Restriction Of Energy Intake Research Articles

Effect of diet-induced weight loss on inflammatory cytokines in obese women.

Obesity is associated with lowgrade systemic inflammation which has been linked to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes in obese patients. To evaluate changes in pro/anti-inflammatory adipocytokines and metabolic profile after moderate diet-induced weight loss. Twenty-nine pre-menopausal obese women (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) aged 21 to 54 years without diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia, were enrolled in this study. We measured anthropometric parameters, lipid and glucose profiles, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-18 in obese women, who then entered a medically supervised program aimed at reducing body weight by 10% or more. Obese women restricted their caloric intake (by 500-1000 kcal/day) and consumed 50 g/day of a fiber supplement (Slim Last Powder) for 12 weeks. By completing the dietary intervention program, weight (Δ = -10.0%, p<0.0001), body mass index, waist circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting plasma glucose significantly decreased, while HDL-cholesterol significantly increased. While plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-18 decreased by 27% after 12 weeks, no significant change was observed in circulating levels of IL-10. Our study suggests that an improved body composition induced by restriction of energy intake is associated with favorable serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-18 in obese women. However, the anti-inflammatory IL-10 is not affected by a moderate weight decrease.

Effect of the dietary net energy concentration on feed intake and performance of growing-finishing pigs housed individually1

The effect of dietary NE content on feed intake and performance of pigs was investigated using crossbred barrows with initial and final BW of approximately 35 and 110 kg, respectively. Pigs were housed individually and allowed ad libitum access to feed. Pigs were randomly allotted to 6 wheat and soybean meal-based diets (8.1, 8.7, 9.3, 9.9, 10.5, and 11.1 MJ NE/kg) with 16 pigs/diet. Ratios between standardized ileal digestible AA and NE were similar in all diets. Over the entire experiment, increase in dietary NE concentration was associated with a decreased ADFI (3.216, 3.216, 3.122, 2.910, 2.732, and 2.684 kg/d, respectively, for diets containing 8.1 to 11.1 MJ NE/kg; linear, P < 0.01). The NE intake increased as dietary NE increased from 8.1 to 11.1 MJ NE/kg (26.04, 27.98, 29.03, 28.81, 28.68, and 29.77 MJ/d, respectively; linear, P < 0.01, and quadratic, P = 0.06). Average daily gain increased when dietary NE concentration increased (1.046, 1.126, 1.135, 1.177, 1.156, and 1.152 kg/d, respectively, for diets containing 8.1 to 11.1 MJ NE/kg; linear and quadratic, P < 0.01). The increase in dietary NE concentration was associated with an increase in dressing percentage (76.5, 77.0, 77.4, 78.0, 78.2, and 78.4% of BW; linear, P < 0.01) but no differences in lean percentage (58.3, 57.9, 58.0, 57.3, 58.1, and 56.4% of HCW, respectively, for diets containing 8.1 to 11.1 MJ NE/kg; P = 0.12). When dietary NE concentration increased from 8.1 to 11.1 MJ/kg, the G:F increased (0.326, 0.352, 0.364, 0.405, 0.425, and 0.428 kg/kg, respectively; linear, P < 0.01), but the G:F expressed using the NE system did not change (G:F, 39.97 g/MJ NE; P = 0.44). When adjusted to the same dressing yield and lean percentage, the differences in adjusted ADG increased among treatments, but the adjusted G:F expressed using the NE system was not influenced by dietary energy concentration. These results confirm the ability of individually housed pigs to adjust their spontaneous feed intake over a very wide range of NE concentrations (8.7 to 10.5 MJ/kg). Under commercial conditions, pigs may experience less variation in ADFI than the results obtained in this experiment because of differences in dietary energy concentrations. However, it seems that only a severe reduction in dietary energy concentration will be effective in restricting energy intake of pigs that are allowed ad libitum access to feed.

