Restrictive Policies Research Articles

Physical activity levels and sleep disturbances in Indonesian primary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background During the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Indonesian government implemented a large-scale, social restriction policy, including the closure of schools and recreational facilities, which potentially altered children’s physical activity and sleep patterns. Objective To analyze for a possible association between physical activity levels and sleep disturbances in Indonesian primary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 437 children aged 7-13 years using data collected online in April-August 2020, including children’s sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity levels, and sleep patterns. The translated Indonesian version of Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) and the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire-Abbreviated (CSHQ-A) were used to collect data. The data analyzed consisted of sociodemographic factors and physical activity levels, sociodemographic factors and sleep disturbances, and physical activity levels and sleep disturbances. Results Most children were physically inactive (60.87%) and experienced sleep disturbances (73.23%) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Female sex and physical inactivity were significantly associated. Male sex and sleep disturbances were significantly associated. Age 7 as the lowest age group was significantly associated with sleep disturbances. There was no significant association (P=0.248) between physical activity levels and sleep disturbances. Conclusion Most Indonesian primary school students were physically inactive and had sleep disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Female sex and physical inactivity were significantly associated, while male sex and sleep disturbances were significantly associated, age 7 (lower age group) and sleep disturbances were significantly associated. There was no significant association between physical activity levels and sleep disturbances in Indonesian primary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Review of Urban Access Regulations from the Sustainability Viewpoint

This article reviewed the urban vehicle access control policies derived from disparate spatiotemporal dimensions that aim to eliminate the negative externalities of traffic caused by urbanization. Urban access regulations are important tools often required to achieve the sustainable mobility vision of cities. Employing a systematic literature review methodology, this review summarized and analyzed various urban access control policies to enlighten policymakers and future scientific research. The results indicate that combinations of multiple-dimensional restriction policies (including inter-policy and intra-policy) have more significant effects than implementing a single policy. Classified according to their objectives, control policies were discussed in terms of their benefits and limitations. The authors are inspired to propose and describe five paradoxes of urban access control policies.

Examining the relationship of flavored tobacco product policy restrictions and flavored tobacco product use, among adolescents and young adults in the U.S.

ObjectiveThis work examines the relationship between local flavor policy exposure and any tobacco product use and flavored tobacco product use among U.S. youth and young adults, as well as the equity potential of these policies by race/ethnicity. MethodsParticipants were aged 15–36 (n = 10,893) surveyed from September–December 2019 using national, address- and probability-based sampling. Local flavor policies enacted before survey completion were linked to participant home address. Weighted cross-sectional multivariable logistic regression examined individual coverage by flavor policy vs. no flavor policy, with current any tobacco or flavored tobacco use, controlling for individual and county-level demographics, psychosocial variables, and other tobacco control policies. Interactions between race/ethnicity and any tobacco use and flavored tobacco use were assessed. ResultsThose covered by a flavor policy vs. no policy had lower odds of any tobacco use (aOR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.55–1.00) and current flavored tobacco use (aOR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.48–0.93). Compared with Non-Hispanic (NH)-White individuals, NH-Black individuals (aOR = 1.08, CI = 1.04–1.12) had higher odds of any tobacco use, and non-Hispanic Asian individuals had lower odds of any tobacco use (aOR = 0.67, CI = 0.53–0.85). Hispanic individuals exposed to policy had lower odds of flavored tobacco use compared to NH-White peers. ConclusionsExposure to flavor restriction policies is associated with lower odds of any tobacco and flavored use among youth and young adults. Flavor restrictions may be beneficial in reducing tobacco use in youth from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds. However, passing policies covering NH-Black individuals is needed to mitigate disparities in tobacco use by flavor policy coverage over time.

Navigating challenges: a socioecological analysis of sexual and reproductive health barriers among Eritrean refugee women in Ethiopia, using a key informant approach

ObjectivesThe study aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of healthcare providers (HCPs) regarding the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges of Eritrean refugee women in Ethiopia.DesignA qualitative exploratory design...

