Restrictive Conditions Research Articles

Integrated fault estimation and control for unknown discrete-time systems: a data-based multivariable-coordinated optimisation method

This paper addresses the integrated fault estimation and robust control problem for unknown linear discrete-time systems. The considered problem is formulated as a multivariable multiobjective optimisation one. A data-based coordinated design strategy that co-designs an output feedback H ∞ / H ∞ controller and a residual generator is proposed to optimise both H ∞ fault estimation and robust control performances. Based on the input and output data, the design parameters of the controller and the residual generator are determined by using Q-learning technique and introducing a new matrix block identification Q-learning method, respectively. Compared with the existing single-variable multiobjective optimisation methods, the proposed strategy can achieve better fault estimation performance, remove the restriction condition of using input and output data, and extend the traditional Q-learning technique to the case of designing a residual generator with a low-rank condition. Finally, simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The evolution of signaling and monitoring in plant–fungal networks

Experiments have shown that when one plant is attacked by a pathogen or herbivore, this can lead to other plants connected to the same mycorrhizal network up-regulating their defense mechanisms. It has been hypothesized that this represents signaling, with attacked plants producing a signal to warn other plants of impending harm. We examined the evolutionary plausibility of this and other hypotheses theoretically. We found that the evolution of plant signaling about an attack requires restrictive conditions, and so will rarely be evolutionarily stable. The problem is that signaling about an attack provides a benefit to competing neighbors, even if they are kin, and so reduces the relative fitness of signaling plants. Indeed, selection is often more likely to push plant behavior in the opposite direction-with plants signaling dishonestly about an attack that has not occurred, or suppressing a cue that they have been attacked. Instead, we show that there are two viable alternatives that could explain the empirical data: 1) the process of being attacked leads to a cue (information about the attack) which is too costly for the attacked plant to fully suppress; 2) mycorrhizal fungi monitor their host plants, detect when they are attacked, and then the fungi signal this information to warn other plants in their network. Our results suggest the empirical work that would be required to distinguish between these possibilities.

One-Pot lignin bioconversion to polyhydroxyalkanoates based on hierarchical utilization of heterogeneous compounds.

Pseudomonas putida degraded 35% of compounds in alkali-pretreated lignin liquor under nitrogen-replete conditions but with low polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production, while limiting nitrogen supplement improved PHA content (PHA/dry cell weight) to 43% at the expense of decreased lignin degradation of 22%. Increase of initial cell biomass (0.1-1.5g/L) monotonically improved the lignin degradation from 22% to 33% under nitrogen-limited conditions. Hierarchical utilization of heterogenous compounds under cell growth restricted conditions has been unveiled - simple carbon sources were prioritized for valorization, followed by aromatic compounds bioconversion. Based on the results of hierarchy and leveraging the initial bacterial biomass, acetate was augmented to facilitate one-pot lignin bioconversion under nitrogen-limited conditions. This approach improved lignin bioconversion closer to its upper degradation limit of 35%, concomitant with PHA yield of 39mg/g-lignin. Anaerobic digestion of lignocellulose was redesigned to favor acetate-type fermentation, with acetate constituting 91wt%, providing an economic source of acetate.

Development of Russia’s Metallurgical Industry under Sanctions Restrictions: Iran’s Experience

The relevance of this research topic lies in the crucial role of the metallurgical industry for the Russian economy as a whole. This industry is heavily relied upon by key sectors such as industry, the fuel and energy complex, and construction, which together account for more than half of GDP. The purpose of this article is to analyse the development of the Iranian metallurgical industry, which has been under the long-term impact of sanctions restrictions, in the context of its applicability to the Russian industry. Methods: The study was conducted by analysing official data from the World Steel Association, the Federal Customs Service, and other relevant sources. We used theoretical analysis and systematized information on the impact of sanctions on economic indicators. Scientific novelty: Based on the analysis of the long-term Iranian experience in countering sanctions restrictions and the efforts made by Russian metallurgical companies to operate their enterprises in similar conditions, the author suggests directions for the development of this sector of the economy. The results of the study: The article analyses the experience of Iran’s long-term development under the conditions of sanctions restrictions. We have identified and analysed the tools for levelling these restrictions. The author also analyses the measures of support for the metallurgical industry in Russia provided by the Government of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Industry and Trade. These measures allow this sector of the economy to develop steadily in an unstable geopolitical situation. A comparative analysis of the counteraction to sanctions restrictions applied earlier for many years in the metallurgical industry of Iran and currently applied in Russia is presented. Practical significance: The results and conclusions of this article can be useful for both the scientific community and the heads of enterprises in the metallurgical industry in Russia in formulating medium- and long-term development plans.

