Restricted Period Research Articles

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with epilepsy and epilepsy specialists

ObjectivesDuring the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global population experienced changes in diagnosis and treatment patterns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with epilepsy (PWE) and epilepsy specialists in China. MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated newly diagnosed PWE from January 2018 to January 2022 at Shanxi Bethune Hospital. The clinical characteristics of PWE and the prescription habits of epilepsy specialists were analyzed. We also explored changes in seizure control among PWE as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and assessed the possible causes. ResultsAfter excluding 49 PWE who were lost to follow-up, 421 PWE were included in the study. They were divided into a prepandemic group and a pandemic group, with December 2019 as the boundary. By comparing the two groups, we found that the duration between first symptom detection and diagnosis was longer in the pandemic group than in the prepandemic group. Epilepsy specialists preferred prescribing the fast-acting antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) in the pandemic group. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 49.57% of PWE reported difficulties in accessing their epilepsy healthcare provider, and 26.96% reported that appointments with their providers occurred as usual. A lack of anti-seizure medication (ASM) availability was reported by 32.17% of subjects. An increase in seizure frequency was noted in 25.22% of the PWE during the pandemic. The factors increasing seizure frequency during the pandemic were fear of COVID-19, exacerbation of mental states, sleep deprivation, cancelation of regular medical visits, difficulties accessing epilepsy healthcare providers, and a lack of ASM availability. ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic exposed PWE to harmful consequences mainly due to medical shortages and worse life states. During the pandemic, there were delays in the diagnosis of PWE, and doctors’ prescription habits changed. We must consider the lessons learned during this period of social restrictions and employ recent technological advances to improve treatment for PWE.

Dynamic recommendation algorithms for a COVID-19 restrictions scenario in the restaurant industry

研究目的利用关于不同国家餐厅及其顾客反馈的数据, 我们探索了以下问题：(i) 在餐饮行业, 用户行为和偏好在COVID-19限制期间如何改变, (ii) 这些变化如何影响推荐算法的性能, 以及 (iii) 可以提出哪些方法来改进封锁情景下的餐厅推荐质量。研究方法为了评估用户行为和偏好的变化, 本研究进行了定量和定性数据分析, 对比了COVID-19限制期前后的情况。为了评估非稳态环境中餐厅推荐系统的性能, 我们测试了最先进的协同过滤算法。我们提出并研究了一种基于过滤的方法, 以提高封锁情景下推荐算法的质量。研究发现研究发现, 在COVID-19限制期间, 平均评分和评论数量发生了变化。实验研究证实：(i) 在COVID-19限制期间, 所有最先进的餐厅行业推荐系统的性能显著下降; (ii) 使用滑动窗口和后过滤方法可以改进非稳态环境下餐厅推荐的准确性和稳定性。实践意义我们提出了两种新方法：基于CatBoost分类模型的关闭餐厅后过滤和滑动窗口方法。这些方法可以应用于经典的协同过滤推荐算法, 并在非稳态条件下提高指标值。这些方法对于推荐系统的开发者和大规模餐厅和酒店聚合平台都有帮助。因此, 这对于应用的最终用户和企业主都有好处, 因为当用户得到良好的推荐时, 他们会诚实地对餐厅进行评价, 而不会因为外部因素降低评分。研究创新本文首次提供了COVID-19限制对不同国家餐厅推荐系统有效性影响的广泛多方面的实验研究, 并提出和验证了两种解决餐厅推荐性能下降问题的新方法。

IoT-BASED SMART GARDEN USING MQTT PROTOCOL WITH ADAFRUIT IO APP

During the COVID-19 pandemic, more community activities were at home with government policies to limit people's movements, especially in urban areas. During the period of restrictions on people's movements due to COVID-19, it was also followed by new habits, namely activities around the house, one of which was the increasing trend of Urban Farming to fill time. However, after the pandemic began to experience a downward trend, people no longer cared for their plants due to activities that had returned to normal. In this research, the design of Internet of Things technology was carried out to help urban communities to monitor and control plants so that people continue to carry out their daily activities without worrying about their plants running out of water. This study uses the NodeMCu V3 microcontroller as the data receiving center at the hardware layer and then a DHT 11 sensor is needed for temperature monitoring, a Soil Moisture sensor for monitoring soil moisture, a raindrop sensor for monitoring rain conditions as well as relays and a mini pump to control the water needs of plants. The results of this study are that the IoT device successfully displays temperature data, soil moisture data, rain status and automatic plant watering controls function properly if the value on the soil moisture sensor is below 25. The data communication path in this study uses the MQTT protocol using a webserver from Adafruit IO with an average packet loss of 0.20%. With the functioning of all the components on the created IoT device, the community can apply an IoT-based Smart Garden in urban farming so that plant maintenance can still be carried out.