The Impact of a 3-Year After-School Obesity Prevention Program in Elementary School Children

Children tend to be sedentary during the after-school hours, and this has deleterious effects on their health. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of a 3-year after-school physical activity (PA) program, without restriction of dietary energy intake, on percent body fat (%BF), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and cardiometabolic markers in children. A cluster randomization design was employed. A total of 574 3rd grade children from 18 elementary schools in the southeastern United States participated. The intervention consisted of 80 minutes of age-appropriate moderate-to-vigorous PA each school day. The main outcomes of interest were %BF measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; CRF measured by heart rate in response to a submaximal step test; nonfasting total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); and resting blood pressure (BP). Intent-to-treat analyses showed significant treatment by time interactions for %BF (p = 0.009) and CRF (p = 0.0003). The change pattern of the means suggested that %BF and CRF in intervention children improved relative to control children during the school months, rebounding to the levels of control children over the summers following years 1 and 2. Year-by-year analyses of what occurred during the months when the program was offered revealed dose–response relations for %BF and CRF, such that the clearest beneficial effects were seen for those youth who attended at least 60% of the after-school sessions. No significant intervention effects were seen for cholesterol or BP. An after-school PA program was effective in reducing adiposity and improving CRF, especially in the children who attended the sessions at least 3 days/week. However, the favorable effects on %BF and CRF were lost over the summer. Thus, it is critical to incorporate strategies that attract and retain the children to receive an adequate dose of PA year-round.

No end in sight for North Korea's malnutrition crisis

Relief agencies have warned that millions of North Koreans are malnourished, with the most vulnerable facing starvation in the coming months, despite reports that the impoverished state has received food aid from China and South Korea. The warning comes after the sudden death of the North Korea’s former leader, Kim Jong-il, put on hold a possible deal in which it was preparing to accept 240 000 tonnes of food aid from the USA in return for suspending its uranium enrichment programme, which would give it a further means of developing nuclear weapons. Late last month, just weeks after Kim’s youngest son, Kim Jong-un, was named the North’s new leader, reports said thousands of Chinese lorries had been seen crossing the border to deliver shipments of rice. The Tokyo Shimbun, a daily newspaper in Japan, earlier reported that China had agreed to provide North Korea with 500 000 tonnes of rice and 250 000 tonnes of crude oil. China provides 45% of North Korea’s food, according to the Council on Foreign Relations in New York. South Korea’s Government cut off offi cial aid in 2008 after its conservative president, Lee Myung-bak, ended the country’s “sunshine” policy of engagement with its neighbour. As the North’s new leadership warned the South against having military drills near their maritime border, it accepted a shipment of 180 tonnes of fl our to primary schools and day-care centres from the Seoul-based Korea Peace Foundation. South Korea’s Government has said it will not resume large-scale aid provision until the North begins dismantling its nuclear weapons programme, but it does allow civic groups to send essentials for children, such as fl our and medicine.

Macro mineral requirements by grazing zebu bovines

The objective of this study was to determine requirements of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and sodium (Na) for grazing zebu bovines. The experiment area was composed of Brachiaria decumbens paddocks. Twenty-seven non-castrated animals, with initial live weight of 311.0 kg and at an average age of 14 months were used. Three animals were slaughtered, after adaptation period, so they were used as control for estimates of empty body weight and initial body composition of animals in the experiment. Out of the 24 remaining animals, four were sent to the maintenance group with restrict grazing time to limit energy intake close to the maintenance level. The other 20 animals were distributed in four treatments: mineral mixture, self-control intake and three-times-a-week-offer frequency (offered on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays) and daily. Concentrations of all studied macro elements in empty body and empty body gain decreased as live weight increased. The ratios obtained for g Ca/100 g of retained protein and g P/100 g of retained protein were 9.18 and 4.72, respectively. Total dietary requirement of calcium was lower than the one recommended by NRC (2000), but P requirement was very close to that.

Design of the nutritional therapy for overweight and obese Spanish adolescents conducted by registered dieticians: the EVASYON study.