Relationships of State Alcohol Policy Environments With Homicides and Suicides

IntroductionAlcohol use is involved in a large proportion of homicides and suicides each year in the United States, but there is limited evidence on how policies targeting alcohol influence violence in the U.S. context. Extant studies generally focus on individual policies in isolation of each other. This study examines of the effects of changes in states’ alcohol policy restrictions on overall homicide and suicide rates and firearm-related homicide and suicide rates using a holistic measure of states’ alcohol policy environments. MethodsUsing a composite measure of state-level alcohol policies (Alcohol Policy Scale) and data from the National Vital Statistics System from 2002 to 2018, this study applied a Bayesian time series model to estimate the effects of alcohol policy changes on overall and firearm-involved homicide and suicide rates. The analysis was performed in 2023 and 2024. ResultsA one standard deviation change in the Alcohol Policy Scale was associated with a 6 percent decline in homicide rates both overall (IRR=0.94; 95-percent credibility interval = [0.89, 1.00]) and for firearm homicides specifically (IRR=0.94, 95-percent CI=[0.88, 1.01]). There was no clear association of alcohol policy with suicides. The model predicts that a nationwide increase in alcohol restrictions equivalent to a shift from the 25th to 75th percentile of the scale's distribution would result in almost 1200 fewer homicides annually. ConclusionsIncreases in the restrictiveness of state-level alcohol policies are associated with reductions in homicides. More restrictive alcohol policy environments may offer an opportunity to reduce homicides.

Развитие методики 3D-сейсморазведки в арктическом регионе

This article discusses the technological aspects of developing a methodology for detailed seismic surveying using the 3D method in the Russian Arctic. The primary aim is to enhance the economic efficiency of the exploration stage in oil and gas field development. The paper highlights the significance and substantiates the advantages of 3D seismic surveys that make it possible to drill production wells without the need for exploratory drilling. It is established that the principal impediment to technological advancements in seismic surveying within Arctic regions is the restrictive policies of Western nations, which primarily take the form of sanctions. Factors influencing the economic efficiency of seismic surveying include the quality of fieldwork management and workers' professional skills, both of which can catalyze the evolution of seismic survey techniques. The article presents an illustrative case of detailed seismic surveys conducted on the Gyda Peninsula. An innovative seismic survey technique is introduced, and an integrated indicator, which is grounded in criteria reflecting the quality of work, is proposed and employed for an objective assessment of economic efficiency. The proposed methodology has been successfully tested, proving its advantages, and the results obtained are of value for the sector of seismic surveying. It is proposed that the methodology should be used by geophysical companies deploying high-density seismic survey methods to find new hydrocarbon fields in northern territories.

Reduction in Central Line Days, Central Line Utilization Ratio, and Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections Through Hospital Based Intensivist Program

Purpose: We tracked the effect that a newly implemented intensivist program following a restrictive venous access policy emphasizing mid-lines and peripheral IVs over central lines had on central line days, central line utilization ratio, and central line associated blood stream infections in a non-academic hospital. Methods: Prior to June 2021, Mobile Infirmary’s intensive care units (ICU) were open units staffed with physicians with combined ICU, ward, and outpatient responsibilities. In June of 2021, an intensivist program was started to transition the hospital to a closed ICU model with intensivists whose sole responsibility was the ICU. Concurrently, a policy was implemented that emphasized avoidance of central lines unless indicated by defined criteria (MICAR Criteria). We tracked central line days (CLD), central line utilization ratio (CLUR) and central line associated blood stream infections (CLABSI) rates and compared it to these same unit for the 2 years prior to the start of the program. Results: There was a reduction in CLD from 628 per month to 425 per month (RRR of 32%), a reduction in CLUR from 0.62 to 0.46 (RRR of 26%), and a reduction in CLABSI rate from 1.65 to 0.78 (RRR of 51%). When looking at the number of central line infections per expected line days, there was a reduction from 20.2 to 6.6 (P=0.04). The central line infection rate relative to patient days showed a reduction from 10.3 to 3.6 (P=0.04). Conclusions: Over utilization of central lines and the subsequent increase in central line infections represents a major complication of ICU care. By combining an intensivist program with a venous access policy designed to reduce dependence on central lines, we showed a clinically significant reduction in central line infections and a reduction in central line days and central line utilization ratio without any significant increase in IV extravasations.