Patient Use, Experience, and Satisfaction With Telehealth in an Australian Population (Reimagining Health Care): Web-Based Survey Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a rapid scale-up of telehealth services in Australia as a means to provide continued care through periods of physical restrictions. The factors that influence engagement in telehealth remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to understand the experience of Australian people who engaged in a telehealth consultation during the pandemic period (2020-2021) and the demographic factors that influence engagement. A web-based survey was distributed to Australians aged over 18 years that included 4 questions on frequency and type of clinical consultation, including with a general practitioner (GP), specialist, allied health, or nurse; 1 question on the experience of telehealth; and 2 questions on the quality of and satisfaction with telehealth. Statistical analysis included proportion of responses (of positive responses where a Likert scale was used) and regression analyses to determine the effect of demographic variables. Of the 1820 participants who completed the survey, 88.3% (1607/1820) had engaged in a health care consultation of some type in the previous 12 months, and 69.3% (1114/1607) of those had used telehealth. The most common type of consultation was with a GP (959/1114, 86.1%). Older people were more likely to have had a health care consultation but less likely to have had a telehealth consultation. There was no difference in use of telehealth between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions; however, people with a bachelor's degree or above were more likely to have used telehealth and to report a positive experience. A total of 87% (977/1114) of participants agreed or strongly agreed that they had received the information they required from their consultation, 71% (797/1114) agreed or strongly agreed that the outcome of their consultation was the same as it would have been face-to-face, 84% (931/1114) agreed or strongly agreed that the doctor or health care provider made them feel comfortable, 83% (924/1114) agreed or strongly agreed that the doctor or health care provider was equally as knowledgeable as providers they have seen in person; 57% (629/1114) of respondents reported that they would not have been able to access their health consultation if it were not for telehealth; 69% (765/1114) of respondents reported that they were satisfied with their telehealth consultation, and 60% (671/1114) reported that they would choose to continue to use telehealth in the future. There was a relatively high level of engagement with telehealth over the 12 months leading up to the study period, and the majority of participants reported a positive experience and satisfaction with their telehealth consultation. While there was no indication that remoteness influenced telehealth usage, there remains work to be done to improve access to older people and those with less than a bachelor's degree.

Analysis of the effects of COVID-19 restriction policies on drinking water consumption by smart water network data filtering

Abstract People's habits changed during the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent containment policies, with numerous implications in all fields. In particular, restrictions had important consequences for drinking water consumption. The present work analyses this influence in the Soccavo district of Naples (Campania), in Italy, during the two periods of strongest restrictions in 2020: the national Lockdown (March 11–May 3) and the autumn Red Zone (November 16–December 6). A large amount of data, referred to single-household flowmeters connected to a Smart Water Grid acquisition system, was collected for the years 2019 (considered the average reference year) and 2020. The first step was the preliminary filtering of the data, by identification and elimination of anomalies and outliers, as well as anomalous annual patterns, through clustering and classification. The second step consisted of the comparison of the same meters in two consecutive years considering the daily and weekly average hourly patterns, the average daily patterns of midweek days, Saturdays, and Sundays, respectively, and the total daily volumes. The results are consistent with those in the literature. Some general trends in literature data were sought and pointed out in the present paper.

Realization of a database‐driven PID control system using a CMAC memory

AbstractAs a nonlinear control approach, a database‐driven PID (DD‐PID) controller has been proposed that uses distance calculations of an initial database to tune PID parameters. However, sorting operations are required in extracting neighborhood data from the database, which imposes a large computational load. Therefore, it is impossible to finish this computation within a restricted sampling period in control systems with fast response time and insufficient memory capacity. On the other hand, the cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) has advantages for these problems and has similar constructs to the DD approach. Therefore, this paper combines advantages of these two approaches, and proposes a CMAC‐PID controller design based on off‐line optimization of a database. Finally, a comparison with conventional off‐line CMAC‐PID controller and DD‐PID controller through simulations are considered.

