Rest State Research Articles

Energy Efficiency Examination and Analysation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have risen as a vital innovation empowering a horde of applications extending from natural checking to mechanization. In any case, the constrained vitality assets of sensor hubs pose critical challenges to the life span and execution of these systems. This theory presents a comprehensive audit of procedures and techniques to move vitality proficiency forward in WSNs. The survey starts by analyzing power efficient equipment plan approaches, counting low power microcontrollers, energy harvesting frameworks, and ultra low power communication conventions. Besides, it investigates energy aware steering conventions that optimize information transmission ways to minimize vitality utilization, such as Filter (Moo Vitality Versatile Clustering Progression) and its variations. Moreover, rest planning instruments are examined, which permit sensor hubs to interchange between dynamic and rest states to preserve vitality while keeping up an organized network. Additionally, the theoretical dives into the part of information conglomeration and compression procedures in decreasing excess transmissions and maintaining vitality at the arranged level. It highlights the importance of versatile obligation cycling instruments, where sensor hubs powerfully alter their obligation cycles based on natural conditions and application prerequisites. Moreover, progressions in energy efficient MAC (Medium Get to Control) conventions are analyzed, centring on conventions like IEEE 802.15.4 and their improvements for WSNs. Furthermore, the integration of machine learning and optimization calculations for energy efficient operation and asset assignment in WSNs is examined. At last, the theory concludes with a viewpoint on rising patterns and future headings in the field, counting the integration of energy harvesting advances, the improvement of self sustainable sensor hubs, and the investigation of novel communication standards such as unmistakable light communication.

Resting state EEG assisted imagined vowel phonemes recognition by native and non-native speakers using brain connectivity measures.

Communication is challenging for disabled individuals, but with advancement of brain-computer interface (BCI) systems, alternative communication systems can be developed. Current BCI spellers, such as P300, SSVEP, and MI, have drawbacks like reliance on external stimuli or conversation irrelevant mental tasks. In contrast to these systems, Imagined speech based BCI systems rely on directly decoding the vowels/words user is thinking, making them more intuitive, user friendly and highly popular among Brain-Computer-Interface (BCI) researchers. However, more research needs to be conducted on how subject-specific characteristics such as mental state, age, handedness, nativeness and resting state activity affects the brain's output during imagined speech. In an overt speech, it is evident that native and non-native speakers' brains function differently. Therefore, this paper explores how nativeness to language affects EEG signals while imagining vowel phonemes, using brain-map analysis and scalogram and also investigates the inclusion of features extracted from resting state EEG with imagined state EEG. The Fourteen-channel EEG for Imagined Speech (FEIS) dataset was used to analyse the EEG signals recorded while imagining vowel phonemes for 16 subjects (nine native English and seven non-native Chinese). For the classification of vowel phonemes, different connectivity measures such as covariance, coherence, and Phase Synchronous Index-PSI were extracted and analysed using statistics based Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) approach. Different fusion strategies (difference, concatenation, Common Spatial Pattern-CSP and Canonical Correlation Analysis-CCA) were carried out to incorporate resting state EEG connectivity measures with imagined state connectivity measures for enhancing the accuracy of imagined vowel phoneme recognition. Simulation results revealed that concatenating imagined state and rest state covariance and PSI features provided the maximum accuracy of 92.78% for native speakers and 94.07% for non-native speakers.

The translational content and expression of intracellular sensors under endoplasmic re-ticulum stress in diabetic rats

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) as a defense mechanism for maintaining cellular vital activity. Data on interaction between pathways of UPR-sensors, their role and participation in the recovery of regulatory proteins at constant level are currently being accumulated. An experimental model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was reproduced in male rats fed on 3-month high-fat diet with additional streptozotocin administration. Rats in different groups were treated with metformin, propionate, and their combination for 2 weeks. We analyzed the expression of the GRP78, PERK, IRE-1, and ATF6 genes in gastric glandulocytes using PCR primers. The quantitation of protein content of the GRP78, PERK, IRE-1, and ATF6 genes was performed using western blotting. Statistical intergroup differences were calculated using a one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s post-hoc. Comparison of mRNA and protein contents at rest state, in condition of ER stress and drug treatment, as well as the study of correlations between UPR-sensors, provides a basis for the development of the concept of defense mechanism activation in gastric glandulocytes under T2DM conditions. Under stress, chaperone GRP78 plays a crucial role to prevent protein misfolding: it dissociates from ER, enters cisternae and inactivates misfolded proteins. The ATF6 pathway is activated in all conditions. It probably activates transcription of the corresponding content turnover sites in both GRP78 and ATF6. The IRE-1 and PERK pathways are activated in glandulocytes under different circumstances, and they probably target to different regulatory actions. Combination drug treatment in T2DM conditions induces activation of all signaling sensors in the UPR system with simultaneous maximal downregulation of GRP78, causing a balance in the intracellular homeostasis system.

