction * variety hydric regime on the number of primary roots(p = 0.016) and the length of the main root (p ≤ 0.001). Under water regimes at 60% SFC, 40% SFC or 20% SFC, there is an increase in length of the main root of the varietyV2; but for the variety V1, the increase was noted in the plants irrigated at 40% SFC. On the other hand, in both varieties, root fineness increased under all restrictive water regimes.

Herbivorous fish rise as a destructive fishing practice falls in an Indonesian marine national park.

Securing ecosystem functions is challenging, yet common priority in conservation efforts. While marine parks aim to meet this challenge by regulating fishing through zoning plans, their effectiveness hinges on compliance levels and may respond to changes in fishing practices. Here we use a speciose assemblage of nominally herbivorous reef fish in Karimunjawa National Park (zoned since 1989) to investigate whether areas subject to a restrictive management regime sustained higher biomass over seven years compared to areas where moderate and permissive regulations apply. Using a trait-based approach we characterize the functional space of the entire species pool and ask whether changes in biomass translate into changes in functional structure. We track changes in predator biomass, benthic community structure, and fishing practices that could influence herbivore trajectories. Overall herbivore biomass doubled in 2012 compared to 2006-2009 and remained high in 2013 across all management regimes. We found no evidence that this biomass build-up resulted from predator depletion or increased food availability but suggest it emerged in response to a park-wide cessation of fishing with large drive nets known as muroami. The biomass increase was accompanied by a modest increase in taxonomic richness and a slight decrease in community-scale rarity that did not alter functional redundancy levels. Subtle changes in both functional specialization and identity of assemblages emerged as generalist species with low intrinsic vulnerability to fishing recovered sooner than more vulnerable specialists. While this implies a recovery of mechanisms responsible for the grazing of algal turfs and detritus, restoring other facets of herbivory (e.g., macroalgal consumption) may require more time. An increase in the cost-benefit ratio per journey of muroami fishing facilitated a ban on muroami nets that met minimal resistance. Similar windows of opportunity may emerge elsewhere in which gear-based regulations can supplement zoning plans, especially when compliance is low. This does not advocate for implementing such regulations once a fishery has become unprofitable. Rather, it underlines their importance for breaking the cycle of resource depletion and low compliance to zoning, thus alleviating the resulting threats to food security and ecosystem integrity.

International actors of democracy assistance in Egypt post 2011: German political foundations

Purpose This paper aims at a qualitative investigation and analysis of the complicated situation of the four German Political Foundations (GPFs) – Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Friedrich Naumann Foundation and Hanns Seidel Foundation – as actors of democracy assistance in Egypt post 25 January 2011 revolution. It explores the relation between the restrictive political circumstances and the weakness and potential failure of the GPFs while considering their internal structural and operative misconducts as intervening variables. Design/methodology/approach The researcher uses the qualitative research method and its interpretive practices of data collection. The backbone of this study are the field visits and extensive interviews with the resident representatives of the GPFs in Egypt, and the representatives of the international departments of their headquarters in Germany. These interviews were complemented by further interviews with members of related organizations in Germany, as well as Egyptian professors, diplomats and experts on Egypt and the broader Middle East. The interviewing method is semi-structured in nature and audio-recorded. In Germany, interviews and information were gathered throughout a four-month field-research stay in Germany. Findings The paper concludes that the restrictive regime and political limitations were determining variables undermining the success of the GPFs in the area of democracy assistance in Egypt post 2011 revolution, while the GPFs’ own operative malfunctions and lack of adaptation to the political reality post 2011 were contributing factors in the process. Research limitations/implications Owing to security concerns and trust issues, many interviewees were reluctant to give information openly and freely; also requesting complete anonymity in the study. Some information and documents were denied to the researcher out of security concerns. Originality/value The added value of this paper lies in the qualitative research, investigations and personalized views on the functions and situation of the GPFs as international actors of democracy assistance in Egypt post 25 January 2011 revolution, considering the restrictive political landscape in which they exist. The study can assist scholars and researchers who explore the processes of democratization during transitional periods and the harsh grip of restrictive regime.