Dietary treatment for obese adolescents should aim to ensure adequate growth and development, by reducing excessive fat mass accumulation, avoiding loss of lean body mass, improving well-being and self-esteem and preventing cyclical weight regain. The aim of this article is to describe the dietary intervention design and the methods used to evaluate nutritional knowledge and behavior in the EVASYON study (Development, implementation and evaluation of the efficacy of a therapeutic programme for overweight/obese adolescents). EVASYON is a multi-centre study conducted in 5 Spanish hospital settings (Granada, Madrid, Pamplona, Santander and Zaragoza), where 204 overweight/obese Spanish adolescents were treated in groups of 9 to 11 subjects over 20 visits. The study was implemented in two stages: an intensive, calorie-restricted period for the first 9 weeks, and an extensive body-weight follow-up period for the last 11 months. A moderate energy intake restriction was applied in the intensive period according to the degree of obesity, on the basis of a balanced diet supplying 50-55% of daily energy as carbohydrates; 30-35% as fats and 10-15% as proteins. In the intensive period, adolescents were prescribed both a fixed full-day meal plan for the first three weeks and a full day meal plan with different food-choices for 6 weeks. Later, adolescents received a flexible meal plan based on food exchanges for the follow-up period until the end of the trial. Data on food intake, dietary and meal-related habits and behavior were collected by means of dietary questionnaires. To analyse nutritional knowledge, adolescents were examined regarding nutrient concepts and food adoitems for a healthy diet with the appropriate tools. Participants were given nutritional information with complementary teaching material, which was available on the EVASYON website (www.estudioevasyon.com). The dietary intervention of the EVASYON programme with a moderate calorie restriction for a limited period of time could be a good strategy in treating overweight and obese adolescents and that will be tested further. Moreover, combining fixed plan with free-choice menus may help adolescents and their families to make right decisions for every day meals.

Effect of a supplement containing trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on the performance of dairy ewes fed 2 levels of metabolizable protein and at a restricted energy intake

Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits milk fat synthesis in dairy ewes, but the effects under varying dietary metabolizable protein (MP) levels when energy-limited diets are fed have not been examined. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the response of lactating dairy ewes to CLA supplementation when fed diets limited in metabolizable energy (ME) and with either a low or high MP content. Twelve multiparous ewes in early lactation were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a high MP (110% of daily MP requirement) or low MP (93% of daily MP requirement) diet unsupplemented or supplemented with a lipid-encapsulated CLA to provide 2.4g/d of trans-10,cis-12 CLA, in each of 4 periods of 25 d each in a 4×4 Latin square design. All diets were restricted to supply each ewe with 4.6 Mcal of ME/d (equivalent to 75% of ME requirement). Supplementation with CLA decreased milk fat percentage and yield by 33% and 24%, respectively, and increased milk, milk protein, and lactose yields by 16, 13, and 17%, respectively. Feeding the high MP diet increased the yields of milk, fat, protein, and lactose by 18, 15, 19, and 16%, respectively. Milk fat content of trans-10,cis-12 CLA (g/100g) was 0.09 and <0.01 for the CLA-supplemented and unsupplemented ewes, respectively. Ewes supplemented with CLA had a reduced yield (mmol/d) of fatty acids of <C16, C16, and >C16, although the effect was greatest for <C16. Feeding a high MP level increased the yield of fatty acids of C16 and >C16. Plasma urea concentrations were lowest in ewes supplemented with CLA compared with those unsupplemented (6.5 vs. 7.4 mmol/L, respectively) and receiving low compared with high MP diets (5.6 vs. 8.3 mmol/L, respectively). In conclusion, dairy ewes fed energy-limited diets and supplemented with CLA repartitioned nutrients to increase yields of milk, protein, and lactose, with the response to CLA supplementation and additional MP intake being additive.

Functionality of alginate based supplements for application in human appetite regulation

The present study investigated the functional properties of different alginate solutions intended as dietary supplements for enhanced satiety and limited energy intake in humans. Characteristics of the three alginates, obtained by NMR spectroscopy, showed differences in their mannuronic:guluronic (M:G) acids ratio. By correlation with their rheological behaviour it was found that alginate solutions with low M:G (M:G=0.8) exhibited stronger gel strength than did solutions with higher M:G (1.3 and 2.5). Subsequently, eight subjects participated in an acute meal test, where two alginate-based preloads with different M:G ratios (0.8 and 2.5) were administered after subjects had fasted overnight. Subjective appetite sensation was assessed over 4h; thereafter an ad libitum meal was served. Self-perceived capacity for food intake decreased (P=0.02), fullness increased (P=0.05), and subsequent energy intake decreased numerically by 10% (P=0.1) after consumption of the alginate formulation with low M:G compared with high M:G. These findings suggest that high-guluronic acid alginates are worth further investigation in relation to appetite regulation.