Two-phase approach to modeling the grain-fluid flows with deposition and entrainment over rugged topography

We present a grain-fluid mixture for debris flows moving on a rugged (non-trivial) topography, where entrainment and deposition may take place. The model equations are derived with respect to a terrain-following coordinate system, which is constructed based on the topographic surface. The coordinates are fixed in space, and a “sub-topography” is added on the coordinate surface to account for the variation in the local topography when entrainment or deposition takes place. Numerical implementation is made based on a GPU-accelerated simulation tool, into which the entrainment-deposition mechanism is integrated accordingly. Two numerical examples are assigned to investigate the key features of the proposed model. One is on a horizontal plane, on which a finite mass of grain-fluid mixture is released from the state of rest. In this example, debris flow deposits significantly impact the post-event morphology and the associated flow behaviors. The other concerns a moving mass down an inclined chute merging into a horizontal deposition plane, where the levee formation is reproduced. At the end, the model is validated against grain-water experiments and applied to a large-scale historical event to evaluate its applicability.

Short-term memory depends on the level of emotional burnout

IntroductionEmotional burnout refers to a syndrome caused by chronic stress. The formation of emotional burnout may lead to persistent changes in cognitive activity and particularly in memory and attention.ObjectivesAs the power of human EEG-spectrum components varies significantly under cognitive testing, the aim of our study was to investigate the dynamics of changes of EEG parameters under a memory task depending on the severity of burnout.Methods42 healthy volunteers (students aged 18 to 24 years) participated in this study. EEG was registered over a period of 3 minutes during the rest state and 10 minutes during a verbal memory task. The spectral power density (SPD) of all frequencies from 0.2 to 35 Hz was estimated. The Mann-Witney criterion was carried out for the comparison of the independent data samples. The correlations were estimated using the Spearmen’s coefficient correlation. In order to determine the stages of burnout we used the test “Syndrome of emotional burnout” (by Boyko), adapted for students.ResultsWe observed variations in parameters of EEG during memorizing and retention phases depending on the intensity of the burnout. The intensity of the Exhaustion stage varied inversely with SPD in alpha3 (parietal and temporal regions), beta1 (parietal regions) and beta2 (parietal, right occipital and temporal regions) during the memorizing phase. The formation of the Exhaustion stage of burnout was accompanied by a decrease in alpha3 (parietal, left occipital and right temporal regions), beta1 (parietal, occipital and left temporal regions) and beta2 (parietal regions) during the retention phase.ConclusionsOur data indicate that short-term memory depends on the emotional state of subjects.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Short-term olfactory deprivation reorganizes brain activity