Interventions for challenging behavior of autistic students in general education settings: A systematic literature review

BackgroundAs the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) increases, the number of students with ASD receiving their education in general education settings continues to rise. Yet, teachers are often underprepared to address the behavioral needs of autistic students in inclusive settings, which often leads to negative school outcomes. Currently, no review has systematically examined the characteristics and effects of behavioral interventions specifically for autistic students in general education settings. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to identify and synthesize empirical studies of interventions aimed at reducing the challenging behavior of students with ASD in general education settings. MethodA literature search was conducted across three academic databases, yielding 9561 articles that were screened for eligibility against a set of inclusion criteria. Additionally, an ancestral search of included articles and a pearling search of recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses on similar topics were conducted. Finally, 12 articles were descriptively synthesized. ResultsA lack of participant diversity in relation to disability, age, and race was found across the studies. Majority of the interventions were effective and interventions informed by functional behavioral assessments consistently yielded strong effects. Joint implementation of interventions was the most common form of researcher-practitioner collaboration, with a relative lack of studies involving practitioners in designing interventions. ConclusionsFindings of this review imply a broader issue of restrictive educational placement policies for autistic students who engage in challenging behavior and a critical need to support educators to implement more inclusive educational and behavior management practices.

Unleashing the real estate market: assessing the impact of relaxed housing purchase restriction policy on house prices in China

ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of the relaxed housing purchase restriction (RHPR) policy on house prices in China, using panel data from 41 cities between January 2021 and June 2022. The study finds that the RHPR policy has a positive effect on the existing housing market, contributing to its stabilization. However, the impact on new house prices is unclear. Mechanism analysis indicates that the policy effectively boosts house demand and fosters positive market expectations. The study also finds that the policy has a greater impact on second-tier and northern cities. Additionally, the research indicates that the policy has stimulated house demand among non-registered populations and in non-restricted purchase zones. These results emphasize the importance of timely adjustment and optimization of real estate policies to maintain a stable and sustainable market.

State-Society Interaction in Addressing Crisis from the Communication Processes of Resilience Perspective: A Case of Local Government Role in Redeveloping Pandeglang Tourism Business

Tourism has significantly contributed to Indonesia’s GDP despite being vulnerable to crisis. Pandeglang Regency with its 14 tourism villages is one among regions that expects income from tourism which unfortunately attacked by tsunami crisis in the end of December 2018, aggravated by travel restriction policies during COVID-19 pandemic since end of March 2020. State-society interactions become important in addressing those crises. Through the commmunication processes of resilience perspective, this research aims to analyze the state-society interactions in addressing crisis on a case of local government agency’s role to redevelop Pandeglang Regency tourism business after crisis. This study uses quantitative approach, strengthened by qualitative research. This study applies survey research to 144 owners of Tourism MSMEs with descriptive analysis by SPSS 25.0, supported by analysis of interviews, a focus group discussion and field observations. The research results show that local tourism-related government agencies have a significant role in the state-society interactions addressing the crisis to redevelop Pandeglang tourism business where Pandeglang Regency Tourism Office has the most significant role. However, this agency needs to communicate more evenly to all Tourism MSMEs’ owners. It is also found that the communication processes of resilience perspective have led more reciprocal interactions between the state and the society.