Temporal changes in plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites in pasture-fed dairy cows during extended lactation

This experiment measured variations in plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones and metabolites in cows undergoing extended lactations of up to 670 d at 2 planes of nutrition. Thirty-seven Holstein-Friesian cows that calved in late winter were selected for varying milk yield and then managed for a lactation of 670 d by delaying breeding until approximately 450 d in milk (DIM). Cows grazed fresh pasture supplemented with pasture silage or hay and crushed wheat or triticale grain. Dietary intake was reduced by approximately 1.8kg (dry matter) grain/cow per day for 19 of the cows from 300 DIM until the end of lactation to assess the effect of restricted energy intake on the persistency of milk production. Samples of blood were collected monthly from each cow to measure plasma concentrations of selected hormones and metabolites. Dietary restriction beyond 300 DIM reduced yields of milk, protein, and fat, but did not alter the proportion of cows reaching the 670-d lactation target. Dietary restriction had no effect on cow BW or plasma concentrations of any hormones or metabolites. Overall, blood plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, leptin, and glucose were elevated from 301 to 600 DIM compared with 0 to 300 DIM, whereas concentrations of growth hormone and nonesterified fatty acids were lower after 300 DIM. Plasma concentrations of insulin and prolactin were unaffected by stage of lactation, but prolactin concentrations increased during summer. These changes were consistent with a decrease in milk yield and an increase in the partitioning of nutrients to body tissue gain, primarily adipose tissue, throughout the later stages of the extended lactation. Cows that continued milking beyond 600 DIM had increased plasma concentrations of growth hormone and decreased concentrations of glucose and leptin compared with cows that milked <600 DIM. These differences, coupled with reduced body weight gain, indicated an increased priority for nutrient partitioning to milk production at the expense of body tissue gain throughout the extended lactation period in cows with greater lactation persistency.

High‐Volume Exercise Program in Obese Bariatric Surgery Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Weight regain is a problem among many bariatric surgery patients. Whether a high-volume exercise program (HVEP), a strategy to limit weight regain, is feasible in these patients is unknown. The feasibility of an HVEP in obese post-bariatric-surgery patients was determined by randomizing 33 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and gastric banding (GB) surgery patients with a mean BMI of 41 ± 6 kg/m2 to an HVEP or control group for 12 weeks. The HVEP group was instructed to expend ≥ 2,000 kcal/week in moderate-intensity exercise. All patients were counseled to limit energy intake. Treatment effect was assessed by repeated measures analysis. During the last 4 weeks of the study, 53% of the HVEP group expended ≥ 2,000 kcal/week and 82% expended ≥ 1,500 kcal/week. Step count, reported time spent and energy expended during moderate physical activity, maximal oxygen consumption relative to weight, and incremental area under the postprandial blood glucose curve were significantly improved over 12 weeks in the HVEP group compared to controls (group-by-week effect: P = 0.009-0.03). Both groups reported significant improvement in some quality-of-life scales. Changes in weight, energy and macronutrient intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), fasting lipids and glucose, and fasting and postprandial insulin concentrations were not different between the two groups. HVEP is feasible in about 50% of the patients and enhances physical fitness and reduces postprandial blood glucose in bariatric surgery patients.

Decreased plasma levels of ceruloplasmin after diet-induced weight loss in obese women.

