Restraint Of Power Research Articles

Efficient symbol level precoding design for full-duplex integrated sensing and communication systems

Full-duplex (FD) integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system attracts much attention because adopting the FD mode can enhance the transmission efficiency and reduce the transmission time of the ISAC system. However, the inevitable self-interference (SI) in FD mode would result in severe performance degradation. This paper considers the FD ISAC system and investigates a symbol-level precoding (SLP) design, which minimizes the Cramér-Rao Bound of target angle estimation while considering the constant-envelope power restraint, SI suppression and the quality of service requirement. Due to the non-convex fractional problem and the unit-modulus constraint, the optimization problem is reformulated by implementing the Schur complement, where the optimal waveform is obtained via the semidefinite programming algorithm. The SLP design that optimizes each symbol vector for all users may suffer high computational complexity of matrix multiplication with high numbers of users. A grouped SLP strategy in which the communication users are divided into several groups on the basis of channel correlation is proposed to reduce the complexity. The proposed grouped SLP design only suppresses group-to-group interference and converts the intra-group interference into a constructive interference, which can reduce the dimension of each precoded signal significantly, resulting in a low computational complexity. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed SLP design can effectively mitigate SI, which can improve the accuracy of target detection. Moreover, the proposed grouped-SLP design can further reduce computational complexity without dramatic performance degradation.

A lanthanide tag for a complementary set of pseudocontact shifts.

Pseudocontact shifts (PCS) generated by paramagnetic lanthanide ions deliver powerful restraints for protein structure analysis by NMR spectroscopy. We present a new lanthanide tag that generates different PCSs than that of a related tag, which differs in structure by a single oxygen atom. It is highly reactive towards cysteine and performs well in turn-on luminescence and in EPR spectroscopy.

Legality without Liberalism: The Rule of Law and the Environmental Emergency

The rule of law is often said to be a liberal ideal, intrinsically associated with the enlightenment and, being necessary for each, supplying the link between liberalism and constitutionalism. In this paper, that idea is challenged. The rule of law, even in its most “formal” conception embraced by Lon Fuller, cannot be severed from an account of law which is thoroughly infused with moral purpose and value. The specific values which inform this principle are often portrayed as confined to action guidance, restraint of state power, and the protection of individual rights. Framed as such, the rule of law often conflicts with the moral and political obligation of political authority to preserve the conditions necessary for the community to survive and flourish. An alternative conception of the rule of law, rooted in the classical legal tradition, sees no conflict here and can thus provide the intellectual framework needed to explain how inaction on behalf of public authority can be as much of a threat to the rule of law as abusive action. With this in mind, the duty upon the state to respond to threats such as climate change or the COVID-19 pandemic is itself best understood as one arising from the requirements of legality. Analysis of state action or inaction in the face of such threats must thus begin with this duty in mind as a constitutive aspect of the rule of law. The threats posed by the environmental emergency are best viewed by reference to the communal underpinnings of the rule of law. The liberal desire to frame all moral issues in the language of individual rights should therefore be resisted. The framework of an individual right to a liveable climate may be the best way for liberal constitutionalism to frame the climate crises, but it is by no means the only way. Indeed, it is a manifestly impoverished attempt to concretise what can only be understood as a threat to the common good itself, grounded within the needs of the global community as a whole.

Research on Legal Regulation of Internet Platforms

With the development of technology, Internet platforms continue to accumulate technological advantages and become super network platforms with rapid growth in the number of users and huge transaction scale, thus triggering problems such as platform monopoly, infringement of users’ rights and interference with social governance. When the state and the government face the challenge of platform governance, the existence of a technological divide makes it difficult to achieve the desired effect of Internet platform governance through the traditional unilateral regulatory model. When the law grants power, appropriate measures should be taken at the same time to avoid the abuse of power. With fairness as the regulatory goal of Internet platforms, it is necessary to start the restraint of platform power from multiple perspectives of self-regulation, cooperative regulation and external regulation to promote the standardized operation of Internet platforms.

A Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Power Supervision Systems from the Perspective of Traditional Political Culture

Power is a sharp weapon for the benefit of the country and the people, as well as a scourge to the country and the people. Supervising and restraining power is the common goal of modern state governance. All countries in the world have their own power supervision systems, among which the power supervision systems of western countries, led by Europe and the United States, are unique and relatively mature. The Communist Party of China has successfully explored a set of power supervision system with Chinese characteristics. To continue to improve China’s power supervision system, we should not only learn from historical experience, but also learn from the successful experience of western countries. From the perspective of traditional political culture, this paper compares the operating mechanism, objectives, power restraint methods, interest strata and power supervision culture of Chinese and Western power supervision systems, and analyzes the differences between Chinese and Western power supervision.

Marines and Mothers: Agency, Activism, and Resistance to the American North China Intervention, 1945–46

At the culmination of the Second World War, the Marines of the III Amphibious Corps (III AC) were preparing to assault the Japanese homeland. With the abrupt conclusion of hostilities in September 1945, they were ordered instead to war-ravaged North China. The mission in North China was amorphous—protecting infrastructure and key terrain during the reemergent Chinese Civil War. As Marines labored to resist the expansion of their mission, the lifting of wartime censorship protocols enabled them to voice concern to their families and Congress. Mothers and citizen groups also challenged the young Harry S. Truman administration on the merits and morality of the North China intervention. Set at the dawn of the Cold War, this article investigates the role of unlikely political actors—Marines and mothers—in shaping American policy in North China from 1945 to 1946. Combating narratives of inevitable quagmire, the Marines in North China are examined as important agents in the restraint of American power at contingent moments. This piece argues that the Truman administration failed to make an affirmative case for intervention and was, in part, constrained by popular opinion.

AFSOS: An Auction Framework and Stackelberg Game Oriented Optimal Network’s Resource Selection Technique in Cognitive Radio Networks

The upcoming 5G and beyond wireless networking technologies are intended to coexist with different communication networks to solve the spectrum scarcity problem. The seamless roaming across integrated wireless networks and an optimal network’s resource allocation would be a doable challenge for designing futuristic networks. The cognitive radio (CR) networks, with the inclusion of game theory, can handle spectrum scarcity issues by permitting spectrum access to the secondary user (SU) in the absence of a primary user (PU). This work proposes an AFSOS (an Auction Framework and Stackelberg game oriented Optimal network’s resource Selection) technique to achieve a maximum payoff and acceptable interference power restraint in CR networks. The contest among candidate networks can be modeled as a Stackelberg game, and the contest between CR nodes and candidate networks can be modeled as an auction framework. As a schema for the realization and capabilities evaluations, the CR networks consisting of LTE cellular network interworking with Wi-Fi network for multiple access points (APs)/single vehicle (low traffic environment) is analyzed. This framework is further analyzed for single AP/multiple CR nodes (high traffic environment). The equilibrium for the Stackelberg game is achieved, and the proposed AFSOS technique is analyzed with numerical examples. The results show that the proposed AFSOS technique is more operative to obtain maximum payoff.

Relationship Embeddedness in Construction Project Teams: The Effect of Social Behaviors on Relational Behaviors

Relational and social behaviors of construction project team members explain relationship embeddedness. The literature review revealed three social behaviors (i.e., past experience, benevolence, and integrity) and seven relational behaviors (i.e., harmonization of conflict, propriety of means, restraint of power, reliance and expectation, contractual solidarity, flexibility, and reciprocity) commonly exhibited by construction project team members. Through a binomial logistic regression, research findings revealed that past experience was a significant (p < 0.01) predictor for five of the seven relational behaviors while benevolence and integrity were each significant (p < 0.01) predictors for three of the seven relational behaviors. Overall, out of the seven relational behaviors, only propriety of means is predicted by all the three social behaviors. Through internal validation, the prediction models performed well based on both positive predictive values and negative predictive values. From a relationship management standpoint, this research introduces relational and social behaviors of team members as triggers of relationship embeddedness. The results contribute to understanding the effect of social behaviors on the relational behaviors found in construction project teams where eleven statistically significant models that predict relational behaviors using the social behaviors were validated. The implication of this is that construction industry practitioners can use these prediction models to predict relationship interdependencies of team members.

