Restoration Of Areas Research Articles

Natural Flood Management Through Peatland Restoration: Catchment‐Scale Modeling of Past and Future Scenarios in Glossop, UK

AbstractField‐scale experiments have shown the Natural Flood Management (NFM) potential of peatland restoration. The likelihoods of effectiveness are yet unknown at scales and storms large enough to impact human lives. Using GMD‐TOPMODEL, we upscale a rare Before‐After‐Control‐Intervention empirical data set to a 25 km2 catchment with >600 properties at flood‐risk, and test storms of up to a 1,000‐year return period (RP). Under these scales/storms, we find that it is not necessary (nor feasible) to delay the outlet flow‐peak to meaningfully attenuate it. Enhancing catchment “kinematic” storage, for example, through restoration, can be sufficient to reduce flow magnitudes without detectable changes to peak‐flow timing. NFM benefit increases exponentially with restoration area size under smaller storms, but linearly under larger storms. At RP ≤ 100 years, longer‐lasting frontal‐type storms are more challenging to defend against via NFM, but at RP > 100 years shorter‐duration convectional‐type events become more challenging. In the order of 1,000–10 years storms: (a) revegetating the bare‐peat areas in 15% of the catchment is 31%–61% likely to reduce peak‐flows by >5%; (b) revegetating & damming the erosion gullies in ∼20% of the catchment is 42%–71% likely to reduce peak‐flows by >5%; (c) Growth of Sphagnum in the dammed gullies of ∼20% and ∼40% of the catchment increase the likelihoods of >5% peak reductions to 65%–86% and 90%–98%, respectively. The numerical evidence of significant NFM benefit due to Sphagnum re‐establishment is an important finding, because it shows that meaningful flood‐risk mitigation in headwater catchments under scales/storms relevant to communities at risk can be delivered alongside other ecosystem benefits of Sphagnum re‐establishment.

Assessing Spatial–Temporal Characteristics of Land Desertification from 1990 to 2020 in the Heihe River Basin Using Landsat Series Imagery

Monitoring the status and dynamics of desertification is one of the most important parts of combating it. In this study, 30 m high-resolution information on land desertification and restoration in the Heihe River basin (HRB) was extracted from the land cover database. The results indicate that land desertification coexists with land restoration in the HRB. In different periods, the area of land restoration was much larger than the area of land desertification in the HRB, and the HRB has undergone land restoration. Upstream of the HRB, there is a continuing trend of increasing land desertification associated with overgrazing in a context where climate change favors desertification reversal. In the middle and lower reaches, although climate variability and human activities favor land desertification, land desertification is still being reversed, and land restoration dominates. Implementing the eco-environmental protection project and desertification control measures, especially the Ecological Water Distribution Project (EWDP), contributes to the reversal of desertification in the middle and lower reaches of the HRB. However, the EWDP has indirectly led to the lowering of the water table in the middle reaches, resulting in local vegetation degradation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to transform the economic structure of the middle reaches to cope with water scarcity and land desertification.

Community perception toward mangrove restoration program in Kampung Nelayan Seberang, Medan

Indonesia has the largest mangrove forests in the world. However, Indonesia is also listed as the largest contributor to loss of the world's mangrove forests. Good mangroves will support the lives of coastal communities and vice versa. Mangrove forests in the area of Kampung Nelayan Seberang, Medan Belawan and its surroundings were also degraded. Therefore, degraded mangrove forests need to be restored through mangrove restoration activities with the involvement of the surrounding community. This community service activity through the Assisted Village Program will carry out mangrove restoration activities with the people of Kampung Nelayan Seberang. The success of restoration activities is determined by good understanding of the mangrove ecosystem and the commitment of the community to be involved in restoring it. The objective of this study was to identify understanding related to mangrove ecosystems and community perceptions of its restoration efforts. Collecting data was carried out by interviewing respondents who represented the population. Descriptive analysis is used to describe the socio-economic conditions, understanding and perceptions of the community regarding ecosystems and mangrove restoration. Generally, respondents understand the role of mangrove forests and agree that mangrove restoration must be done together. Amount of 53 - 83% of respondents agreed and understood that mangrove restoration is important for life and has an impact on income, social and cultural life. The results showed that 60 - 90% of respondents around the restoration area need a rehabilitation program and are willing to be involved in a mangrove restoration program with the parties.