Plasma ceruloplasmin (Cp) has been shown to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and also to be associated with obesity. However, it is not known whether weight loss could decrease the plasma Cp levels. To investigate the effect of diet-induced weight loss on plasma Cp in obese women. Sixty-seven healthy obese women [age =33.4±8.7 yr, body mass index (BMI) =36.0±4.8 kg/m2] were entered into a medically supervised program aimed at reducing body weight by 10% or more. Weight loss was achieved through a diet providing a daily energy deficit of 500-1000 kcal/day. In addition, all patients were prescribed to use 50 g of a fiber supplement per day. For all subjects, assessment of dietary intake, anthropometric indices, and plasma levels of C-reactive protein and Cp was performed at the first visit and repeated at 12th week of follow-up. By completing the program, weight (Δ=-9.5%, p<0.0001), BMI (Δ=-9.7%, p<0.0001), waist-circumference (Δ=-6.1%, p<0.0001), and triceps skinfold thickness (Δ=-14.9%, p<0.0001) significantly decreased. Plasma Cp significantly decreased after 12 weeks of dietary intervention (33.6±5.6 mg/dl vs 25.2±5.8 mg/dl, p<0.0001). Percent change in Cp was correlated with percent change in waist-circumference (r=446, p=0.015). Our study suggests that an improved body composition induced by restriction of energy intake is associated with decreased serum concentrations of Cp in obese women which in turn might have reduced the subjects' risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Development of international criteria for a front of package food labelling system: the International Choices Programme.

Background:A global push to reduce the amount of saturated and trans-fatty acids, added salt and sugar in processed food, and to enhance fruit, vegetable and whole grain intake, while limiting energy intake, exists for most populations.Objectives:To redesign the International Choices Program (note: this is unrelated to the US Smart Choices Program), initially Netherlands focused, by an international board of scientists to create a generic, global front-of-pack nutrition logo system that helps consumers make healthier food choices and stimulates product reformulation.Methods:The Programme is a product-group-specific-nutrient-profiling approach with a distinction between basic and discretionary foods. The basic product groups are main contributors of essential and beneficial nutrients, and are based on food-based dietary guidelines from more than 20 countries across the globe. Generic criteria are derived from international nutrient recommendations for trans-fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, sodium, added sugar, fibre and energy, and evaluated against food composition data from 12 countries across Europe and market reality (actual foods on the market). Selected debates such as the source of fibre are also presented.Results:Generic criteria and a decision framework were developed to further define food categories, so as to meet the unique country- and region-specific dietary needs. The result is a complete set of criteria that is evaluated on a regular basis to ensure its alignment with international dietary patterns, new scientific insights and current developments within the food market.Conclusions:These guidelines are currently used in a number of countries across the globe, and are being evaluated for effectiveness. Completed studies have demonstrated an increase in consumer awareness, a positive effect on product innovation and a potential impact on nutrient intakes.

Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol

Aims/hypothesisType 2 diabetes is regarded as inevitably progressive, with irreversible beta cell failure. The hypothesis was tested that both beta cell failure and insulin resistance can be reversed by dietary restriction of energy intake.MethodsEleven people with type 2 diabetes (49.5 ± 2.5 years, BMI 33.6 ± 1.2 kg/m2, nine male and two female) were studied before and after 1, 4 and 8 weeks of a 2.5 MJ (600 kcal)/day diet. Basal hepatic glucose output, hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity and beta cell function were measured. Pancreas and liver triacylglycerol content was measured using three-point Dixon magnetic resonance imaging. An age-, sex- and weight-matched group of eight non-diabetic participants was studied.ResultsAfter 1 week of restricted energy intake, fasting plasma glucose normalised in the diabetic group (from 9.2 ± 0.4 to 5.9 ± 0.4 mmol/l; p = 0.003). Insulin suppression of hepatic glucose output improved from 43 ± 4% to 74 ± 5% (p = 0.003 vs baseline; controls 68 ± 5%). Hepatic triacylglycerol content fell from 12.8 ± 2.4% in the diabetic group to 2.9 ± 0.2% by week 8 (p = 0.003). The first-phase insulin response increased during the study period (0.19 ± 0.02 to 0.46 ± 0.07 nmol min−1 m−2; p < 0.001) and approached control values (0.62 ± 0.15 nmol min−1 m−2; p = 0.42). Maximal insulin response became supranormal at 8 weeks (1.37 ± 0.27 vs controls 1.15 ± 0.18 nmol min−1 m−2). Pancreatic triacylglycerol decreased from 8.0 ± 1.6% to 6.2 ± 1.1% (p = 0.03).Conclusions/interpretationNormalisation of both beta cell function and hepatic insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes was achieved by dietary energy restriction alone. This was associated with decreased pancreatic and liver triacylglycerol stores. The abnormalities underlying type 2 diabetes are reversible by reducing dietary energy intake.