IntroductionOlfactory loss (including short-term) initiates neural reorganization processes in the brain, but the central mechanisms of this largely remain unknown.ObjectivesWe aim to conduct a neurophysiological study of neocortical mechanisms for the effects of olfactory sensation on functional activity of human brain under temporary obstruction of nasal breathing.Methods 123 healthy volunteers (76 female and 47 male students aged 18 to 23 years)participated in this study.EEG was registered during the rest state (5 min), olfactory blockage (5 min), under odor stimulation with the lemon essential oil (5 min) and renewal of nasal breathing (5 min). We estimated the spectral power density and the levels of coherence of all the frequencies from 0.2 to 35 Hz.ResultsThe onset of orthonasal olfactory sensory blockage was accompanied by an increase in the power of processes of local synchronization of beta frequency in the caudal regions of the brain, with simultaneous enhancement of the coherence of the theta band in parietal-occipital zones and a certain enhancement of the interfrontal and intrahemispherical left-side and right-side interactions in the beta2-subband. Thus, the sudden cessation of olfactory detection led to activation of thalamo-cortical loops and top-down control systems (search for the olfactory signal): that is an active orienting process (triangle of increase in F4-T4-P4 connections) with emotional coloring (the caudal localization of the coherence changes in the theta band). The prolongation of the nasal blockage, despite the possibility of activation of the retronasal route of odor perception and odorized air, was accompanied by a definite inhibition of distant interactions in the posterior regions of the brain in the theta-band and a significant decrease in right-brain long-distant and parietooccipital beta2-subband functional connectivity. Restoration of nasal breathing and olfactory perception is accompanied by sufficiently powerful activation of interhemispheric long and short distance information interactions in the theta1,2 and beta1 frequency bands.ConclusionsOur data indicated that cessation and restoration of olfactory perception lead to an increase cognitive activity, the development of memory processes, the current sensory and cognitive-emotional control of behavioral reactions, focusing attention, assessment of the significant stimulus.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Slow Back Massage on Quality of Sleep among Patients in Selected Government Hospitals, Daman

Sleep is the natural state of rest and that observed throughout the animal kingdom including mammals and birds and, in many reptiles, also amphibians and fish.in humans, other mammals and many other animals that have been studies -such as fish, birds, ants, and fruit-flies- regular sleep in necessary for survival. the capability for arousal from sleep is a protective mechanism and also necessary for health and survival.1 Sleep can also defined that normal state of altered consciousness during time of body rests; it is characterized by decreased responsiveness to the environments, and a person can be aroused from it by external stimuli.1Slow -stroke back massage, uses this slow stroke. Slow Back was introduced within a hospital context by Elizabeth in 1996 as slow, gentle, and rhythmic hand movements on the patients back as the steady speed (about 60 movements per minute), with mild and gentle pressure, for 10 minutes.3Back massage care provided those who are admitted in the Hospitals by using various techniques of back massage like Effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement by using these techniques to improvement in the blood flow and also to relieve the deeper muscle tension and clear out toxins.5 THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY WERE TO- 1. assess the pre-test and post-test level on quality of sleep of slow back massage among patients admitted in selected government Hospitals, Daman 2. determine the effectiveness of slow back massage on quality of sleep among patients admitted in selected government Hospitals, Daman. 3. find out the association between the pre-test level on quality of sleep among patients with selected demographic variables in patients in selected Government Hospitals, Daman. METHODOLOGY: A Quantitative Research approach with pre-experimental, one-group pre-test post- test Research design was adopted for the study. A total 40 sample were selected in Government hospitals, Daman based on selection criteria.in this research study consecutive sampling technique was used. Data was collected by using demographic variables and the Groningen sleep quality scale for assessment of quality sleep before and after the intervention of slow back massage. RESULT: The present study assesses the effectiveness of slow back massage in terms of improvement of quality sleep among patients. The post-test mean sleep score 2.65(SD=2.007) was less than pre-test mean sleep score 11.95 (SD=1.934) and ‘t’ value was 15.353(t0.05, 39=2.02) which was the significant effect of the slow back massage (p<0.05) and there is significant mean difference between the pre-test and post-test.the mean difference between the pre-test and post-test was 9.300.the chi-square calculated value shows there was no significant association with demographic variable. INTERPRETATION: Statistical significance was calculated by using paired t -test and chi-square. After slow back massage the quality of sleep has improved among patients. The findings of the study indicated the need of hospital to use the slow back massage to improvement the quality of sleep. This conclude that the non-pharmacological therapy such a slow back massage has significant impact in improvement the quality of sleep. KEY WORDS: slow back, Massage, quality sleep, patients.