‘I WILL INTERPRET’: THEEIGHTH LETTERAS A RESPONSE TO PLATO'S LITERARY METHOD AND POLITICAL THOUGHT

This paper explores the political thought and literary devices contained in the pseudo-PlatonicEighth Letter, treating it as a later response to the political thought and literary style of Plato, particularly the exploration of the mixed constitution and the mechanisms for the restraint of monarchical power contained in theLaws. It examines the specific historical problems of this letter, and works through its supposed Sicilian context, its narrator's assessment of the situation, and the lengthy prosopopoeia of the dead Syracusan politician Dion, before concluding with a consideration of its contribution to our knowledge of Greek political thought after Plato.

Untempered Power: Krygier’s Visceral Aversion and China’s Notable Activists

Martin Krygier grounds his commitment to the rule of law in a visceral aversion to untempered power. This essay deploys these concepts in a portrait of ways China’s notable lawyer activists confront power in this most consequential site of struggle at the present historical moment. Drawing heavily on the words of lawyers in the vanguard of defense of basic legal freedoms, the essay sketches briefly how China’s notable activist lawyers construe the “uncontrol, unpredictability, and unrespect” of unbridled power as it is exercised by the insatiable monopoly of China’s Communist Party, its failures to erect checks and balances when restraint of power is most critical, its deployment of criminal procedure law to legitimize the abuse of power, its reliance on untamed institutions of a police state, and its disempowering of civil society as a fundamental buttress for rule of law. In the spirit of Krygier, the essay concludes with lawyers’ vision of tempered power through rule of law in China.

Effect of Crossing Power Restraint on Reflux Safety Parameters in Multitrain Subway Systems

Currently, the excessive reflux safety parameters widely exist in the multitrain subway systems, which cause a serious damage to the rail-side equipment and passengers. Nevertheless, the corresponding mechanism has not been clearly clarified. This paper elucidates the effect of crossing power restraint on reflux safety parameters. First, the calculation method of the power allocation in multitrain subway systems is proposed to analyze the crossing power among trains and traction substations. Second, a decomposition method of reflux safety parameters is proposed based on the power allocation to evaluate the impact of crossing power on reflux safety parameters. In the simulation and field tests based on Guangzhou Metro Line 2, the variation of the power distribution with multitrain is analyzed, and the effect of crossing power restraint on reflux safety parameters and power loss is clarified with the dynamic operation of multitrain. The results show that the restraint of crossing power can effectively realize the safe operation and energy saving of the system.

Instantaneous-Power-Based Busbar Numerical Differential Protection

This paper presents a new method for busbar differential protection based on the instantaneous power concept. In order to do so, the instantaneous power per phase of each network element connected to the busbar is computed by using the instantaneous current values and a voltage memory action strategy. The performance of the proposed technique is compared to one of the traditional instantaneous-current-based differential protection algorithms, which is widely used by manufacturers of commercial relays. Both internal and external faults, as well as evolving external-to-internal faults, were simulated in a power substation with double-bus single-breaker configuration using the software ATPDraw. The obtained results reveal that the proposed algorithm is twice or more faster than the traditional instantaneous-current-based algorithm for most of the internal and evolving external-to-internal faults, while ensuring secure operation for external ones even when severe current transformer (CT) saturation takes place, through a new harmonic power restraint strategy. Also, since the proposed method provides faster fault detection time, the requirements for CT time to saturate may be alleviated, guaranteeing correct operation even in the case of early CT saturation.