Fluidisation velocities during processing of whole soybean snack

Soybeans contribute to healthy nutrition because of the high proportion and quality of proteins. Its oil content is considerably lower than in peanuts, restricting energy intake. Precooked samples prepared at increasing drying–toasting times (lower moisture contents) experienced shrinkage and deformation.With the aim of determining design parameters for this process, fluid-dynamic studies of samples extracted at several times during drying–toasting allowed us to determine laminar and turbulent coefficients of the Ergun equation and the minimum fluidisation velocity (Vmf), at ambient temperatures. The turbulent coefficient increased for decreasing moistures and Vmf varied from 2.6 and 1.2m/s over a 60min process. As drying–toasting must be conducted at 140°C, an increase by 20% in Vmf is required. Operating velocities were 50% above Vmf to produce uniform treatment. As the system requires a decreasing fluidisation velocity with time, an automatic control with time-varying target value should be devised to limit energy consumption and prevent solid losses.

Early and longer term effects of gastric bypass surgery on tissue-specific insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in morbidly obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes

Bariatric surgery consistently induces remission of type 2 diabetes. We tested whether there are diabetes-specific mechanisms in addition to weight loss. We studied 25 morbidly obese patients (BMI 51.7 ± 1.5 kg/m(2) [mean ± SEM]), 13 with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (HbA(1c) 7.1 ± 0.5% [54 ± 5 mmol/mol]), before and at 2 weeks and 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Lean (n = 8, BMI 23.0 ± 0.5 kg/m(2)) and obese (n = 14) volunteers who were BMI-matched (36.0 ± 1.2) to RYGB patients at 1 year after surgery served as controls. We measured insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (M) and substrate utilisation (euglycaemic clamp/indirect calorimetry), endogenous glucose production (EGP) by 6,6-[(2)H(2)]glucose, lipolysis (rate of appearance of [(2)H(5)]glycerol) and beta cell function (acute insulin response to i.v. glucose [AIR] as determined by C-peptide deconvolution). At baseline, all obese groups showed typical metabolic abnormalities, with M, glucose oxidation and non-oxidative disposal impaired, and EGP, lipolysis, lipid oxidation and energy expenditure increased. Early after RYGB plasma glucose and insulin levels, and energy expenditure had decreased, while lipid oxidation increased, with M, EGP and AIR unchanged. At 1 year post-RYGB (BMI 34.4 ± 1.1 kg/m(2)), all diabetic patients were off glucose-lowering treatment and mean HbA(1c) was 5.4 ± 0.14% (36 ± 2 mmol/mol) (p = 0.03 vs baseline); AIR also improved significantly. In all RYGB patients, M, substrate oxidation, EGP, energy expenditure and lipolysis improved in proportion to weight loss, and were therefore similar to values in obese controls, but still different from those in lean controls. In morbidly obese patients, RYGB has metabolic effects on liver, adipose tissue, muscle insulin sensitivity and pattern of substrate utilisation; these effects can be explained by energy intake restriction and weight loss, the former prevailing early after surgery, the latter being dominant in the longer term.

Exercising women with menstrual disturbances consume low energy dense foods and beverages