Response of soil particles around bedrock outcrops to sorting of rock surface flow derived outcrops in a rocky desertification area

Soils around bedrock outcrops, even if they are protected by vegetation to some extent after ecological restoration, are prone to being washed away by rock surface flow (RSF) derived from these outcrops in rocky desertification land. However, the extent of the scouring scale and sorting effect of RSF on the soils around outcrops remains unknown. To solve this problem, a series of soils around bedrock outcrops exposed in sloping farmland (SF, without RSF), abandoned land (AL, 1 year of RSF) and shrub–grassland (SG, 5 years of RSF) were examined by the laser diffraction method in a natural ecological restoration area of rocky desertification, where the duration of the RSF is also the time for ecological restoration. It was found that the RSF had a limited effect on the particle size distribution of the soils, only having a significant scouring effect on the soils at the rock–soil interface within a horizontal distance of 2 cm from the outcrops and an insignificant effect on the soils far away from the outcrops in terms of horizontal distance (10 cm and 20 cm). The particle size distributions of the soil around the outcrops were related to erosion caused by the RSF, but mainly benefited from ecological restoration. Compared with SF, the fine particle content in the soils around the outcrops significantly decreased in AL, but significantly increased in SG. Within a short period (1 year) after natural recovery, the RSF had a reduced effect on the fine particles of the soil around the outcrops; however, this did not occur after a long period (5 years). The results of this study further explain the influence of the RSF on soil erosion and leakage loss in karst areas.

Identifying and Optimizing the Ecological Security Pattern of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration from 2000 to 2030

The conflict between economic development and ecological protection continues to intensify, highlighting the necessity for constructing regional ecological security patterns (ESPs) to reconcile the relationship between development and protection effectively. This study used the GMOP and PLUS model to simulate future land use changes by 2030 under the following three scenarios: natural development (ND), ecological protection (EP), and economic development (ED). Employing the MSPA model and circuit theory, it identified ecological source areas and constructed the ESP for the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration (BTH) from 2000 to 2030. The results indicate that the proportion of ecological source areas increased from 22.24% in 2000 to 23.09% in 2020, the EP scenario showing the highest proportion of ecological source areas compared with the other two scenarios. These areas are densely distributed in the northern and western mountainous regions, with sparse distributions in the southern plains. The number of ecological corridors grew from 603 in 2000 to 616 in 2020, with the EP scenario having more corridors than the other two scenarios. From 2000 to 2030, corridors in the northern and western mountainous areas were denser, shorter, and more variable, while those in the southern plains were less dense, longer, and relatively stable. Over two decades, habitat areas for species in BTH increased, while landscape connectivity decreased. Compared with 2020 and the other two scenarios, the EP scenario saw an increase in habitat areas and improved landscape connectivity. The impact on ecological corridors and improvement areas primarily arose from a combination of socio-ecological drivers (e.g., elevation, slope, population), while the influence on restoration and key areas mainly stemmed from ecological factors (e.g., elevation, temperature, NDVI, precipitation). The findings demonstrate that distinguishing different geomorphological units to improve and restore the regional environment, while considering socio-ecological drivers, is crucial for restoring the overall ESP and landscape connectivity of BTH.

Identification of spatial protection and restoration priorities for ecological security pattern in a rapidly urbanized region: A case study in the Chengdu–Chongqing economic Circle, China