Feedforward inhibition ahead of ictal wavefronts is provided by both parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons.

Key points There is a rapid interneuronal response to focal activity in cortex, which restrains laterally propagating activity, including spreading epileptiform activity.The interneuronal response involves intense activation of both parvalbumin‐ and somatostatin‐expressing interneurons.Interneuronal bursting is time‐locked to glutamatergic barrages in the pre‐ictal period.Ca2+ imaging using conditional expression of GCaMP6f provides an accurate readout of the evolving firing patterns in both types of interneuron.The activation profiles of the two interneuronal classes are temporally offset, with the parvalbumin population being activated first, and typically, at higher rates. Previous work has described powerful restraints on laterally spreading activity in cortical networks, arising from a rapid feedforward interneuronal response to focal activity. This response is particularly prominent ahead of an ictal wavefront. Parvalbumin‐positive interneurons are considered to be critically involved in this feedforward inhibition, but it is not known what role, if any, is provided by somatostatin‐expressing interneurons, which target the distal dendrites of pyramidal cells. We used a combination of electrophysiology and cell class‐specific Ca2+ imaging in mouse brain slices bathed in 0 Mg2+ medium to characterize the activity profiles of pyramidal cells and parvalbumin‐ and somatostatin‐expressing interneurons during epileptiform activation. The GCaMP6f signal strongly correlates with the level of activity for both interneuronal classes. Both interneuronal classes participate in the feedfoward inhibition. This contrasts starkly with the pattern of pyramidal recruitment, which is greatly delayed. During these barrages, both sets of interneurons show intense bursting, at rates up to 300Hz, which is time‐locked to the glutamatergic barrages. The activity of parvalbumin‐expressing interneurons appears to peak early in the pre‐ictal period, and can display depolarizing block during the ictal event. In contrast, somatostatin‐expressing interneuronal activity peaks significantly later, and firing persists throughout the ictal events. Interictal events appear to be very similar to the pre‐ictal period, albeit with slightly lower firing rates. Thus, the inhibitory restraint arises from a coordinated pattern of activity in the two main classes of cortical interneurons.

Reliable Biomolecular Structural Modelling with Small-Angle Scattering

The small-angle scattering (SAS) of X-rays or neutrons from biomolecules in solution can provide (1) unique structural insights, (2) information on the range of potential conformations present, (3) and powerful restraints for integrative/hybrid structural modelling (IHM). The rotational and ensemble averaging of the signal presents multiple challenges to the reliable utilisation of SAS data: (1) demonstrating SAS profile represents the species of interest, (2) reliably evaluating model fits, and (3) over-interpretation and over-fitting of data. A community driven project has been underway for more than a decade now to define the information that should be made available regarding sample quality, data acquisition and reduction, presentation of scattering data and validation, and modelling for biomolecular SAS experiments. These guidelines (Trewhella et al. (2017) Acta D73, 710) provide a reporting framework so that “readers can independently assess the quality of the data and the basis for any interpretations presented” concerning the results of bimolecular SAS experiments, including the generation or testing of 3D models. The validation task forces for SAS (Trewhella et al. (2013) Structure 21, 875) and for IHM (Sali et al. (2015) Structure 23, 1156) of the world-wide Protein Data Bank are additionally addressing the complex issues concerning the archiving and validation of IHM models that depend upon computational methods and disparate data from multiple techniques (Burley et al. (2017) Structure 25, 1317). Finally, the question of how many parameters are justified by the model evidence inherent in the SAS profile is an important question to answer when modelling conformational ensembles (Potrzebowski, Trewhella and Andr⌈ (2018) in review PLOS Computational Biology). This presentation will address the recommended reporting framework and its rationale, the reliable incorporation of SAS data in IHM, and the strengths and limits of SAS in ensemble modelling.