Women with exercise-associated menstrual cycle disturbances (EAMD) restrict energy intake. Reducing energy density (ED; kcals·g(-1) of food or beverage) may be a strategy employed by EAMD women to maintain lower energy intake. The purpose of this study was 3-fold: to determine whether EAMD women consume low ED diets; to identify food groups associated with low ED; and to determine concentrations of total peptide YY (PYY), a satiety factor. Twenty-five active females were divided into 2 groups, according to menstrual status: EAMD (n = 12) and ovulatory controls (OV) (n = 13). Two 3-day diet records were analyzed for ED and other parameters. Body composition, fitness, resting metabolic rate, and PYY were measured. Groups did not differ in age, age of menarche, body mass index, maximal aerobic capacity(), body fat (%), or amount of exercise per week. For fat mass (12.4± 1.7 vs. 14.9± 3.5kg; p = 0.046), energy availability (28.8± 11.5 vs. 42.1± 9.2kcal·kg(-1) FFM; p = 0.006), and energy intake (29.8± 9.2 vs. 36.3± 10.6 kcals·kg(-1) BW; p = 0.023), EAMD was lower than OV. ED was lower in EAMD than in OV (0.77± 0.06 vs. 1.06± 0.09kcal·g(-1); p = 0.018) when all beverages were included, but not when noncaloric beverages were excluded. Vegetable (p = 0.047) and condiment (p = 0.014) consumption and fasting PYY (pg·mL(-1)) (p = 0.006) were higher in EAMD. EAMD ate a lower ED diet through increased vegetable, condiment, and noncaloric beverage consumption, and exhibited higher PYY concentrations. These behaviors may represent a successful strategy to restrict calories and maximize satiety.

Nutritional, lifestyle, and weight control practices of professional jockeys

In this study, we describe diet and lifestyle practices of professional jockeys. Participants completed a 59-item nutrition, lifestyle, and health questionnaire (n = 21) and a 7-day estimated food diary (n = 18). Acute weight loss strategies included the use of saunas (86%), exercising to induce sweating (81%), and restricted energy intake (71%). Of the smokers (38%), 56% used smoking to control weight. Most (86%) jockeys reported attaining a 2-kg weight loss for racing (if required) 24–48 h before or on the designated race-day. Mean daily energy intake (1803 ± 564 kcal) was low and appeared to provide an insufficient availability of energy for sustainment of usual daily and metabolic processes. Carbohydrate intake (3.7 ± 1.3 g · kg−1) was below recommendations for athletes. A substantial proportion of jockeys failed to meet the estimated average requirement and lower threshold intake for a number of micronutrients. Jockeys consumed well below (0–2) the recommended five daily servings of fruit and vegetables set by the World Health Organization. Pressures of the jockey lifestyle and rigid weight limits appear to encourage unhealthy weight management practices in this group and may risk long term-health.

Effects of energy density and energy content of pre‐portioned entrées on energy intake

Pre-portioned (PP) entrées are commonly consumed to help control portion size and limit energy intake. Few studies, however, have investigated the influence of PP entrée characteristics on energy intake. We determined how the effects of energy density (ED) and energy content of PP entrées combine to influence daily energy intake. In a crossover design, 28 men and 40 women were provided with breakfast, lunch, and dinner on one day a week for 4 weeks. Each meal included a compulsory, manipulated PP entrée and a variety of unmanipulated side dishes that were consumed ad libitum. Across the 4 weeks, the entrées were varied in both ED and energy content between a standard level (100%) and a reduced level (62%). In men, reducing both the ED and the energy content of the PP entrées led to independent decreases in total meal energy intake (both p<0.01). A 38% decrease in ED led to a 6% decrease in energy intake (154±46 kcal), and a 38% decrease in energy content led to an 11% decrease in energy intake (291±75 kcal). Thus, decreases in the ED and energy content of PP entrées acted independently and added together to reduce total meal energy intake. In women, the effects of ED and energy content combined to reduce total meal energy intake (p<0.01). Additional studies are needed to optimize the ED and energy content of pre-portioned meals in order to moderate energy intake. Grant Funding Source: DK059853 & DK39177

Nitrogen partitioning and isotopic fractionation in dairy cows consuming diets based on a range of contrasting forages