Visible yet invisible: the disciplinary mechanism of self-surveillance among undocumented South Asian male migrants in rural Greece

ABSTRACT This article relates the Foucauldian theorisation of self-surveillance to the contradictory (non)presence of racialized labouring bodies of South Asian men in rural Greece. The disciplinary mechanism of temporary labour and migration regimes, exercised through migrant illegality and threat of deportations, works efficiently to make the men conform to a certain set of societal behaviours, erase their presence from Greek public spaces, and extract productive labour efficiently from them. By drawing on interviews of undocumented Indian and Pakistani male migrants in Greece, the article shows how ‘illegality’ and potential deportability shapes their strategies of staying in the country. The men self-surveil and regulate their movements by ‘containing’ themselves in their dormitories after work. This self-imposed isolation, through spatial segregation, deflects attention away from Greece’s restrictive immigration and labour regimes, based on differential exclusion based on class, skills, and professional education. It prevents local Greeks from building solidarity with them and, in doing so, avoid dismantling deep-rooted and widely prevalent discourses of Islamophobia and xenophobia.

The Financial Lives of Families. How Credit Regimes and Welfare States Shape Household Indebtedness

Debt has become an essential part of many people's daily lives. This paper develops a new comparative political economy perspective on the relationship between welfare states and household borrowing. I argue that the ways in which welfare states distribute benefits and credit regimes provide access to credit affect how individuals address social risks and, as a consequence, shape patterns of indebtedness. Permissive credit regimes substitute for social policies in limited welfare states, pushing economically disadvantaged groups into debt. Alternatively, credit markets complement social policies in the provision of financial liquidity in comprehensive welfare states, protecting vulnerable groups through government benefits while allowing less-protected affluent groups to borrow money. In restrictive regimes, people instead rely on savings, expenditure cuts, and family support. I test these arguments using an original measure of credit regime permissiveness, cross-national survey data, and full-population administrative records from Denmark and panel data from the United States.

Abolitionism and the Back-to-Africa Movement in Britain: The Sierra Leone Experiment

The article focuses on the settlement of freed black slaves from England and Nova Scotia in Sierra Leone. As the eighteenth century drew to a close, plans were made for the “repatriation” of impoverished migrants of African descent to their “ancestral” land. Such plans were contextually defined by the abolitionist movement in Britain. Abolitionism gained exceptional momentum in the country that played a leading part in the transatlantic slave trade at that time. The movement aimed to end both the slave trade and slavery. The article investigates the activities of the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor and especially the role of the prominent British philanthropist and abolitionist Granville Sharp (1735–1813), who made significant efforts to bring the “repatriation” plans to fruition. I argue that the Sierra Leone project was an ambivalent experiment, which should be interpreted in the light of both humanitarian compassion and imperial interests: if, at first, it was premised upon idealism and religious fervour, the desire to set foot in west Africa and to set up a colony there subsequently prevailed. For some Britons, sending impoverished free blacks to distant shores was also an opportunity to expel them from their own “white” society. In this sense, the “repatriation” of Africans was most likely to occur in the form of deportation, a form that suggests the restrictive regime of penal colonies, such as Australia.

The impact of supply chain management practices on industry competitiveness: A mixed-methods study on the Zimbabwean petroleum industry