A qualitative exploration of Latinx immigrant young adults’ experiences with anti-immigration policies and the COVID-19 pandemic

Anti-immigration policies have been on the rise over the past four decades. The present study explored how anti-immigration policies and rhetoric impacted the psychological and material experiences of Latinx immigrant young adults across legal statuses. Furthermore, the present study examined the ways the COVID-19 pandemic was experienced by Latinx immigrant young adults. We analyzed semi-structured interviews with 30 immigrant young adults (ages 18–25; M = 20.93; SD = 2.03) from Latin America. Results suggested that restrictive immigration policies and the threat of deportation produced stress and interrupted key developmental milestones among Latinx immigrant young adults. Results also show how the vulnerabilities experienced during young adulthood were further compounded by the pandemic. Findings can inform policy and practice aimed at supporting immigrant young adults during the transition to adulthood within the context of heightened anti-immigration policies and the pandemic.

Review article: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding - review of current evidence and implications for management.

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common emergency requiring hospital-based care. Advances in care across pre-endoscopic, endoscopic and post-endoscopic phases have led to improvements in clinical outcomes. To provide a detailed, evidence-based update on major aspects of care across pre-endoscopic, endoscopic and post-endoscopic phases. We performed a structured bibliographic database search for each topic. If a recent high-quality meta-analysis was not available, we performed a meta-analysis with random effects methods and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Pre-endoscopic management of UGIB includes risk stratification, a restrictive red blood cell transfusion policy unless the patient has cardiovascular disease, and pharmacologic therapy with erythromycin and a proton pump inhibitor. Patients with cirrhosis should be treated with prophylactic antibiotics and vasoactive medications. Tranexamic acid should not be used. Endoscopic management of UGIB depends on the aetiology. For peptic ulcer disease (PUD) with high-risk stigmata, endoscopic therapy, including over-the-scope clips (OTSCs) and TC-325 powder spray, should be performed. For variceal bleeding, treatment should be customised by severity and anatomic location. Post-endoscopic management includes early enteral feeding for all UGIB patients. For high-risk PUD, PPI should be continued for 72 h, and rebleeding should initially be evaluated with a repeat endoscopy. For variceal bleeding, high-risk patients or those with further bleeding, a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt can be considered. Management of acute UGIB should include treatment plans for pre-endoscopic, endoscopic and post-endoscopic phases of care, and customise treatment decisions based on aetiology and severity of bleeding.

Causes of Restrictiveness Policies on Foreign Direct Investment in OECD and Non-OECD Countries

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is considered a significant tool to transform modern technologies and innovation from developed to developing countries. Unfortunately, some countries impose FDI restrictions for economic, political, and social reasons. The present study assesses the role of different restrictive policies on FDI inflows in OECD and non-OECD countries. The empirical results are estimated by using panel quantile regression (PQR) at the median quantile from 1998 to 2022. It uses the all-restrictiveness policies index and its four subtypes: equity, key foreign personnel, screening and approval, and operational restrictions; the data is extracted from the OECD database. The study concluded that all restrictiveness policy indexes and their subtypes in OECD countries propose the inverted U-shaped curve. In contrast, in non-OECD countries, it shows the U-shaped relationship to determine the FDI inflows. Furthermore, this study also examines the individual countries using the marginal effect. In OECD countries, Australia, Canada, Mexico, and New Zealand have imposed higher restrictions, which reduces the FDI, while in non-OECD countries case, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines imposed higher restrictions, which increased FDI inflows. This study recommends that OECD countries reduce the FDI restrictiveness policies while non-OECD countries should increase it.

Social Mobility through Immigrant Resentment: Explaining Latinx Support for Restrictive Immigration Policies and Anti-immigrant Candidates