The continuous expansion of modern cities not only leads to ecological degradation but also seriously threatens regional ecological security and sustainable development. The construction of ecological security patterns (ESPs) has emerged as a significant approach to alleviate or even solve the conflict between regional development and ecological protection. The Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle (CCEC) represents the core area of regional economic development strategy in western China, characterized by rapid economic growth from 2000 to 2020. This study integrates assessments of ecosystem services importance, eco-environmental sensitivity and landscape connectivity; uses circuit theory and hydrological analysis to establish a research framework for the spatiotemporal evolution of regional ESP; and develops an optimized ESP combined with the Major Function Oriented Zone. The results indicate that urban expansion significantly impacted the ESP of the CCEC between 2000 and 2020. The fragmentation and merging of ecological sources occurred simultaneously, the number of patches reduced by 28.13% from 64 to 46. The early ecological security network was compromised, leading to the disappearance or elongation of some ecological corridors. The number of ecological corridors decreased by 36.03% from 136 to 87; the total length was reduced by 29.92% from 7500.57 km to 5256.28 km. Urgent optimization of the ESP is needed, reducing the number of key ecological protection areas by 50% from 106 to 53 while increasing priority restoration areas by 13.51% from 37 to 42. The study also reveals the insufficiency of the current Major Function Oriented Zone in protecting linear corridors, necessitating focused attention on the protection and restoration of ecological sources and surrounding corridors in important development zones. Additionally, a spatial optimization strategy of "one shelter, two cores, and three regions" is proposed to enhance regional ecosystem stability and connectivity. The aim was to strike a balance between ecological protection and food security by recommending an ecological corridor width range of 30∼100 m. These research findings offer scientific guidance for ecological space protection and restoration in the CCEC, contributing to the enhancement of both scientific and rational ecological planning in rapidly urbanizing areas.

From eradication to conservation: identifying areas for restoration and management of a Pliocene relic in a changing climate

By 1985, approximately 400,000 ha of the keystone species Shinnery oak's (Quercus havardii) historic distribution had been eliminated for agricultural purposes across the southwestern United States. These trends indicate a need for targeted conservation and restoration efforts, especially considering the increased attention received for its role in providing habitat for endangered fauna. Setting spatially explicit conservation targets can be challenging for species with limited distributions, as the change in climate conditions over time may disconnect the relationship between environmental suitability and static, topo‐edaphic factors. Our objective was to identify areas for Shinnery oak restoration and conservation and explore the role climate plays in determining these areas while considering topo‐edaphic relationships. We constructed ecological niche models to estimate Shinnery oak's distribution under current climate conditions and temporally transferred our model using an ensemble‐mean of general circulation models to identify areas predicted to retain environmental suitability for Shinnery oak through 2100. The current distribution model was best informed by one climate and two topo‐edaphic variables. We created a second distribution model excluding topo‐edaphic variables to estimate future plant–climate relationships. Incorporating insights from models informed by both static (e.g. soil) and dynamic (e.g. climate) variables, we identified areas for conservation characterized by persistent climate suitability and high soil type suitability. Lastly, we incorporated data on land use and ownership to explore socio‐ecological influences on management decisions. By identifying areas of agreement between our modeled distributions and considering social context, we prioritized conservation areas where environmental suitability persists under changing conditions to facilitate restoration success.

Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptation for Households Engaged in Forestry in Ecological Restoration Areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptation for Households Engaged in Forestry in Ecological Restoration Areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau

Xiaojiang River Basin Ecological Environmental Quality Spatiotemporal Pattern and Evolutionary Trend Analysis Using GEE from 1990 to 2022

Assessment and monitoring of the quality of the ecological environment in the area is a very important fundamental task in the development of ecological civilization in the Xiaojiang River Basin in Yunnan Province, which serves as a demonstration area for ecological restoration in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The Landsat remote sensing images from 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022 were chosen, and the four indexes of greenness （NDMVI）, humidity （WET）, dryness （NDBSI）, and heat （LST） were extracted. The remote sensing ecological index （RSEI） was created using the principal component analysis method, then the spatial and temporal patterns and trends of ecological quality in the Xiaojiang River Basin between 1990 and 2022 were examined using the GEE platform, ArcGIS 10.7 platform, and Python platform, combining the analysis methods of geographic information mapping, coefficient of variation, Mann-Kendall trend test, Sen's slope estimation, and Hurst's index. The findings demonstrated that： ① the ecological quality of the study area had more obvious geographic differentiation spatially, and by 2022, the areas with excellent and good ecological quality grades were primarily distributed in the areas with better alpine vegetation cover, and those with poor ecological quality were primarily distributed in the areas of the mudslide ravines with relatively low terrain. On a time scale, the study area's RSEI index increased from 0.41 in 1990 to 0.55 in 2022, with a fluctuating overall trend of ecological quality improvement and an average increase of 0.048（10 a） -1； this progress was directly related to a number of ecological construction initiatives that have been energetically carried out, such as converting farms to forests, preventing mudslides, saving soil and water, managing heavy metal contamination, etc. ② The RSEI was more appropriate for the evaluation of ecological quality in alpine ravine areas because, in comparison to the NDVI index, the NDVMI adopted in this study was more sensitive to vegetation information in topographic undulation areas, especially in shaded areas, and could more accurately and quantitatively describe the vegetation information. ③ The RSEI in the Xiaojiang River Basin had a mean coefficient of variation of 0.202. Overall, its volatility was low, and its high volatility was mostly concentrated in the mudslide gully area along both sides of the Xiaojiang River fracture zone, where the surface was made up of bare rocks and sediment that was easily impacted by the changing of the seasons, the climate, and human activity. ④ The quality of the ecological environment in the region was significantly improving, with the rising area reaching 85.72% of the total area and the declining area accounting for approximately 10.15% of the total area. The future trend of change will be dominated by ongoing improvement and future degradation, accounting for 44.75% and 39.97%, respectively. It is important to pay close attention to areas that could potentially degrade. The findings of this study can serve as a theoretical foundation for additional ecological environmental conservation, management, and sustainable development in the Xiaojiang River Basin.