Effective supply chain management practices can enhance competitiveness along the supply chain. Fuel supply chain competitiveness requires a reliable flow of product and customer satisfaction. Competitiveness eluded the Zimbabwean petroleum industry over time and so this research looked at the impact of supply chain management practices on industry competitiveness. Owing to the complex nature of the petroleum industry’s supply chain, the concurrent parallel mixed methods research design was adopted for its robustness and suitability for researching complex situations. In the qualitative research, in-depth interviews were held with six experienced and knowledgeable executives who were strategically positioned in the petroleum industry. In the quantitative research, data were collected through objective questionnaires from 57 managers who were in charge of supply chain practices in the participating petroleum companies. The research results revealed that the unfriendly business environment that was driven by the shortage of foreign currency, a restrictive tax regime, a weak regulatory system and the lack of stable government policy on fuel industry operations resulted in financial, procurement, inventory, logistics and communication challenges and the weakening of all the supply chain practices. Therefore, the resultant high cost of products, expensive and bureaucratic logistics, lack of investment in fuel distribution technology and poor customer service negatively impacted the petroleum industry’s competitiveness. The study recommends the strengthening of the petroleum industry’s supply chain management strategies, international benchmarking of industry processes, adopting international best practices and carrying out further research in the industry’s supply chain areas like procurement and pricing models for landlocked states.

Premarital Abortion—What is the Harm? The Responsibilisation of Women’s Pregnancy Among China’s “Privileged” Daughters

In the West, women’s safe access to abortion services is central to the debate around reproductive freedom. In China, easy access to abortion arrived hand-in-hand with the one-child policy in 1979 as part of the Party-state’s birth control programme. Based on interviews with 31 women and 11 men from the well-educated 1980s generation, and using vignettes to explore attitudes towards premarital sex and abortion in the context of an increasingly sexualized popular culture, and the acceptability of premarital sex but lack of safe sex knowledge, I illustrate a strictly moralised discourse around female sexuality, where the normalisation of abortion practice does not translate into public acceptance of premarital abortion for women. I argue that the responsibilisation of women’s pregnancy reflects persistent patriarchal values and the state’s regulatory power over women’s reproductive bodies. While the heterosexual family remains the only legitimate site for reproduction, Chinese women’s reproductive freedom is subjugated to the priority of maintaining social stability. Hence, permissiveness over premarital abortion should not be simply understood as moral approval of abortion practice, but reflects pragmatic attitudes under a restrictive regime. I further argue that the Chinese case shows that a more nuanced, contextualised approach to understanding reproductive rights is necessary.
 At time of publication, the journal operated under the old name. When quoting please refer to the citation on the left using British Journal of Chinese Studies. The pdf of the article still reflects the old journal name; issue number and page range are consistent.

Do Incorporation Policies Matter? Immigrants’ Identity and Relationships With the Receiving Society

Are multiculturalism policies associated with a rejection of the receiving society’s identity by immigrants? Is there a policy arrangement that makes identification with the receiving society more likely? This article addresses head-on whether there is a trade-off between ethnic identification and relationships with the host society and whether this trade-off is associated with certain policy regimes. Looking at immigrants in 10 Western democracies, the results show that despite the fact that inclusive policies decrease identification with the majority, they do so while being associated with integrationist orientations on issues such as language choice and cultural traditions. Immigrants in these countries value relationships with both their ethnic group and the majority to a greater extent. In countries with inclusive policies, ethnic identification is also associated with commitment to the receiving society and, contrary to more restrictive regimes, does not lead to greater perceived discrimination. These findings are robust to additional models looking at Muslim immigrants.