Health effects of feed dilution and roughage in Ross 308 broiler breeder cockerels

To ensure reproductivity and prevent obesity, broiler breeder's growth rate is controlled by quantitative feed restriction. However, feed restriction is associated with chronic hunger, frustration, and abnormal behaviors, thus representing a welfare problem. Feed diluted with insoluble fiber is an alternative, allowing larger amounts of feed and more gut filling, increasing satiety without increasing the caloric intake. Previous research on feed dilution has focused on pullets not cockerels. In addition, the health effects of diluted feed are less explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of feed dilution and roughage on health indicators in broiler breeder cockerels, 5 to 10 wk of age (WOA), a very feed restricted period. In total, 200 Ross 308 broiler breeder cockerels were housed in 12 pens (6 pens/treatment), 16 to 17 birds per pen. The treatments were standard feed (Control) and feed diluted with (20%) insoluble oat hulls and 150 g of roughage (lucerne/alfalfa) daily per pen (D+R). The D+R birds received 20% more feed per day. Body weight, pecking injuries, footpad dermatitis (FPD), and litter quality were recorded weekly between 5 and 9 WOA. At 10 WOA all birds were euthanized and subjected to postmortem assessment. D+R birds tended to weigh more than controls (P=0.055), but diet did not affect flock uniformity (P=0.57). The weekly assessment showed no effect of treatment on foot pad lesion scores (P=0.31). However, an effect on FPD was observed postmortem (P=0.04), where Control had slightly better footpad condition compared to the D+R group. Litter had to be completely changed in 2 control pens during the trial, due to quality deterioration. There was no effect of treatment on the weight of specific organs, the length of the gut, the intestinal mucosa, nor on the incidence of wounds on the head (P=0.15). Overall, these results indicate that feed dilution and roughage have neither adverse nor beneficial health effects on Ross 308 broiler breeder cockerels.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on oncological care in Germany: rapid review.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected medical care for chronic diseases. This study aimed to systematically assess the pandemic impact on oncological care in Germany using a rapid review. MEDLINE, Embase, study and preprint registries and study bibliographies were searched for studies published between 2020 and 2 November 2022. Inclusion was based on the PCC framework: population (cancer), concept (oncological care) and context (COVID-19 pandemic in Germany). Studies were selected after title/abstract and full-text screening by two authors. Extracted data were synthesized using descriptive statistics or narratively. Risk of bias was assessed and summarized using descriptive statistics. Overall, 77 records (59 peer-reviewed studies and 18 reports) with administrative, cancer registry and survey data were included. Disruptions in oncological care were reported and varied according to pandemic-related factors (e.g., pandemic stage) and other (non-pandemic) factors (e.g., care details). During higher restriction periods fewer consultations and non-urgent surgeries, and delayed diagnosis and screening were consistently reported. Heterogeneous results were reported for treatment types other than surgery (e.g., psychosocial care) and aftercare, while ongoing care remained mostly unchanged. The risk of bias was on average moderate. Disruptions in oncological care were reported during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Such disruptions probably depended on factors that were insufficiently controlled for in statistical analyses and evidence quality was on average only moderate. Research focus on patient outcomes (e.g., longer term consequences of disruptions) and pandemic management by healthcare systems is potentially relevant for future pandemics or health emergencies.

Association between non-medical cannabis legalization and emergency department visits for cannabis-induced psychosis.