MiSleep: Human Sleep Posture Identification from Deep Learning Augmented Millimeter-wave Wireless Systems

In this work, we propose MiSleep , a deep learning augmented millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless system to monitor human sleep posture by predicting the 3D location of the body joints of a person during sleep. Unlike existing vision- or wearable-based sleep monitoring systems, MiSleep is not privacy-invasive and does not require users to wear anything on their body. MiSleep leverages knowledge of human anatomical features and deep learning models to solve challenges in existing mmWave devices with low-resolution and aliased imaging and specularity in signals. MiSleep builds the model by learning the relationship between mmWave reflected signals and body postures from thousands of existing samples. Since a practical sleep also involves sudden toss-turns, which could introduce errors in posture prediction, MiSleep designs a state machine based on the reflected signals to classify the sleeping states into rest or toss-turn and predict the posture only during the rest states. We evaluate MiSleep with real data collected from Commercial-Off-The-Shelf mmWave devices for eight volunteers of diverse ages, genders, and heights performing different sleep postures . We observe that MiSleep identifies the toss-turn events start time and duration within 1.25 s and 1.7 s of the ground truth, respectively, and predicts the 3D location of body joints with a median error of 1.3 cm only and can perform even under the blankets, with accuracy on par with the existing vision-based system, unlocking the potential of mmWave systems for privacy-noninvasive at-home healthcare applications.

Adaptive region-reaching control for a non-holonomic mobile robot via system decomposition approach

This article focuses on the region-reaching control for a non-holonomic mobile robot system with two actuated wheels. The region-reaching control task consists of three basic control objectives: reaching an objective region, maintaining a rest state in the objective region, and stabilising at a desired posture. The constraints imposed on the motion of the mobile robot system are not integrable and have no inverse resolution, and thus increase the complexity of the controller design for non-holonomic systems. A system decomposition approach is proposed to convert the non-holonomic constraint control system to the cascade holonomic constraint control subsystems, and an adaptive control gain technique is presented to guarantee the stability of the non-holonomic system. Then, a novel torque controller is presented to implement the region-reaching control task. Specially, the objective region can be considered as a parking spot for a mobile robot.

Ayurvedic Insights into Nidra: Understanding Physiological Aspects

Ahara, Nidra and Brahmacharya plays significant role in preventing major diseases affecting both physical and mental well-being. Nidra stands out as one of the prominent factors to be examined in the contemporary era, constituting a vital component of a healthy lifestyle. Ayurveda defines Nidra (sleep) as the physiological state of rest for the Sharira (body), Mana (mind) and Indriya (sense organs). Lack of Nidra, results in conditions like primary insomnia or Anidra and is associated with the onset of various clinical diseases. Over time, it progress into chronic disorders such as secondary or tertiary insomnia. Aim: To introduce and underscore the concept of Nidra and its physiological impact on the human body. Materials and Method: The literature review was compiled from available Ayurvedic literatures and various relevant articles related to Nidra and sleep. Conclusion: Ayurveda has given more importance to Nidra (sleep) by considering it as one among three pillars of life. The Samhitas provide an in-depth exploration of Nidra, presenting its classification and physiology. Nidra (sleep) is not just a phenomenon to ignore but it has great impact in our body and the study of sleep phenomenon is important for the early diagnosis of sleep disorders.

A numerical study on the siphonic effect of enhanced external counterpulsation at lower extremities with a coupled 0D-1D closed-loop personalized hemodynamics model

Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is a treatment and rehabilitation approach for ischemic diseases, including coronary artery disease. Its therapeutic benefits are primarily attributed to the improved blood circulation achieved through sequential mechanical compression of the lower extremities. However, despite the crucial role that hemodynamic effects in the lower extremity arteries play in determining the effectiveness of EECP treatment, most studies have focused on the diastole phase and ignored the systolic phase. In the present study, a novel siphon model (SM) was developed to investigate the interdependence of several hemodynamic parameters, including pulse wave velocity, femoral flow rate, the operation pressure of cuffs, and the mean blood flow changes in the femoral artery throughout EECP therapy. To verify the accuracy of the SM, we coupled the predicted afterload in the lower extremity arteries during deflation using SM with the 0D-1D patient-specific model. Finally, the simulation results were compared with clinical measurements obtained during EECP therapy to verify the applicability and accuracy of the SM, as well as the coupling method. The precision and reliability of the previously developed personalized approach were further affirmed in this study. The average waveform similarity coefficient between the simulation results and the clinical measurements during the rest state exceeded 90%. This work has the potential to enhance our understanding of the hemodynamic mechanisms involved in EECP treatment and provide valuable insights for clinical decision-making.