The Bias Against Presidential Restraint

Comparative rankings of presidential performance can be clouded with partisan biases. Here, we argue that there is another and often overlooked bias: active presidents use power and in the process they highlight their performance. It is easier to observe the use of power than the restraint of power. As such, there is a form of selection bias in expert rankings of presidents whereby we are best able to evaluate those who are more proactive rather than those who, willfully or not, exercise political restraint. In this paper, we consider how presidential rankings of greatness are affected by measures of presidential restraint (use of veto powers, divided government, changes in the size of government). We find evidence that restraint has a negative effect on presidential rankings suggesting the presence of a bias historical evaluation whereby presidents that adopt proactive and interventionist policy stances leave more visible marks that impress more favorably upon expert rankings of presidents.

TRAF3 as a Multifaceted Regulator of B Lymphocyte Survival and Activation.

The adaptor protein TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) serves as a powerful negative regulator in multiple aspects of B cell biology. Early in vitro studies in transformed cell lines suggested the potential of TRAF3 to inhibit signaling by its first identified binding receptor, CD40. However, because the canonical TRAF3 binding site on many receptors also mediates binding of other TRAFs, and whole-mouse TRAF3 deficiency is neonatally lethal, an accurate understanding of TRAF3's specific functions was delayed until conditional TRAF3-deficient mice were produced. Studies of B cell-specific TRAF3-deficient mice, complemented by investigations in normal and malignant mouse and human B cells, reveal that TRAF3 has powerful regulatory roles that are unique to this TRAF, as well as functions context-specific to the B cell. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of these roles and functions. These include inhibition of signaling by plasma membrane receptors, negative regulation of intracellular receptors, and restraint of cytoplasmic NF- κB pathways. TRAF3 is also now known to function as a resident nuclear protein, and to impact B cell metabolism. Through these and additional mechanisms TRAF3 exerts powerful restraint upon B cell survival and activation. It is thus perhaps not surprising that TRAF3 has been revealed as an important tumor suppressor in B cells. The many and varied functions of TRAF3 in B cells, and new directions to pursue in future studies, are summarized and discussed here.

Dois contos de crise: os institutos de exceção nos EUA e na França

O artigo descreve os principais instrumentos jurídicos empregados pelos Estados Unidos e pela França no combate a situações de crise, tais como guerras, imigração massiva e desordenada e a expansão global de ameaças terroristas. Primeiro, apresenta o permanente confronto, nos EUA, entre o Constitucionalismo, em geral, e o Constitucionalismo Administrativo, em particular, vetores de proteção da liberdade individual e contenção do Poder, e a necessidade de preservação da ordem pública e da segurança nacional. Por conseguinte, debruça-se sobre os mais diversos institutos constitucionais, legais e jurisprudenciais desenvolvidos pela ordem jurídica francesa na tentativa de dar uma resposta aos problemas crônicos que tanta instabilidade e medo causam em sua sociedade. Ao final são feitas breves considerações acerca dos instrumentos de crise fornecidos pela ordem jurídica brasileira.

Measuring exchange norms and its impact on satisfaction in a B2C context

This research investigates the relevance of exchange norms in a business-to-consumer context and studies the impact of both relational and discrete norms on customer satisfaction in services. As existing scales focus only on relational norms and are mostly limited to business-to-business contexts, Study 1 ( n = 164) proposes measurement scales for seven exchanges norms adapted to a business-to-consumer context: Reciprocity, The Linking norms, Creation and restraint of power, Role integrity, Solidarity, Flexibility, and Effectuation of consent. Study 2 ( n = 295) tests the influence on these norms on customer satisfaction. The article demonstrates that exchange norms as a whole positively affect customer satisfaction and, more specifically, that relational norms explain satisfaction better than discrete norms. The findings also show that, contrary to customer relationship proneness, relationship duration moderates the link between exchange norms and customer satisfaction.