A major public health concern of cannabis legalization is that it may result in an increase in psychotic disorders. We examined changes in emergency department (ED) visits for cannabis-induced psychosis following the legalization and subsequent commercialization (removal of restrictions on retail stores and product types) of non-medical cannabis in Ontario, Canada (population of 14.3 million). We used health administrative data containing the cause of all ED visits to examine changes over three periods; 1) pre-legalization (January 2014-September 2018); 2) legalization with restrictions (October 2018 - February 2020); and 3) commercialization (March 2020 - September 2021). We considered subgroups stratified by age and sex and examined cocaine- and methamphetamine-induced psychosis ED visits as controls. During our study, there were 6300 ED visits for cannabis-induced psychosis. The restricted legalization period was not associated with changes in rates of ED visits for cannabis-induced psychosis relative to pre-legalization. The commercialization period was associated with an immediate increase in rates of ED visits for cannabis-induced psychosis (IRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.02-1.66) and no gradual monthly change; immediate increases were seen only for youth above (IRR 1.63, 1.27-2.08, ages 19-24) but not below (IRR 0.73 95%CI 0.42-1.28 ages, 15-18) the legal age of purchase, and similar for men and women. Commercialization was not associated with changes in rates of ED visits for cocaine- or methamphetamine-induced psychosis. This suggests that legalization with store and product restrictions does not increase ED visits for cannabis-induced psychosis. In contrast, cannabis commercialization may increase cannabis-induced psychosis presentations highlighting the importance of preventive measures in regions considering legalization.

Culinary and Gastronomic Practices during the Periods of Restrictions on Movement Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Province of Alicante (Spain).

The third wave of COVID-19 had a large impact on the autonomous Region of Valencia, which gave rise to restrictions on movement and access to collective eating establishments. The objective of this study is to analyse the culinary and gastronomic behaviour exhibited by the population of the province of Alicante during the period of restrictions, in early 2021, in order to compare the results with an identical survey carried out during the first lockdown of 2020. observational and repeated cross-sectional study. The frequency and time dedicated to cooking were similar, as was the tendency to cook as a family, although the percentage of meals ate alone increased and the presence of audiovisual devices during meals persisted. Recipes, cookbooks, websites and online courses became the principal sources of learning and the self-perception of improvements in culinary skills was greater. The cooking of traditional dishes of the Mediterranean diet predominated to the detriment of ready meals, but 41.6% of those surveyed preferred to improvise. The recipes most consulted were those for main courses. In spite of certain changes and setbacks, which in many cases led to a regression to the situation prior to the pandemic, many of the improvements made during the lockdown of 2020 persisted. Changes were made in culinary and gastronomic practices that can help to achieve a more conscious, healthy and sustainable diet but which require educational policies and actions to reinforce and consolidate them.

A tale of two cities: A retrospective observational cohort study of the impact of COVID-19 on acute stroke presentation, timing, and outcomes

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to identify the impact of COVID-19-related “shelter in place” restrictions on stroke metrics in two metropolitan Texas cities, Austin and San Antonio. Materials and methodsData was derived from stroke quality metric registries and compared between two treatment periods: (1) during the state's COVID-19 “shelter in place” restriction period, and (2) the corresponding period during the previous year for Austin and San Antonio, Texas. Primary outcomes include the dichotomized process measures of time last known well (TLKW) to arrival, arrival to brain imaging initiation, and arrival to administration of thrombolytic therapy. Secondary outcomes are clinical endpoints: independent ambulation at discharge, discharge to home, and in-hospital mortality. ResultsAustin patients were older and presented with less-severe strokes. San Antonio patients were more likely to be Hispanic, suffer from a large vessel occlusion, and have independent ambulation at discharge (adjusted odds ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence intervals, (1.25–3.37). Within-city analyses revealed a trend toward increased TLKW to arrival in Austin and San Antonio during COVID-19. During COVID, Austin patients had decreased length of stay (LOS) while a higher proportion of San Antonio patients had a favorable outcome (discharged home & independent ambulation). ConclusionsLonger TLKW to hospital arrival during COVID did not impact arrival-to-imaging, arrival-to-treatment times nor patient outcomes, even in patients at higher risk for stroke. Future studies should continue to assess the impact of COVID-19 on stroke care and outcomes pre- and post-introduction of the COVID-19 vaccine, and as infectivity rates spike or recede.

Children with special educational needs and parental burnout during the pandemic lockdown period

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether children with special needs and their parents had problems with special education needs during the lockdown, and to examine the relationship between the special education process and the parent-child relationship, the level of burnout of parents. Material and Methods: Our study included 283 parents with children registered to a special education and rehabilitation centers in Kocaeli province of Turkey during the 2020-2021 academic year. Sociodemographic data form, Maslach Burnout Inventory and Parent-Child Relationship Scale were given to parents. Results: Burnout of the parents with children with autism spectrum disorder is at a higher level. The development of the children with parents who had high burnout scores regressed. The progress in the development of children whose mothers were employed, whose parents did not work from home, whose family's monthly income was 4501 TL and above, and who received special education for 0-24 months until the restriction period of the pandemic was reported as better by the parents. Parents with children aged 11-below have more positive relationship with their children. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the closure of special education may play a role in increased burnout and negatively affected children and parents. Monitoring the development process of children and the mood of parents during pandemics or other situations that lead to the closure of special education centres will be important to identify the problem areas and prepare support programmes.