The Impact of Sanctions on the Level of ESG Transparency in russian Companies after the Start of the Special Military Operation

Under the conditions of sanctions restrictions, there has been a change in the ESG involvement and ESG transparency of Russian companies. At the same time, the nature of such changes, as well as the impact of sanctions, ownership structure and industry affiliation, remains insufficiently studied. The article examines the level of ESG transparency of Russian business before and after the start of a special military operation in 2022, considering the ownership structure and industry affiliation of companies. The study sample includes ESG transparency estimates for 75 Russian public companies for the period from 2021 to 2023. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that after the start of the special military operation, there was a decrease in the level of information transparency in all three ESG aspects, especially in terms of social information and corporate governance information. In addition, it was found that the change in the level of ESG transparency varies depending on the ownership structure and industry affiliation. The results obtained can be used by investors, creditors and other stakeholder groups when making decisions about cooperation with certain companies, taking into account the specifics related to the capital structure and business profile.

Study on yield maximization of wheat with equitable use of agri-inputs and weed management practices under restricted irrigation condition

Study on yield maximization of wheat with equitable use of agri-inputs and weed management practices under restricted irrigation condition

Non-decreasing martingale couplings

For many examples of couples (μ, ν) of probability measures on the real line in the convex order, we observe numerically that the Hobson and Neuberger martingale coupling, which maximizes for ρ = 1 the integral of |y − x|ρ with respect to any martingale coupling between μ and ν, is still very close to maximize this integral for ρ ∈ (0, 2) and minimize it for ρ > 2. We investigate theoretically when it is an optimizer for ρ ≠ 1 and exhibit rather restrictive sufficient conditions. We also exhibit couples (μ, ν) such that it is not an optimizer. The support of the Hobson and Neuberger coupling is known to satisfy some monotonicity property which we call non-decreasing. We check that the non-decreasing property is preserved for maximizers when ρ ∈ (0, 1]. In general, there exist distinct non-decreasing martingale couplings, and we find some decomposition of ν which is in one-to-one correspondence with martingale couplings non-decreasing in a generalized sense.

Creating innovations for solutions of logistics problems: opportunities, risks, and limitations

The article provides an assessment of innovation activity state in logistics companies in the second half of 2022 and 2023 as well as the potential consequences of low level of investment in innovation. The relevance of the article is determined by the objective features of the development of the logistics industry in the Russian Federation, primarily in the context of international import and export trade under the conditions of sanctions restrictions as well as increased competition of logistics companies on the market and competitive pressure from international logistics companies which enter the Russian market. The purpose of the study is to assess the characteristics of the functioning of the logistics industry and the prospects for its development, which can have a significant impact on the international movement of goods. An assessment is made of companies’ strategies to maintain their market share, increasе this share through interaction with the labour market as well as tо use additional tools for obtaining and maintaining a market advantage. A conclusion is drawn about the influence of a number of factor criteria on the further development of the industry and those resources associated with investments in innovation that the company’s owners have for the future development of their business.

Effectiveness and Characteristics of Virtual Antennas in the Multiple Signal Classification Algorithm

This paper proposes a novel direction of arrival (DoA) estimation method based on the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm using virtual antennas. The MUSIC method is a widely used DoA estimation technique known for its high accuracy and high resolution. However, it has a fundamental limitation: when the necessary condition of having more antenna elements at the base station than users is not met, DoA estimation becomes infeasible. To address this limitation, we introduce the concept of virtual antennas, allowing DoA estimation, even under restricted conditions. Virtual antennas are not physically present but can be virtually arranged, enabling the generation of virtual-received signals similar to those of real array antennas. Through simulation experiments, we demonstrate that our approach enables DoA estimation with the MUSIC algorithm even when its necessary conditions are not satisfied. Additionally, this paper explores the characteristics of virtual antennas in detail. We conduct simulation experiments to examine the differences in estimation accuracy between real and virtual antennas, as well as the impact of virtual antenna arrangement and count on estimation accuracy. The results show that, although virtual antennas provide lower estimation accuracy compared to real antennas, their flexible arrangement allows for improved resolution when signal sources are closely spaced by increasing the spacing between virtual antennas. Furthermore, under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) conditions, increasing the number of virtual antennas enhances estimation accuracy.