The Rule of Law in Israel

The Rule of Law in Israel Nir Kedar (bio) The article discusses the rule of law in Israel's seventy years of independence. My claim is that despite the violent national conflict occurring within and at its borders, and despite it being a multi-cultural immigrant state, Israel managed to establish and maintain a developed democracy and rule of law. The first part sketches the Israeli constitutional order, with the aim of describing the strength of Israel's democracy and rule of law, while the second details its problems, discussing mainly the systematic discrimination—authorized by the law—against the Arab minority in Israel. ISRAEL'S CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER The term "rule of law" typically refers to the restraint of governmental power (and in a sense of societal hierarchies and power relations as well) for the sake of safeguarding human rights and freedoms. The restriction of state power is achieved mainly by the establishment of a "constitutional order": a set of rules, institutions, and procedures that create a structured mechanism of inspection of political power. Of special importance is the demand that the country functions in accordance with written laws, published in advance, and interpreted, implemented, and enforced in a uniform, impersonal, and universal manner on the entire citizenry by a functioning and autonomous judiciary and legal system. In Israel, the establishment of a democratic constitutional order entailed the subordination of the army and other security agencies to the command of the democratically elected civil government; the formation of a parliamentary democracy; the institution of an autonomous judiciary and a law-abiding public administration; and the inculcation of a civic awareness to democracy and the rule of law. [End Page 164] The army is a central institution in every state because the state's sovereignty depends on its ability to police itself within and defend its borders against external threats. The huge power wielded by the military is precisely the reason why any political community that values freedom must place severe restrictions on the use of that power. Founding a disciplined national army unconditionally obedient to the elected civilian government was one of Israel's most significant achievements in the transition to statehood. The success to forge a democratically-controlled military force out of the ideological and party-affiliated Jewish underground forces that operated in Mandate Palestine largely explains why Israel is one of the few new states established during the post-WW II decolonization process to remain consistently democratic and never to undergo a military coup. Like in other democracies, the army command has many times wielded influence in the process of government decision-making. The development of the 1967 War and Israel's 1982 imbroglio in Lebanon are two famous examples of such an influence. While we should not disregard these incidents, they should not be allowed to obscure Israel's exceptional achievement of subordinating the IDF to the rule of law and democratic principles. The main restraint on governmental power is a well-functioning democracy. The Zionist Movement had been democratic from its very inception at the end of the nineteenth century, and so were the Yishuv and its largest political blocks, the labor movement and the liberal free-market parties. They all operated on a universal democratic basis (Jewish women voted in elections to the Zionist congresses more than two decades before women in most countries gained the right to vote). Thus, the Jewish state would be democratic. Proclamation number 1, the state's first law, which was accepted right after the Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948, formally established a Provisional State Council as a legislative authority and a provisional government as the new state's executive. In accordance with the requirements of the rule of law, The Law and Administration Ordinance (issued two weeks after the declaration of independence) formally ordered the operation of the Israeli judiciary and legal system and established the formal requirement that all legislation be published. The first national general elections took place in January 1949 (even before the 1948 war ended) and encompassed men and women, Jews and Arabs, new immigrants and veterans. Free and general elections to the Knesset and the municipalities are held regularly since...

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS IN INDIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH THE UNITED KINGDOM

Judicial review is the power of a court to examine legislative, executive, and judicial activities to ensure that they are constitutionally valid. It is one of the best instances of constitutionalism, which promotes the concept of power restraint. The paper would be focusing on the judicial review of administrative acts, which are actions taken by government agencies. These agencies are governmental bodies that have an impact on people's rights by setting rules, adjudicating cases, and conducting investigations, among other things. It can take many different forms, such as a board, office, officer, or company. The article will include a comparison of India with the United Kingdom in terms of judicial review of administrative action. As far as the Indian situation is concerned, this paper would address certain grounds of judicial review, followed by many significant theories such as the notion of legitimate expectation, public responsibility, and proportionality in the justification of judicial review. In addition, the author shall also deal with the judicial review in the United Kingdom and the various related principles such as the Wednesbury principle. And at the last, the paper would look at the practice of judicial review of administrative actions and practical implications in light of various legal precedents