Estimating reference conditions using baseline vegetation data to inform large‐scale ecosystem restoration efforts

AbstractAimsEcological restoration is informed by established guidelines, including the use of reference ecosystems to direct restoration objectives and quantify progress. Despite their importance, the use of reference conditions in restoration projects has been inconsistent, particularly where habitat degradation has occurred at landscape scales. Here we use baseline vegetation data and the relationship between vegetation communities and environmental conditions to identify and select positive reference sites within a proposed landscape‐scale restoration project. In addition, we demonstrate the use of positive references in monitoring through an adjacent post‐restoration case study area.LocationWild Nephin National Park, Mayo, Ireland.MethodsVegetation communities at sites (n = 230) within a large (4700 ha) proposed restoration area were surveyed using quadrats. Positive reference sites were identified following community classification within the Irish Vegetation Classification (IVC). The environmental determinants of positive references were assessed through redundancy analysis. Based on these determinants, sites with similar environmental conditions were identified though k‐medoids clustering, enabling positive references to be spatially designated. Ordination and Ellenberg's indicator values were used to demonstrate the use of positive references in restoration monitoring.ResultsA total of 49 positive reference sites were identified for the study area. Altitude, soil type, subsoil type, soil depth and topographical position were identified as significant determinants of communities within positive reference sites. K‐medoids clustering with 11 clusters accurately grouped environmentally similar regions of the study area and enabled positive reference sites to be determined and designated spatially based on the cluster groupings.ConclusionsOverall, the study demonstrates with a practical example how landscape‐scale restoration can be informed and monitored through the identification of appropriate positive reference sites within the restoration area, based on the relationship between existing non‐degraded plant communities and their environmental determinants, derived from baseline habitat data.

Ten years of directing seeding restoration in the Brazilian savanna: Lessons learned and the way forward

Savannas and grasslands have lost almost 50% of their original cover worldwide. Therefore, the development of methods and information on open-canopy ecosystem restoration is urgent for the inclusion of these ecosystems into global and regional priorities. In the Brazilian savanna, the most diverse savanna in the world, restoration efforts focused on open ecosystems have been virtually absent, but have increased in the last 10 years. Such efforts are frequently threatened by invasive exotic grasses (IEG) that invade and dominate areas excluding native species, oftentimes aided by altered soil conditions. Long-term studies of savanna restoration trajectories are rare. In this study, we surveyed 22 savanna restoration areas established two to ten years before the study with similar restoration methods to assess their current status. We show that the current restoration methods are successful in establishing native species and allowing species turnover but they are threatened by IEG. Restoration success varies and is affected by soil conditions, IEG landscape cover and post-sowing weeding. Despite that, the simultaneous introduction of different plant functional groups allows turnover from fast to slow-growing plants. Establishing savanna native species is possible at an operational scale with current knowledge and techniques. However, native species establishment fails to prevent IEG reinfestation, which needs to be managed in restoration efforts in the Brazilian savanna.