Effects of Current Sunlight Exposure Regulations on New Housing

Building new living spaces is one of the most profitable and emergent industry in Romania, the European country with the greatest percent of private apartments. This is (still) a consequence of a former restrictive political regime (the communism) regarding the national housing politics with its standard prefabricated living units arranged in closed patterns. The political changes that followed 1989 meant also specific legal regulations in the construction field, concerning all aspects needed to have more comfortable buildings, especially for living. Main aspects such as land occupancy percentage and usage coefficient, adaptability for people with disabilities and elevators, orientation, sunlight, green and parking spaces are treated in different legal acts, sometimes contradictory. One of the most difficult acts to follow, especially in the narrow urban spaces, is the latest Order from Ministry of Health (no. 119 from 2014), regarding public health standards for the living environment of the population. This norm defines that any new building should ensure at least 1 hours direct sunlight (through exterior windows) during the winter solstice for all bedrooms and living rooms of the new building as well as for all the neighbouring ones. Above this, if the distance between the neighbouring buildings is smaller than the height of the tallest one, a sunlight study must be done to prove that the required direct sunlight is possible. This paper aims to show that these specific restrictions will have a major impact on new urban living spaces in the near future. There are lots of situations given by site conditions or neighbouring buildings in which planners of new constructions will not be allowed to place living spaces on two or three facades (those from the North and partially from the East and West). This is a challenging limitation for urban planners and architects, especially given the new climatic environment, which makes southern bedrooms quite uncomfortable during summer. By studying some examples from Romania that respect this controversial article, compared with other European cities with an emerging housing industry, the scope of this study is to find solutions both comfortable and urban possible.

Proactive coping style in early emerging rainbow trout carries a metabolic cost with no apparent return

The timing with which salmonid larvae emerge from their gravel nests is thought to be correlated with a particular suite of behavioural and physiological traits that correspond to the stress coping style of the individual. Among these traits, aggressiveness, dominance and resilience to stress, are potentially interesting to exploit in aquaculture production. In the present study a series of experiments were performed, with the purpose of characterising behavioural, metabolic and production related traits in rainbow trout juveniles from different emergence fractions. Newly hatched rainbow trout were sorted according to their emergence time from an artificial redd. The early, middle, and late fractions were retained and assessed for their physiological response to stress, growth performance, metabolism, fasting tolerance, and potential for compensatory growth. The early emerging fraction showed proactive behavioural traits; they were faster to reappear following startling, showed a reduced cortisol response following stress, and a reduced metabolic cost of recovery. Emergence time was not correlated with any differences in standard or maximum metabolic rates, but was however, correlated with higher routine metabolic rates, as demonstrated by significantly bigger weight losses during fasting in the early emerging group. Growth rates and feed conversion efficiencies were not significantly different when fish were co-habitated under a restrictive feeding regime, suggesting that early emerging fish are not able to monopolise food resources. The intermediate emerging group, which makes up the bulk of a population and is often ignored, appears to possess the best growth performance traits, possibly because they do not expend excessive energy on dominance behaviour such as the early emerging group, while they are also not overly timid or stress prone such as the late emerging group.

The empirical relationship between financial development and foreign exchange regimes: Did global financial crisis of 2007-2009 change regime preferences?

This paper studies the empirical nexus between financial development and foreign exchange regime choices of two sets of countries as developed and developing economies. Data covers for the period of 2000-2016 and we employed ordered logistic regression models and found out that more developed financial systems contributes to greater flexibility in exchange rate regimes. We also found that domestic macroeconomic environment and the level of global economic integration play a role in the choice of exchange rate regime. Furthermore, developing countries favour more restrictive regimes while developed countries favour more flexible regimes. Global financial crisis of 2007-2009 has altered the level of influence exerted on the choice of regimes by the so called determinants of regime choice. We specifically discovered that the explanatory powers of the domestic and international macroeconomic environments on regime choice have waned post crises, suggesting that countries have chosen keep tighter control on exchange rates. Keywords: Exchange Rate Regimes, Financial Development, Global Financial Crises, Ordered Random Effects Logistic Model JEL Codes: F33, N20, C23

The Private Foundation Rules at Fifty: How Did We Get Them and Do They Meet Current Needs?