Abstract Various polls suggest that Donald Trump has enjoyed the support of a sizable minority of the Latinx electorate despite his racially offensive rhetoric and support for some of the most restrictive immigration policies in recent memory. Building on Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorization Theory, we contend that some Latinxs harbor negative stereotypes about immigrants, blame them for the status devaluation of the Latinx community, and cognitively distinguish themselves from Latinx immigrants. Rather than viewing anti-immigrant policies, rhetoric, and politicians as a direct status threat, those exhibiting this “Latinx Immigrant Resentment (LIR)” may regard them as a means to enhance the status and interests of “prototypical” Latinxs by signaling their distinction from “atypical” Latinxs. To evaluate this theory, we use the 2020 American National Election Study (ANES) and 2016 Collaborative MultiRacial Post-Election Survey (CMPS) as a proof-of-concept to first confirm that negative immigrant stereotypes and cognitive intragroup distinctions are associated with increased support for Donald Trump and restrictive immigration policies. We then introduce a more refined measure of LIR by fielding online surveys of US Latinxs administered through Lucid in 2020–2021 (N = 1,164) and 2021/22 (N = 1,017). We demonstrate the validity of this measure and its predictive power for attitudes toward Donald Trump, Ron DeSantis, and restrictive immigration policies after accounting for a range of rival explanations.

Tough Positions, Trustful Voters? How Mainstream Party Position-Taking on Immigration Shapes Political Trust and its Impact on Far-Right Voting

Abstract Mainstream parties have taken increasingly restrictive immigration policy positions across Western Europe. Yet the political consequences of this behaviour for citizens' democratic norms and practices are still not well understood. This article focuses on public political trust. Bridging the literatures on immigration-related trust and spatial theory, the spotlight is put on the consequences of mainstream party position-taking on immigration for the interconnectedness of citizens' immigration policy preferences, political distrust and far-right voting. An analysis of data from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and European Social Survey across 14 Western European democracies (2006–2018) suggests that tougher immigration positions of centre-right parties in government weaken the link between immigration scepticism and political distrust and, in turn, the relevance of political distrust as a precursor of far-right voting. This has important implications for our understanding of immigration politics and advances the existing literatures on party competition, political trust and far-right voting in several ways.

Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Pelatihan Hidroponik Di Kota Bogor

Hydroponics is a method of cultivating plants without soil that is popular with Indonesian people. Its spread in Indonesia is supported by information openness via the internet and social media. Internet users reaching 77.2% have created a demand for hydroponic training. The urgency of training services is needed because hydroponic cultivation requires special skills. In the city of Bogor, there are business units that provide hydroponic training with limited face-to-face services which are very vulnerable to schedule limitations and social restriction policies by the government. The aim of this research is to formulate a strategy for developing a hydroponics training business in the city of Bogor. The approach uses qualitative methods with the Business Model Canvas framework to map digitalization adaptation and describe existing business models. Alternative strategies are formulated using SWOT analysis which combines internal strategic issues in the form of strengths and weaknesses with external strategic issues in the form of opportunities and threats. The formulated alternative strategy is implemented into the prototype canvas business model. Customer Response Index analysis is carried out to support SWOT analysis to obtain input based on responses from consumers. The research results found that digital adaptation was limited to business model marketing channels. Strength strategic issues lie in segmentation based on demand, service flexibility, and digital marketing adaptation. The weakness issue is dependence on one product and dependence on business partners. Strategic issues of opportunity are opportunities for product diversification, new partnerships, and conversion of training into digital products. The strategic threat issue is the opportunistic risk of business partners. The formulation of an alternative strategy recommends diversifying service products by adding services that are still in the hydroponics business line.

Impact of COVID-19-related restricted family presence policies on Canadian pediatric intensive care unit clinicians: a qualitative study

PurposePediatric intensive care units (PICUs) worldwide restricted family presence in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to explore the experiences and impact of restricted family presence policies on Canadian PICU clinicians.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study that followed an interpretive phenomenological design. Participants were PICU clinicians providing direct patient care in Canada during periods of COVID-19-related restricted family presence. We purposively sampled for maximum variation among survey participants who consented to be contacted for further research on the same topic. In-depth interviews were conducted remotely via telephone or video-call, audio-recorded, and transcribed. Interviews were inductively coded and underwent thematic analysis. Proposed themes were member-checked by interviewees.ResultsSixteen PICU clinicians completed interviews. Interviewees practiced across Canada, represented a range of disciplines (eight nurses, two physicians, two respiratory therapists, two child life specialists, two social workers) and years in profession (0–34 years). We identified four themes representing the most meaningful aspects of restricted family presence for participants: 1) balancing infection control and family presence; 2) feeling disempowered by hospital and policy-making hierarchies; 3) empathizing with family trauma; and 4) navigating threats to the therapeutic relationship.ConclusionPediatric intensive care unit clinicians were impacted by restricted family presence policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. These policies contributed to feelings of disempowerment and challenged clinicians’ perceived ability to provide the best family-centred care possible. Frontline expertise should be incorporated into the design and implementation of policies to best support family-centred care in any context and minimize risks of moral distress for PICU clinicians.