Balancing bioenergy expansion and restoration: Global shifts in biodiversity intactness

Abstract To combat climate change, bioenergy is expected to play a more substantial role in the global energy mix, necessitating the expansion of energy crop plantations during the 21st century. Low‐quality or abandoned agricultural land is commonly proposed for growing energy crops. However, restoring such agricultural land back to natural vegetation is also key for global biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. Thus, understanding the ecological implications of land‐use changes involving both energy crop plantations and restoration is required. Here, we use biodiversity data to calculate the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) in different land uses, including energy crop plantations. We combine our BII models with maps of land use, crop yields and priority areas for restoration to estimate the effects on BII of changes in land use, from the current day, due to bioenergy expansion. We then compare the effects on BII of replacing either any land with energy crops, or only existing agricultural land that is a priority for restoration. Finally, we contrast the effects on BII of planting energy crops versus restoring natural vegetation in priority areas for restoration. Planting energy crops in places with relatively high amounts of natural vegetation and high BII would substantially reduce BII. Planting energy crops only on existing agricultural land that is a priority for restoration would result in less negative effects on BII than planting such crops in high BII areas, and small increases in BII in places with less remaining natural vegetation. However, restoring natural vegetation in priority areas, rather than expanding energy crops, would result in better outcomes for BII. Contrasting the spatial effects on BII of planting energy crops compared with restoring natural vegetation highlights places where energy crops could be the least detrimental to BII, such as Central Europe and the east coasts of the USA and China. Synthesis and applications. While restoration is the best strategy for biodiversity, planting energy crops on agricultural land rather than replacing natural vegetation could minimise losses in biodiversity intactness. However, achieving targets for bioenergy, climate change and restoration will require strategic land‐use planning to minimise ecological compromises.

Ten steps towards integrated decision making for ecological restoration in cities: Rewilding the European beaver (Castor fiber) in Berlin, Germany

Ensuring a livable city for all within the more-than-human discourse, restoration of urban ecosystems requires careful consideration of both human and non-human needs. However, traditional assessments and therefore most management plans usually fail to include the latter as a core planning requirement. This article presents and explains a 10-step method which simultaneously and actively considers both to identify potential restoration areas within urban ecosystems. To do so, a Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis for the multispecies needs identification is combined with a Multicriteria Spatial Decision Support System (MCSDSS) for the spatial assessment. To validate this method, a case study of Berlin, Germany, an explicitly urban case, is presented. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ecosystem restoration (rewilding) potential of the city's riparian and riverine ecosystems through the enhancement of Eurasian beaver habitats.•Method combining SWOT analysis with MCSDSS for an integrated spatial assessment•Well-suited for multispecies (human and non-human) perspective on urban nature restoration

The Impact of Human Activity Expansion on Habitat Quality in the Yangtze River Basin

Globally, natural habitats have suffered tremendous damage from human activities, a phenomenon that is increasingly evident in basin regions. The management of natural habitats in basin regions is dependent on understanding of the various impacts of human activities on these ecosystems. Despite the various studies that have been conducted on the effects of human activities on habitats in basin regions, there is still a lot of doubt regarding the impact of these activities on the quality of basin ecosystems. To fill this gap, this study employs a series of spatial analysis methods and logistic regression modeling to delve into the spatial and temporal patterns of human activities and habitat quality in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) as well as the differences in the impacts of human activities on habitat quality in the sub-basins of the YRB. The findings indicate a 0.408% decline in the overall environmental quality of the YRB area from 2000 to 2020, accompanied by a 15.396% surge in human activities. Notably, the southeastern Qilian Mountains and the mountainous regions in the northwestern sector of the Sichuan Basin emerge as pivotal areas for habitat quality restoration. Conversely, the southwestern Qilian Mountains and the urban clusters in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) face significant habitat quality deterioration. Spatial regression analyses reveal a noteworthy trend: the burgeoning human activities in the Yangtze River region pose a substantial threat to habitat recovery efforts. Further differential analyses focusing on the upper, middle, and lower basin segments underscore that human activities exert the most pronounced impact on habitat quality within the lower basin region, while the upper basin experiences the least influence. The implications of this study are manifold. It furnishes valuable policy insights for the comprehensive management and targeted preservation of habitats across the YRB. By delineating areas of habitat restoration and degradation and highlighting the differential impacts of human activities across basin segments, this research lays a solid foundation for informed decision making in habitat conservation and ecosystem management within the YRB.