From the earliest decades of the twentieth century private foundations were suspect organizations. They were criticized by the left as a device to allow the affluent to maintain control of their businesses without the burdens of paying income and estate taxes and to use their wealth through the foundation form to influence politics, policy and society. Those on the right charged that private foundations were used for radical political purposes such as voter registration drives and support of civil rights. There were elements of truth in both sides’ criticisms. This article first examines the legislative process that resulted in a separate, more restrictive regulatory regime for private foundations than applied to public charities. It then discusses a contemporary flaw in foundation oversight of small foundations, those with assets under one million dollars, that are essentially unregulated because of the Internal Revenue Service’s lack of resources or interest. The article recommends legislation that may better assure these foundations are operating within the requirements of the law. Commencing in 1916 Congress conducted several investigations of foundations. The article examines the developments that resulted in a separate, more restrictive rules for private foundations than applied to public charities. It discusses the 1965 Treasury Report that became a partial template for the private foundation legislation. Public hostility to foundations was fomented by reports issued in the 1960s by a populist Texas Congressman, Wright Patman. A general movement for tax reform led to the 1969 hearings on private foundations that resulted in the rules and regulations that define private foundations today. The 1969 Congressional hearings provided dramatic unexpected testimony, front page headlines and were influenced by the political atmosphere and exogenous events that became public at inopportune times such as the revelation that two sitting justices of the Supreme Court were on the payrolls of two private foundations, whose donors were of dubious respectability. Though most of the resulting legislative strictures on private foundations had been proposed previously, the stringency of the regulatory regime was exacerbated by the political atmosphere and testimony from hearings and shocked the philanthropic community. After fifty years of experience, the Private Foundation Rules though complicated and burdensome, must be regarded as a success. They have been effective, and there have been few amendments to the original legislation. Perhaps more importantly, the legislation has eliminated the hostility that private foundations engendered in the past.

Perioperative dynamics of water sectors at restrictive regime of infusion therapy in high surgical risk patients with acute abdominal pathology

Цель — оценить эффективность рестриктивного режима инфузионной терапии у пациентов высокого хирургического риска с острой абдоминальной патологией на основании анализа периоперационной динамики водных секторов организма. Объект и методы исследования. Обследовано 30 пациентов высокого хирургического риска с острой абдоминальной патологией, оперированных ургентно в объеме лапаратомии. Периоперационную инфузионную терапию проводили в рестриктивном режиме. Определяли показатели водных секторов организма методом неинвазивной биоэлектрической реографии. Результаты. Отмечено восстановление плазменного объема до нормы и дефицит интерстициального объема в 20,7% (p

Elucidating the impact of visa regimes: A decision tree analysis

Facilitating mobility is important for creating tourism demand and is legislated by the visa policies of nations. Most countries implement visa regulations aimed at homeland security which also deter genuine travellers hindering domestic economy by means of tourism, trade, science and knowledge exchange. Turkey, on the other hand, has been implementing liberal visa policies in recent decades in order to boost the number of visiting travellers and thereby support tourism. In this paper, we used a decision tree approach to decipher the hampering impact of restrictive visa regimes on tourism demand, employing the inbound tourism data from eighty-four countries to Turkey in the period of 2000–13. We discovered the predictors that have the strongest impact on tourism demand using the Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID), Exhaustive-CHAID, Classification and Regression Trees, and Random Tree algorithms, and found that visa restrictions are as prognostic via the information fusion based sensitivity analysis. We recommend policy-makers describing liberal visa policies to the greatest extent in view of immigration issues and security threats they pose in order to improve the mobility across nations

Large Industrial Firms and the Rise of Finance in Late Twentieth-Century America

This article examines the financialization of the U.S. economy in the late twentieth century, with a focus on the role of industrial firms in the transition. This article explores how American industrial leaders’ reactions to the economic shocks of the 1970s influenced the rise of finance in the United States. Specifically, this article analyzes how the restrictive postwar financial regime gave way to a new liberal one, often represented by two vital shifts in the 1970s: the resurgence of global finance and the turn to austerity. It also demonstrates how leading industrialists’ preferences toward particular financial policies gave rise to different coalitions that affected policy orientation. It contributes to the financialization literature by clarifying the distinctive role of industrialists in American financialization. Furthermore, by situating financialization in the broader socioeconomic context, this article highlights the intersections of two important changes in the history of U.S. capitalism: financialization and the disintegration of the New Deal regime.