METHODOLOGY FOR OPTIMIZING THE FUNCTIONING OF THE OPTOELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM

Context. Radar, thermal imaging, and video surveillance means are actively used in the protection of the state border. Together with the appropriate communication equipment, they allow to create optoelectronic surveillance systems, which are the basis for the intellectualization of border protection. The effectiveness of such systems is significantly affected by the peculiarities of their functional and structural design. A rational structural design, even in difficult physical and geographical conditions, allows for a high level of surveillance efficiency. However, the functional component also has a significant impact on improving the system efficiency. In many cases, the functioning of the elements of the optoelectronic surveillance system occurs under conditions of power supply restrictions. Such limitations determine the need for a rational choice of modes of use of certain types of surveillance equipment at certain time intervals in order to ensure effective surveillance, taking into account the time of day and weather conditions. The imperfection of the scientific and methodological apparatus for optimizing the functioning of optoelectronic surveillance systems determines the relevance of this study. Objective. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for optimizing the optoelectronic surveillance system functioning by rationally selecting the modes of operation of different types of surveillance equipment in certain time intervals, taking into account the time of day and weather conditions in which they are used. Methods. The paper sets and investigates the two-criteria problem of choosing the modes of operation of different types of observation equipment of an optoelectronic surveillance system at separate time intervals, taking into account the time of day and weather conditions in which they are used, which ensures maximizing the efficiency of the optoelectronic surveillance system while minimizing the power consumed by active types of surveillance equipment in the presence of boundary restrictions on the efficiency and power consumed by the system. The proposed indicator for assessing the effectiveness of the system allows us to assess the level of impossibility of uncontrolled crossing of the perimeter of the protected area by an intruder. The peculiarity of this methodology is the possibility of ensuring a significant reduction in the level of energy consumption by the system components due to a slight decrease in the efficiency of monitoring. Results. The paper proposes an alternative approach to assessing the effectiveness of the optoelectronic surveillance system, the idea of which is that instead of assessing the effectiveness of surveillance over the entire sector of the controlled area of the border, the effectiveness of control is assessed only along the perimeter of this area. This approach significantly reduces the computational complexity of the problem of finding the value of efficiency which further simplifies the solution of problems of structural optimization of surveillance systems. A software and algorithmic implementation of the methodology for optimizing the functioning of an optoelectronic surveillance system is proposed. Using the developed software, a rational choice of modes of operation of certain types of surveillance equipment at certain time intervals was carried out taking into account the time of day and weather conditions. Conclusions. The use of the proposed methodology makes it possible to optimize the modes of operation of the optoelectronic surveillance system, taking into account the limiting factors in terms of efficiency and power consumption when using the same types of surveillance equipment on all towers of the system. A possible direction for improving the methodology is its adaptation to cases where different types of surveillance equipment are used on different towers of the system.

Analysis of global stability and bifurcation for an HIV infection model with cell to cell transmission

Cell-to-cell infection cannot be ignored in the development of HIV in the host. The mathematical difficulty in (Wang et al. in J. Biol. Dyn. 11:455–483, 2016) is mainly due to the assumption of the equality of two parameters, in which they are the proportions of infection that lead to latency caused by virus-to-cell infection and cell-to-cell transmission, respectively. To overcome the restricted condition, we propose a more general HIV development model with virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell infection patterns with logistic growth and saturation incidence. By constructing a proper Lyapunov function we obtain the global stability of the disease-free equilibrium without this restricted condition, thereby the main result in (Wang et al. in J. Biol. Dyn. 11:455–483, 2016) removing the restricted condition is proved by using our method even if two parameters are not equal. We also investigate the existence of Hopf bifurcation of diseased equilibrium in four cases.

Exchangeable coalescents beyond the Cannings class

We propose a general framework for the study of the genealogy of neutral discrete-time populations. We remove the standard assumption of exchangeability of offspring distributions appearing in Cannings models, and replace it by a less restrictive condition of non-heritability of reproductive success. We provide a general criterion for the weak convergence of their genealogies to Ξ-coalescents, and apply it to a simple parametrization of our scenario (which, under mild conditions, we also prove to essentially include the general case). We provide examples for such populations, including models with highly-asymmetric offspring distributions and populations undergoing random but recurrent bottlenecks. Finally we study the limit genealogy of a new exponential model which, as previously shown for related models and in spite of its built-in (fitness) inheritance mechanism, can be brought into our setting.