Directions of Fiscal Policy Transformation in the Crisis Period of Economic Development of Ukraine

"The purpose of the study is to determine the directions of transformation of the country’s fiscal policy at the expense of the main fiscal sources during the crisis period. The methods of analysis, interpolation, probabilistic analysis, entropy estimation and entropy production were used during the research. The article presents the results of the assessment of the dynamics of the main fiscal indicators of Ukraine in two time frames for the period 2011-2020 and for the period 2011-2022. It was determined that the expansion/ extension of the period of assessment of the dynamics during the crisis of 2021-2022 made it possible to identify qualitative changes in the dynamics of fiscal indicators while maintaining their cyclicality. Such changes are especially destructive in the real sector of economy, which has led to a significant increase in the level of uncertainty of all fiscal indicators. Based on the results of the analysis of entropy production in the system of connections between fiscal indicators, directions for mitigating crisis phenomena in the economy of Ukraine are proposed. In particular, a change from a restrictive fiscal policy to a discretionary (stimulating) one and an increase in public expenditures aimed at stimulating the development of the real sector of the economy and consumption, which will determine positive economic dynamics with a lag of 9 months, are recognized as expedient."

Reconceptualizing the Nation in Sanctuary Practices: Toward a Progressive, Relational National Politics?

Abstract This article explores sanctuary in Wales, focusing on the Welsh Government’s recent declaration to become a Nation of Sanctuary (NoS), and identifying how the national scale provides an alternative locus for progressive sanctuary measures. In revealing the nation’s emergence as another crucial site of sanctuary, the work reconceptualizes the nation’s place in sanctuary policies and practices in two ways: (i) it locates sanctuary through a national scale, thus moving beyond the city/state dichotomy that has dominated explanations of sanctuary, and (ii) it shows the importance of decoupling the nation-state compound while simultaneously integrating the nation(al) into discussions on sanctuary without being bound to the state or xenophobic populism. In showing how “nations against the state” can participate in sanctuary measures, we expand the current understanding of where sanctuary can be found, and capture the various forms of national belonging and identities that exist within plurinational states, including alternative, progressive forms of civic belonging. This is particularly significant in light of the tightening of state immigration policies, greater regulation of immigrant entry at state borders, and continuation of restrictive citizenship policies witnessed in recent years, which have ignited sanctuary measures aimed at creating safe spaces beyond the reach of state measures.

The Impact of Real Estate Purchase Restriction Policy on Urban Economic Development—A Case Study of Beijing

Since 2010, Beijing's purchase restriction policy has been adjusted several times to adapt to the market and promote stability. In April 2024, the policy was eased for housing areas outside the Fifth Ring Road, marking the first major adjustment in 13 years. This paper analyses the economic impact of Beijing's real estate purchase restriction policy, focusing on its effect on investment, consumption, industrial structure, and employment. The study indicates that the purchase restriction policy initially hinders investment and consumption in the short term but contributes to market stability and industrial optimization in the long run. The policy change has increased housing sales and growth in related industries outside the Fifth Ring Road, promoting economic development in the suburbs. Furthermore, the policy has a nuanced impact on the employment market, encouraging labor mobility toward high-tech and service industries while affecting employment in real estate-related sectors. The study suggests that policymakers need to consider the impacts of various aspects to ensure the healthy development of the real estate and employment markets.