Retaining international students in northeast Ohio: Opportunities and challenges in the ‘age of Trump’

Donald Trump’s recent restrictive migration regime – symbolized by border walls, Travel Bans, and Hire American policies – presents new concerns for student migrants, the practitioners who advise them, and the institutions that rely on their tuition fees. But a competing migration regime exists at the subnational scale that frames international students, particularly those who study in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) and business fields as ideal future citizens. Recent geographical scholarship on the local as a site of contested immigration politics suggests a need to understand student migrants as also enmeshed in the spatial politics of the states and cities in which they reside, as well as the institutions they attend. This article is concerned with international student mobility in the ‘age of Trump,’ with a focus on the local geographies of exclusion and inclusion this age both instigates and contests. The study findings are based on eighteen in-depth interviews conducted with recent graduates of six northeast-Ohio colleges and universities. Their experiences demonstrate the emergence of new and differentiated everyday landscapes of exclusion, which introduce new obstacles for international students and the local as a scale of inclusionary immigration politics.

Foundations in Spain: An International Comparison of a Dynamic Nonprofit Subsector

The goal of this article is threefold. First, it aims at understanding the dynamic positions of foundations (institutional proximities and purposes, approaches and roles) relative to church, state, market, and civil society. The institutional factors behind the transformation of the small and heterogeneous set of foundations existing in the country in the late 1980s, under scattered and restrictive regimes, into a relatively sizeable and influential sector of formally homogeneous nonprofits are explored. Second, it approaches the conceptualization of foundations in Spain and describes the recent evolution and current configuration of the sector with 2009 (year of the first foundation census) and 2014 (latest estimate available) as reference dates—illustrating them in comparative perspective. Third, its goal is to shed light on their advantages and disadvantages for relevant stakeholders in the context of evolving institutional proximities, foundation models, and prevailing typologies. In order to structure the discussion, the purposes, approaches, roles, benefits, and drawbacks of Spanish foundations will be compared with the German and U.S. anchors as depicted by Anheier and Hammack in this issue.

Is American manufacturing in decline?

There is a widespread view that American manufacturing is in decline. This view reflects many factors. First, real GDP growth during the current business expansion has been the weakest in the post-World War II period. Second, over the decade from 2000 to 2010 manufacturing employment declined by about 6 million. Third, persistent manufacturing trade deficits have led many observers to conclude that U.S. competitiveness has eroded. This paper discusses these arguments and suggests that, instead, U.S. manufacturing is a leading growth sector and has remained strongly competitive internationally. We show that traditional domestic economic forces adequately explain recent trends in U.S. manufacturing output and employment growth. The recent reduction in the corporate income tax rate may further boost the fortunes of the U.S. manufacturing sector, although this favorable development could be offset by a more restrictive international trade regime.

A aplicação pelo juiz de medida diversa da estabelecida em sentença judicial condenatória: uma análise do ativismo e do garantismo judicial

A presente pesquisa analisa as decisões judiciais que estabelecem formas de cumprimento diversas do aplicado ao sentenciado, em virtude da ausência de vagas em estabelecimentos penais adequados. Tal ato do Poder Judiciário representa o exercício do ativismo judicial para a garantia de direitos fundamentais do preso, em especial, o direito da dignidade da pessoa humana. No desenvolvimento deste trabalho, examinaram-se as nuances do ativismo e do garantismo penal, bem como as decisões judiciais que aplicam regime diferenciado de pena diverso do estabelecido. A metodologia utilizada foi do tipo bibliográfica e documental, de abordagem qualitativa, com fins descritivos e exploratórios, concluindo-se que a aplicação do regime menos gravoso de pena, quando da ausência de vagas, no âmbito do sistema penitenciário, promove o garantismo penal por meio do ativismo judicial, como forma de concretização dos direitos e garantias individuais dos presos dispostos na Constituição Federal de 1988.