Individual and combined effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) with other Fusarium mycotoxins on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance and health

This study assessed whether the toxicological effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium graminearum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are altered by the co-exposure to a mixture of toxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides (FUmix). This FUmix contained fusaric acid and fumonisin B1, B2 and B3. Four diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial design: CON-CON; CON-FUmix; DON-CON; and DON-FUmix. Diets with and without DON contained on average 2700 and 0 µg/kg feed, respectively. The sum of the analysed FUmix toxins was 12,700 and 100 µg/kg feed in the diets with and without FUmix, respectively. The experiment consisted of a 6-week restrictive feeding period immediately followed by a 2-week ad libitum feeding period. Growth performance measurements were taken per feeding period. Histopathological measurements in the liver and gastrointestinal tract (pyloric caeca, midgut and hindgut) were assessed at the end of week 1 and week 6 of the restrictive feeding period and at week 8, the last day of the ad libitum feeding period. During both restrictive and ad libitum feeding, the effects of FUmix and DON on growth performance were additive (no interaction effect; p > 0.05). During the restrictive feeding period, exposure to DON (p ≤ 0.001) and FUmix (p ≤ 0.01) inhibited growth and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). During this period, DON exposure decreased the protein (p ≤ 0.001) and energy retention (p ≤ 0.05) in the trout. During the ad libitum feeding period, FUmix affected HSI (p ≤ 0.01), while DON exposure reduced feed intake (p ≤ 0.001) and growth (p ≤ 0.001) and increased FCR (p ≤ 0.01). In general, for both liver and intestinal tissue measurements, no interaction effects between DON and FUmix were observed. In the liver, histopathological analysis revealed mild alterations, increased necrosis score by DON (p ≤ 0.01), increased glycogen vacuolization by FUmix (p ≤ 0.05) and decreased percentage of pleomorphic nuclei by FUmix (p ≤ 0.01). DON had a minor impact on the intestinal histological measurements. Over time, some of the liver (glycogen vacuolization score, pleomorphic nuclei; p ≤ 0.01) and intestinal measurements (mucosal fold and enterocyte width; p ≤ 0.01) were aggravated in fish fed the FUmix contaminated diets, with the most severe alterations being noted at week 8. Overall, the co-exposure to FUmix and DON gave rise to additive effects but showed no synergistic or antagonistic effects for the combination of DON with other Fusarium mycotoxins.

Changes in reproductive behavior associated with the perception and individual experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study evaluates the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reproductive behavior of men and women during the most restrictive period of the pandemic in Czechia. At the end of this period, data was collected for the Czech GGS COVID Pilot-Follow-up Study (April 2021), which included additional questions on reproductive plans and perceptions of the pandemic related to fertility. The study focuses in detail on the evaluation of the favorability of fertility during this period by considering the impact of the pandemic on the lives of individuals in various life areas. It subsequently attempts to determine to what extent this evaluation and personal experiences of the pandemic affected reproductive behavior (the intended number of children, current attempts to conceive and short-term fertility intentions). In summary, in most cases the respondents considered the most severe period of the pandemic to be unfavorable in terms of childbirth. Women provided an overall negative assessment of the favorability of childbirth in this period, which was reflected in a reduction in the planned number of children, while the men who considered this period favorable declared a higher chance of short-term fertility intentions.