Specific features of evidence and proving within forced eviction cases

The article is focused on the problem of determining the specific features of evidence and proving within forced eviction cases. The author of the article has specified that the right to housing is aimed at ensuring the right to a sufficient level of human habitation. At the same time, it has a direct relationship with fundamental human rights, such as the right to life, inviolability of private life, health care, etc. As a result, deprivation of housing endangers a person’s life, his or her normal social development, as well as the opportunity to have a family and get a job. It intensifies social inequality, generates social conflicts, forms the basis for the marginalization of society and creates conditions for the possible actual restriction of the rights of children, women and other genders. The exclusively judicial procedure of eviction is the guarantee for the realization of the right to housing, which is established by Part 3 of the Art. 47 of the Constitution of Ukraine. The following conclusions were made on the basis of the results of the conducted research. Thus, the author believes that the main specific features of evidence and proving within eviction cases should include the following: eviction cases are exclusively heard within civil proceedings, since an individual is at least one of the parties; we should agree with the point of view expressed by V.I. Bobryk that the general subject matter of proving in eviction cases includes circumstances testifying the illegal residence or loss of the defendant’s right to reside in a specific dwelling, as well as the violation of the plaintiff’s rights and / or interests by the defendant; and we should note that specific features of evidence and proving of eviction are determined by the specifics of a certain civil case; the following means of evidence are typical for civil eviction cases: written evidence, electronic evidence and witness statements.

Life History Differences Between Lepidoptera Larvae and Blattodea Nymphs Lead to Different Energy Allocation Strategies and Cellular Qualities.

Different life histories result in different strategies to allocate energy in biosynthesis, including growth and reproduction, and somatic maintenance. One of the most notable life history differences between Lepidoptera and Blattodea species is that the former grow much faster than the latter, and during metamorphosis, a large amount of tissue in Lepidoptera species disintegrates. In this review, using Lepidoptera caterpillars and cockroach nymphs as examples, we show that, due to these differences in growth processes, cockroach nymphs spend 20 times more energy on synthesizing one unit of biomass (indirect cost of growth) than butterfly caterpillars. Because of the low indirect cost of growth in caterpillars, the fraction of metabolic energy allocated to growth is six times lower, and that for maintenance is seven times higher in caterpillars, compared to cockroach nymphs, despite caterpillar's higher growth rates. Moreover, due to the higher biosynthetic energy cost in cockroach nymphs, they have better cellular qualities, including higher proteasomal activity for protein quality control and higher resistance to oxidative stress. We also show that under food restriction conditions, the fraction of assimilated energy allocated to growth was reduced by 120% in cockroach nymphs, as they lost body weight under food restriction, while this reduction was only 14% in hornworms, and the body mass increased at a lower rate. Finaly, we discuss future research, especially the difference in adult lifespans associated with the energetic differences.

Investigating a Nonlinear Fractional Evolution Control Model Using W-Piecewise Hybrid Derivatives: An Application of a Breast Cancer Model

Many real-world phenomena exhibit multi-step behavior, demanding mathematical models capable of capturing complex interactions between distinct processes. While fractional-order models have been successfully applied to various systems, their inherent smoothness often limits their ability to accurately represent systems with discontinuous changes or abrupt transitions. This paper introduces a novel framework for analyzing nonlinear fractional evolution control systems using piecewise hybrid derivatives with respect to a nondecreasing function W(ι). Building upon the theoretical foundations of piecewise hybrid derivatives, we establish sufficient conditions for the existence, uniqueness, and Hyers–Ulam stability of solutions, leveraging topological degree theory and functional analysis. Our results significantly improve upon existing theoretical understanding by providing less restrictive conditions for stability compared with standard fixed-point theorems. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of our framework through a simulation of breast cancer disease dynamics, illustrating the impact of piecewise hybrid derivatives on the model’s behavior and highlighting advantages over traditional modeling approaches that fail to capture the multi-step nature of the disease. This research provides robust modeling and analysis tools for systems exhibiting multi-step behavior across diverse fields, including engineering, physics, and biology.

The Influence of the Stimulus Level Used to Prescribe Nonlinear Frequency Compression on Speech Perception.