Forest restoration effects on soil preferential flow in the paleo-periglacial eastern liaoning mountainous regions, China

To provide a practical reference index for the protection of water conservation forests and the establishment of vegetation in different forest restoration areas, we seek to clarify the preferential flow development and its influencing factors under different rainfall events in the forest restoration areas of paleo-periglacial landform in eastern Liaoning Province of China. To quantify the preferential flow development (PFI) in soil profile-scale through soil profile indexes, we carried out dual-tracer experiments with dyeing in two types of forest restoration lands (plantation forest, PF, and natural secondary forest, NSF) in the paleo-periglacial landform forestland to obtain the soil water infiltration trajectories and water-solute transport characteristics. The indexes of preferential flow morphology and pathway diversity (solute migration) were integrated to construct a more complete evaluation system of the PFI. In addition, we explored factors affecting the PFI through soil physical properties and root characteristics. The results showed that: (1) There were obvious preferential flows in both PF and NSF. Compared with NSF, preferential flow in PF diverged earlier, had greater non-equilibrium degree, more paths and higher development degree, and preferential flow was the main infiltration form. (2) Changes in infiltration amount played a key role in altering the PFI, i.e., increasing infiltration amount reduced the PFI, especially in PF (p < 0.05); (3) After water infiltration, the solute Br− diffusion range of the soil profile was wider than that of Brilliant Blue tracer, thus the development of preferential flow was better synthetical reflected by the indexes of water flow morphology and solute distribution characteristics; (4) Differences in the PFI can be explained by variations in clay content, total porosity (TP), and root volume density (RVD), with total path coefficients of 0.824, 0.462, and 0.624, respectively. In addition to establishing different forest restoration types in similar areas, it would be worthwhile to strengthen the prevention and control measures of soil and water loss in NSF, and properly manage PF in a near-natural model to enhance ecologically sustainable development of forest land. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the hydrological processes of forest ecosystems in paleo-periglacial landforms, and provide theoretical support for the proposed forest management strategies.

Ecological restoration is crucial in mitigating carbon loss caused by permafrost thawing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Climate change leads to permafrost thawing, accelerating carbon emissions increases, challenges the goal of climate change mitigation. However, it remains unknown whether implementing ecological restoration projects in Alpine areas can offset the adverse effects of permafrost thawing locally. Here we took the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau as an example to explore this issue based on the improved Biome-BGCMuSo model. We found future climate change-induced permafrost thawing will decrease carbon sink. Projects’ carbon sink enhancement could fully counteract the permafrost thawing-induced carbon loss. Additionally, future warmer and wetter climates will enlarge the suitable area for restoration. If these areas are taken into account, carbon sink attributable to Projects will further increase. These results indicate that ERPs have the potential to combat future permafrost thawing-induced carbon loss, and their contribution will be further amplified by future climate change.

Prioritization of Ecological Conservation and Restoration Areas through Ecological Networks: A Case Study of Nanchang City, China

Rapid urbanization has led to ecosystem fragmentation, conversion, and degradation, posing great threats to natural habitat and biodiversity. The utilization of ecological networks has gained importance in ecological restoration planning to mitigate the negative impacts of urbanization on ecosystems. This study focused on Nanchang City, China, as a case study area to examine the application of integrated ecological networks in 2000, 2010 and 2020. This study analyzed the dynamic characteristics and spatial differences in landscape connectivity, providing evidence-based support for ecological conservation and restoration. The results indicate the following: (1) a decrease in the number of ecological sources and corridors, especially general sources and corridors, along with a decreasing trend in their importance; (2) an increase in ecological barrier points and breakpoints over time, especially in the southeastern region of the study area; and (3) the identification of ecological conservation priority areas, ecological improvement priority areas, and ecological restoration points based on connectivity and dynamic analysis. Multiple priority actions were proposed, which remarkably improved network connectivity and strengthened biodiversity conservation. Our research provides a valuable reference for identifying ecological priorities and developing ecological protection and ecological restoration actions in highly urbanized areas.