Nine multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows (initially 97 d in milk), were used in a 3×3 lattice square design experiment with 4-wk periods. All cows received 4kg/d concentrates and dietary treatments were based on silages offered ad libitum: perennial ryegrass (PRG); timothy (TIM); tall fescue (TF); red clover (RC); red clover/corn silage mixture [40/60 on a dry matter (DM) basis; RCC]; red clover/whole-crop oat silage mixture (40/60 on a DM basis; RCO); or red clover/whole-crop oat silage mixture (25/75 on a DM basis; ORC). The remaining treatments were based on RCO with feed intake restricted to the level of PRG (RCOr) or with a low protein concentrate (50/50 mixture of barley and molassed sugar beet pulp; RCOlp). Experiment objectives were to evaluate diet effects on N partitioning and N isotopic fractionation. Yields of milk and milk protein were consistently high for diets RC, RCC, and RCO and low for the diets based on poorly ensiled grass silages. Restriction of intake (RCOr) and inclusion of a higher proportion of whole-crop oat silage (ORC) and the low-protein concentrate (RCOlp) led to some loss of production. Diet had little effect on milk fat, protein, and lactose concentrations: low concentrations of milk protein and lactose reflect the restricted energy intakes for all treatments. The highest diet digestibilities were measured for RC and PRG, whereas increasing inclusion of the whole-crop oat silage (0, 60, and 75% of forage DM) led to a marked decrease in diet digestibility (0.717, 0.624, and 0.574g/g, respectively). Urinary excretion of purine derivatives, an indicator for rumen microbial protein synthesis, was significantly higher for RCC than for TIM and TF. Nitrogen intake ranged between 359 and 626g/d (treatment means). Partitioning of N intake to feces and urine was closely related to N intake, although urinary N losses were less than predicted from N intake for the 60/40 mixtures of cereal silage and red clover silage. The 15N content of milk, urine, and feces were all influenced by diet 15N content. Isotopic fractionation meant that feces and milk were enriched and urine was depleted in 15N relative to the diet. Significant relationships were observed between the extent of enrichment of urine, feces, and milk, suggesting some commonality in fractionation pathways. The trend for the lowest 15N enrichment in milk protein occurring in diets with low N-use efficiency (milk N/feed N) was contrary to expectations, possibly because of endogenous contributions to milk protein or fractionation when dietary ammonia was incorporated into microbial protein.

Prepartum dietary energy intake affects metabolism and health during the periparturient period in primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of prepartum plane of energy intake on metabolic profiles related to lipid metabolism and health in blood and liver. Primiparous (n=24) and multiparous (n=23) Holsteins were randomly assigned by expected date of parturition to 1 of 3 prepartum energy intakes. A high energy diet [1.62 Mcal of net energy for lactation (NEL)/kg; 15% crude protein] was fed for either ad libitum intake or restricted intake to supply 150% (OVR) or 80% (RES) of energy requirements for dry cows in late gestation. To limit energy intake to 100% of National Research Council requirements at ad libitum intake, chopped wheat straw was included as 31.8% of dry matter for a control diet (CON; 1.21 Mcal of NEL/kg of dry matter; 14.2% crude protein). Regardless of parity group, OVR cows had greater concentrations of glucose, insulin, and leptin in blood prepartum compared with either CON or RES cows; however, dietary effects did not carry over to the postpartum period. Prepartum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were lower in OVR cows compared with either CON or RES cows. Postpartum, however, OVR cows had evidence of greater mobilization of triacylglycerol (TAG) from adipose tissue as NEFA were higher than in CON or RES cows, especially within the first 10 d postpartum. Prepartum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) was not affected by diet before parturition; however, within the first 10 d postpartum, OVR cows had greater BHBA than CON or RES cows. Prepartum diet did not affect liver composition prepartum; however, OVR cows had greater total lipid and TAG concentrations and lower glycogen postpartum than CON or RES cows. Frequency of ketosis and displaced abomasum was greater for OVR cows compared with CON or RES cows postpartum. Controlling or restricting prepartum energy intake yielded metabolic results that were strikingly similar both prepartum and postpartum, independent of parity group. The use of a bulky diet controlled prepartum energy intake in multiparous and primiparous cows, improved metabolic status postpartum, and reduced the incidence of health problems. When metabolic profiles are considered collectively, cows overfed energy prepartum exhibited an “overnutrition syndrome” with characteristics of clinical symptoms displayed by diabetic or obese nonruminant subjects. This syndrome likely contributed to metabolic dysfunction postpartum.