Tracking air quality trends and vehicle traffic dynamics at urban scale using satellite and ground data before and after the COVID-19 outbreak

The implications of the COVID-19 outbreak are subjected to an increasing number of studies. So far, air quality trends related to the lockdown due to the pandemic have been analysed in large cities or entire regions.In this work, the region studied is the metropolitan area of Cagliari, which is the main city on the island of Sardinia (Italy) and can be representative of a coastal city that includes industrial settlements. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of restrictions related to the COVID-19 outbreak on air quality levels and the traffic dynamics in this type of urban area. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) levels before, during and after COVID-19 lockdown have been investigated using data acquired from the Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI satellite combined with on-site measurements. Both TROPOMI detected and ground-based data have revealed higher levels of NO₂ before and after the lockdown, compared to those during the period of COVID-related restrictions, in particular in the urban area of Cagliari. On the other hand, NO2 registered in the oil refinery area did not show significant differences associated with lockdown. The correlation of TROPOMI NO₂ tropospheric column with ground data (surface NO2) on a monthly mean basis showed different values based on the background and the highest Pearson's coefficient was of about 0.78 near to the city centre, where traffic can be considered a significant source of emission. In addition, a comparison of the air pollution level with the dynamics of vehicle traffic was investigated. The study highlighted a remarkable correlation between the reduction of the number of vehicles and the corresponding tropospheric NO₂ values that decreased on a weekly mean basis.

Psychological distress and physical activity behaviors among parents and caregivers during different COVID‐19 restriction periods: Secondary analysis of the Active Kids voucher program evaluation

AbstractParents and caregivers who participate in regular physical activity have improved physical and mental health and can influence the physical activity behaviors of children in their care. This study aimed to assess the association between psychological distress and physical activity levels of parents/caregivers in New South Wales, Australia during different COVID‐19 restriction periods. A repeat‐cross‐sectional design was adopted. Parents/caregivers involved in a government‐led children's sport and recreation voucher program were recruited to participate in an online survey as part of the program's evaluation. In response to COVID‐19, parents and caregivers' psychological distress and physical activity levels were assessed using validated items. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between physical activity and probable mental illness, and differences across different COVID‐19 restriction periods in 2020 and 2021. In 2020, 10,990 parents/caregivers responded to survey questions and in 2021, 17,106 parents/caregivers responded. Parents/caregivers who were physically active on 7 days per week had lower odds of reporting high psychological distress (odds ratio [OR]: 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CIs]: 0.33, 0.49) than parents/caregivers physically active on fewer days per week. In 2020 9.8% of parents/caregivers (n = 1076) reported high psychological distress, which decreased to 8% in 2021 (n = 1366). In 2021, parents/caregivers had lower odds of reporting high psychological distress (OR: 0.79, 95% CIs: 0.72, 0.86). Socioeconomic disadvantage negatively impacted psychological distress and physical activity levels. Australian parents and caregivers who reported high psychological distress, during and after COVID‐19 restrictions, were participating in low levels of physical activity. Greater collaboration between the mental health, and sport and recreation sectors is recommended to harness the co‐benefits of physical activity throughout parenthood, particularly in low socioeconomic areas.

Predictors of resilience for people with spinal cord injury over two periods of COVID-19 social distancing restrictions: a 12-month longitudinal study using structural equation modelling

BackgroundThe novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disproportionately impacting the health of people with disability. Resilience has remained an important health promoting characteristic during periods of social distancing restrictions. Factors promoting resilience for people with disability under the context of the pandemic remains poorly understood. Studies have yet to investigate evidence-based factors that promote resilience over multiple periods of restrictions for people with disability.MethodsA longitudinal study developed via a collaborative partnership between peer-support workers with lived experience of spinal cord injury (SCI) and university researchers was undertaken to fill knowledge gaps around factors promoting resilience for people with SCI during two periods of stringent social distancing restrictions within Victoria, Australia. Over 12-months, participants with SCI completed two surveys, towards the end of two lockdown periods. Evidence-based factors associated with resilience were measured. The Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire, the International SCI Quality of Life scale, and the 10-item Conor Davidson Resilience Scale, respectively measured autonomy and participation limitations, life satisfaction and psychological health, and resilience. A structural equation modelling (SEM) approach established factors directly and indirectly associated with resilience.ResultsA model with excellent fit was produced. During two extended lockdowns over the 12-month period, increased family role limitations and favourable psychological health were respectively, negatively (Lockdown 1 [n = 127]: β = -.251, p < .01, Lockdown 2: β = -.400, p < .01) and positively (Lockdown 1: β = .601, p < .01, Lockdown 2 [n = 65]: β = .430, p < .01) associated with resilience. Indirect negative associations between resilience and increased outdoor autonomy limitations (Lockdown 1: β = -.195, p < .01, Lockdown 2: β = -.255, p < .01) and social life limitations (Lockdown 1: β = -.217, p < .01, Lockdown 2: β = -.142, p < .05) existed, and these relationships were moderated by psychological health.ConclusionsPsychological health, and participation and autonomy are determinants of resilience during periods of crisis. Health and social care providers and public health departments should prioritise programs promoting these domains, to counter the negative impact of social distancing.