Nonlinear frequency compression (NFC) is a signal processing technique designed to lower high-frequency inaudible sounds for a listener to a lower frequency that is audible. Because the maximum frequency that is audible to a listener with hearing loss will vary with the input speech level, the input level used to set NFC could impact speech recognition. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the input level used to set NFC on nonsense syllable recognition. Nonsense syllable recognition was measured for three NFC fitting conditions-with NFC set based on speech input levels of 50, 60, and 70 dB SPL, respectively, as well as without NFC (restricted bandwidth condition). Twenty-three adults (ages 42-80 years old) with hearing loss. Data were collected, monaurally, using a hearing aid simulator. The start frequency and frequency compression ratios were set based on the SoundRecover Fitting Assistant. Speech stimuli were 657 consonant-vowel-consonant nonwords presented at 50, 60, and 70 dB SPL and mixed with steady noise (6 dB signal-to-noise ratio) and scored based on entire word, initial consonant, vowel, and final consonant. Linear mixed effects examined the effects of NFC fitting condition, presentation level, and scoring method on percent correct recognition. Additional predictor variables of start frequency and frequency-compression ratio were examined. Nonsense syllable recognition increased as presentation level increased. Nonsense syllable recognition for all presentation levels was highest when NFC was set based on the 70 dB SPL input level and decreased significantly when set based on the 60 and 50 dB SPL inputs. Relative to consonant recognition, there was a greater reduction in vowel recognition. Nonsense syllable recognition between NFC fitting conditions improved with increases in the start frequency, where higher start frequencies led to better nonsense word recognition. Nonsense syllable recognition was highest when setting NFC based on a 70 dB SPL presentation level and suggest that a high presentation level should be used to determine NFC parameters for an individual patient.

Critical reassessment of the restricted Weyl symmetry

A class of globally scale-invariant scalar-tensor theories have been proposed to be invariant under a larger class of transformations that take the form of local Weyl transformations supplemented by a restriction that the conformal factor satisfies a covariant Klein-Gordon equation. The action of these theories indeed seems to be invariant under such transformations up to boundary terms, this property being referred to as “restricted Weyl symmetry.” However, we find that corresponding equations of motion are not invariant under these transformations. This is a paradox, that is explained by realizing that the restriction condition on the conformal factor forces the restricted Weyl transformation to be a transformation. For nonlocal transformations would-be boundary terms cannot in general be discarded from the action. Moreover, variations of trajectories cannot be assumed to vanish at boundaries of the action when deriving equations of motion. We illustrate both of these less known properties by considering a series of simple examples. Finally, we apply these observations to the case of globally scale-invariant scalar-tensor theories to demonstrate that restricted Weyl transformations are, in fact, not symmetries of the full system. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Editorial: Interventions to prevent or reduce unhealthy habits in children and adolescents during restricted conditions

Editorial: Interventions to prevent or reduce unhealthy habits in children and adolescents during restricted conditions

The Effect of Fluid Restriction and Intake Conditions on the Shooting Performance of Competitive Adolescent Handball Players.

(1) Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of fluid restriction and intake (water vs. sports drink) on shooting accuracy and speed in adolescent handball players, a population with high sensitivity to hydration levels yet understudied in this context. (2) Methods: A total of 47 adolescent competitive handball players (15.04 ± 1.5 years) were included in this study, and the participants were divided into low, average, and high performance according to their shooting performance in the familiarization session. All participants were exposed to fluid restriction and intake conditions during handball training on different days. Before and after the training sessions, changes in shooting accuracy and speed were evaluated. (3) Results: The training protocol resulted in body mass loss in the Average Performer group (p = 0.001). Compared to fluid restriction, fluid intake (water intake and sports drink intake) post-training had a positive main effect on shooting accuracy, F(2, 88) = 34.32, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.44, and shooting speed, F(1, 61) = 4.05, p = 0.35, ηp2 = 0.84. (4) Conclusions: Hydration level plays an important role in shooting accuracy and speed performance in adolescent handball players. Therefore, fluid intake integrated into training or match sessions may contribute to the maintenance and improvement of shooting performance.

Analysis of the current situation and trends in the field of innovative development of Russia’s regional economic systems

The relevance of the study is conditioned by such directions, which in the last few years have a significant impact on the level of innovative development of regional socio-economic systems, as well as the need for analysis, which allows timely identification of factors that negatively affect regional systems. The level of uneven development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has been assessed, considering historical traditions, which have a significant impact on economic potential and interrelations with international communities in the context of the regional policy of the state. In this regard, the topic of the study is aimed at analyzing the current situation and trends in the field of innovative development of Russia’s regional economic systems. The essence of the conducted research is reduced to the study of materials of economists who considered the ways and mechanisms of analysis of the current situation and trends in the field of innovative development of the country’s regional economic systems, considering the level of development of the constituent entities’ economy, which in recent years is modernizing even in the conditions of severe restrictions and imposed sanctions. The regional socio-economic systems and various methods of its realization have been assessed.