PURPOSE: Childhood obesity is a global health concern, with >340 million youth considered overweight or obese. Adiposity is negatively associated with cognitive and brain health. Notably understudied, however, is the influence of adiposity and fitness on functional brain connectivity in preadolescent children, warranting further investigation. METHODS:Our study investigated the relationship among adiposity (visceral adipose tissue [VAT], subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue [SAAT]), total abdominal adipose tissue [TAAT], whole-body percent fat [WB%FAT], Body Mass Index (BMI), and fat-free cardiorespiratory fitness (FF-VO2max) on resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in 121 (f = 68) children (7-11 years) using a data-driven whole-brain multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA). RESULTS: MVPA models revealed clusters significantly associated with VAT, BMI, WB%FAT and FF-VO2 measures. These clusters were then used for post-hoc whole-brain seed-to-voxel RSFC analysis. Yeo’s (2011) RSFC-based 7-network cerebral cortical parcellation was used for labeling the results. Post-hoc seed-to-voxel analyses controlling for age, IQ, pubertal timing, and socioeconomic status found robust anticorrelations of VAT and BMI with areas involved in the visual, somatosensory, dorsal attention, ventral attention, limbic, fronto-parietal and default mode networks (p’s ≤ 0.0001). Further, positive correlations of FF-VO2 were observed with areas involved in the ventral attention and fronto-parietal networks (p ≤ 0.0001). No significant results were found for SAAT or TAAT (p’s ≥ 0.0001). CONCLUSION:These novel findings indicate that negative health outcomes (BMI and increased VAT) in childhood may be selectively and negatively associated with the 7 Yeo-defined functional networks, yet positive health outcomes (FF-VO2) may be positively associated with these networks. The data extend previously published research demonstrating a negative association between childhood obesity and brain function, and the selective association of VAT with cognition and its neuroelectric underpinnings. Consequently, these novel results extend the current literature to suggest a differential relationship of BMI, adiposity, and fitness with functional brain connectivity in children.