General Mental Health, Loneliness, and Life Satisfaction in the Context of COVID-19 Policies: A 2-Year Cohort Study in the Netherlands, April 2020-January 2022.

Although the COVID-19 pandemic has affected mental health, understanding who has been affected most and why is incomplete. We sought to understand changes in mental health in the context of transmission numbers and pandemic (social) restrictions and whether changes in mental health varied among population groups. We analyzed data from 92 062 people (aged ≥16 years and able to read Dutch) who participated in the Corona Behavioral Unit cohort study at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the Netherlands, from April 17, 2020, through January 25, 2022. Participants self-reported mental well-being through multiple rounds of surveys. We used a multivariable linear mixed-effects model to analyze loneliness, general mental health, and life satisfaction. As strictness of pandemic prevention measures and social restrictions increased, people's feelings of loneliness increased and mental health and life satisfaction decreased. As restrictions were relaxed, loneliness decreased and general mental health improved. Younger people (aged 16-24 y) versus older people (aged ≥40 y), people with low (vs high) education levels, and people living alone (vs living together) were more likely to have negative well-being outcomes. We observed that trajectories over time differed considerably only by age, with participants aged 16-24 years affected substantially more than participants aged ≥40 years by pandemic social restrictions. These patterns were consistent across multiple waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings suggest that the social restrictions imposed by the Dutch government during the study period were associated with reduced mental well-being, especially among younger people. However, people appeared resilient as they recovered during periods when restrictions were relaxed. Monitoring and supporting well-being, in particular to reduce loneliness, may help younger people during periods of intense social restrictions.

The relationship between pathological internet use and psychiatric difficulties in adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic

Objectives: Internet addiction has been attracting widespread interest due to the increase in screen time related to lectures, decrease in social activities and spending more time at home due to the education restriction all over the world. It was aimed to determine the psychiatric difficulties for before pandemic period and distance education period, separately and to evaluate the relationship between adolescents' pathological internet usage and difference in psychiatric difficulties. Methods: Four hundred thirty-eight adolescents aged 11-17 years, secondary and high school students were included in the study. An online survey was created consists of “Young Internet Addiction Test-brief form” (IAT), “Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire” (SDQ) and researcher form using Google forms application. Youths completed the SDQ retrospectively for two separate time points: during the school restriction period and before the pandemic. Results: According to the results of our study, the number of changed areas (sleep, eating habits, leisure/social/physical activities) (B= 3.071, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and the change in SDQ-Peer relationship subscale score (B=1.193, p = 0.019) were among the factors significantly predict pathological internet use levels, respectively. Conclusions: Studies enable understanding the relationship between pathological internet usage and psychiatric difficulties would be useful for the organization of preventive interventions in case similar outbreaks occurred in the future.

COVID-19 Repercussions on Bangladeshi On-Demand-Food Delivery, Restaurant, and Hotel Industry

Objectives: The article's main objective was to explore the impact and consequences of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) on Bangladesh's on-demand-food delivery (ODFD), restaurant and hospitality industry.&#x0D; Methods: To achieve the research objective, qualitative methodology was applied using focus group discussion on the online platform during the movement restriction period. We collected data from four informants, and they were chosen based on their professional relevance with the Food and Hospitality industry. Existing literature is also overviewed.&#x0D; Results: This study found that COVID-19 significantly negatively impacts the industry. The informants provide the miserable scenario of the industry during this pandemic, besides suggesting possible strategies.&#x0D; Contribution: This article discusses the impacts of COVID-19 on the on-demand-food delivery, restaurant and hotel industry in Bangladesh in order to provide a better understanding to government and practitioners of why improving the management of response to infectious disease outbreaks is so critical for a country's economy, its society, and its place in the global community. &#x0D; Keywords: COVID-19, food, hotel, hospitality, online delivery, pandemic, economy, Bangladesh