Potential for carbon sequestration in severely degraded temperate climate sites: Acrisol and Andosol gullies in Mexico

Aim of study: We assessed potential carbon (C) sequestration in gullies formed in Acrisols and Andosols, on the basis of long-term field restoration trials and GIS analysis. Area of study: Two field trials in Michocán, Mexico, restored with Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus greggii and Pinus devoniana in 2005 and 2009. Material and methods: Soil C content was analyzed from field samples, and C content of aerial tree biomass of the three Pinus species was estimated by means of allometric equations. The potential restoration area was calculated with a GIS using available layers from the INEGI (Mexican National Institute for Geography and Statistics). Main results: The spatial analysis showed that 1.83% of the Mexican territory are Acrisols and 1.18% are Andosols. From which, 40.87% of Acrisols and 42% of Andosols are eroded. The area with gullies was 2810 km² for both groups of soils within the elevational range of conifer forests in Mexico. C content at the two restored sites was on average of 1.27 t/ha. Soil C content in a 30-cm depth profile was 4.25 t/ha. The potential C sequestration for an average period of 13 years for an area of 2810 km² was 3.947 megatons of C (MtC). A total of four states ‒ Michoacán, Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Puebla ‒ concentrate 89% of the possible capture. Research highlights: Severely degraded sites where gullying is dominant have a high potential for C sequestration once erosion has been controlled and plant cover has been restored.

Construction and Optimization of Ecological Security Pattern Network Based on the Supply–Demand Ratio of Ecosystem Services: A Study from Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle, China

The exploration of ecological security patterns (ESPs) can help people find those areas that are in urgent need of restoration, which is an effective way to realize ecological protection. It is of utmost significance for promoting regional sustainable development to construct ESP and put forward sub-regional optimization suggestions based on the supply and demand ratio of ecosystem services (ESs). In this paper, we assessed the level of supply and demand for five ESs based on multi-source data in 2020 with the help of InVEST, ArcGIS, and IUEMS. Based on the results of supply and demand, we calculated the supply and demand ratio of ESs and extracted the ecological source areas (ESAs) on this basis. Then, we used the Linkage Mapper tool to construct the ESP based on the principle of the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model and circuit theory in the Chengdu–Chongqing economic circle (CCEC). Our results indicated that there were apparent spatial differences in the supply and demand of five ESs. There were 35 ESAs in the ESP network, covering an area of about 7914 km2, and most of their land use types were woodland. The CCEC was interconnected by a network of 91 ecological corridors (ECs), spanning a total length of approximately 10,701 km. From the ECs, we extracted 29 ecological pinch points (EPPs) and 16 ecological barrier points (EBPs), which each accounted for about 0.3% of the planned area of the CCEC. Finally, we divided the ecological spaces into four types and put forward the corresponding optimization suggestions. Among them, the proportion of ecological restoration area was 7.7%, which was located in Chengdu City, northwest of the study area. The findings of this paper can give some theoretical guidance and serve as a reference for making decisions in the pursuit of ecological civilization in this region.

Waterline distance effects in the recovery of forest structure and soil organic matter 12 years after restoration

Efforts to restore tropical forests can result in large unpredictability in their trajectories, mainly due to spatial variation in abiotic conditions and plant resource availability. With the construction of a small hydroelectric power plant, a 70-ha forest restoration was conducted in 2008 within the boundaries of seasonal semideciduous forest in southeastern Brazil. This study described the spatial variation of the restored ecosystem after 12 years by simultaneously evaluating the direct influences of distance from the water body (waterline distance) and soil moisture, and the indirect influence of these factors mediated by the forest structure on accumulated litter and soil organic matter (SOM). These effects were estimated in the area under restoration and in forest remnants (considered as reference sites) (Model A), or in the area under restoration alone (Model B). Data on forest structure included density of individuals, total basal area, tree average diameter, average trunk volume index and stratification. Tree density decreased with increasing waterline distance both in the restoration area and in the forest remnants. Consequently, the sites closest to the reservoir formed denser and more stratified forests. Waterline distance and soil moisture content were correlated with each other, but each variable had independent effects of on the amount of litter and SOM. Wetter sites with denser and more stratified forest had greater amounts of accumulated litter and soil organic matter, but only in Model A, which included both the restored area and the forest remnants. In addition, higher basal area values contributed weakly to greater amounts of accumulated litter. Thus, our study suggests that the trajectory and speed of recovery of some ecosystem processes were determined by the waterline distance and soil moisture. Furthermore, the restoration implementation in the period of just 12 years was sufficient to detect the effect of these actions on the litter accumulation and a substantial increase in the amount of soil organic matter.