Heart Rate Variability Measurement Can Be a Point-of-Care Sensing Tool for Screening Postpartum Depression: Differentiation from Adjustment Disorder.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious mental health issue among women after childbirth, and screening systems that incorporate questionnaires have been utilized to screen for PPD. These questionnaires are sensitive but less specific, and the additional use of objective measures could be helpful. The present study aimed to verify the usefulness of a measure of autonomic function, heart rate variability (HRV), which has been reported to be dysregulated in people with depression. Among 935 women who had experienced childbirth and completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), HRV was measured in EPDS-positive women (n = 45) 1 to 4 weeks after childbirth using a wearable device. The measurement was based on a three-behavioral-state paradigm with a 5 min duration, consisting of rest (Rest), task load (Task), and rest-after-task (After) states, and the low-frequency power (LF), the high-frequency power (HF), and their ratio (LF/HF) were calculated. Among the women included in this study, 12 were diagnosed with PPD and 33 were diagnosed with adjustment disorder (AJD). Women with PPD showed a lack of adequate HRV regulation in response to the task load, accompanying a high LF/HF score in the Rest state. On the other hand, women with AJD exhibited high HF and reduced LF/HF during the After state. A linear discriminant analysis using HRV indices and heart rate (HR) revealed that both the differentiation of PPD and AJD patients from the controls and that of PPD patients from AJD patients were possible. The sensitivity and specificity for PPD vs. AJD were 75.0% and 90.9%, respectively. Using this paradigm, an HRV measurement revealed the characteristic autonomic profiles of PPD and AJD, suggesting that it may serve as a point-of-care sensing tool in PPD screening systems.

Acceleration of shear flow ina viscoplastic half-plane with a depth-varying yield stress

The problem of acceleration from a state of rest of a shear flow in a viscoplastic half-plane is studied analytically when a tangential stress is specified at the boundary. It is assumed that the dynamic viscosity and density of the medium are constant, and the yield stress can change in a continuous or discontinuous manner depending on the depth. The entire half-plane at any moment of time consists of previously unknown layers where shear flow occurs and rigid zones. The latter can move as a rigid whole, or they can be motionless, such as, for example, a half-plane, to which disturbances caused by the action of tangential forces have not yet reached. To find the stress and velocity fields, a method is developed based on quasi-self-similar diffusion-vortex solutions of parabolic problems in areas with moving boundaries. The question of what conclusions about the depth distribution of the yield stress can be drawn from available measurements of the velocity of the half-plane boundary is discussed.

Transport mechanism of human bilirubin transporter ABCC2 tuned by the inter-module regulatory domain.

Bilirubin is mainly generated from the breakdown of heme when red blood cells reach the end of their lifespan. Accumulation of bilirubin in human body usually leads to various disorders, including jaundice and liver disease. Bilirubin is conjugated in hepatocytes and excreted to bile duct via the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCC2, dysfunction of which would lead to Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Here we determine the structures of ABCC2 in the apo, substrate-bound and ATP/ADP-bound forms using the cryo-electron microscopy, exhibiting a full transporter with a regulatory (R) domain inserted between the two half modules. Combined with substrate-stimulated ATPase and transport activity assays, structural analysis enables us to figure out transport cycle of ABCC2 with the R domain adopting various conformations. At the rest state, the R domain binding to the translocation cavity functions as an affinity filter that allows the substrates of high affinity to be transported in priority. Upon substrate binding, the R domain is expelled from the cavity and docks to the lateral of transmembrane domain following ATP hydrolysis. Our findings provide structural insights into a transport mechanism of ABC transporters finely tuned by the R domain.

Stenosis severity and heart rate effects on left coronary artery hemodynamics and myocardial oxygen balance: A comprehensive assessment using pressure gradient

The estimation of pressure drop across stenotic arteries can provide valuable information about the hemodynamic features. Nevertheless, the temporal behavior of pressure in stenotic arteries is not well reported for realistic pulsatile flows. This research investigates the pressure drop across a left coronary artery model for different degrees of stenotic severity and heart rates. The zones prone to further atherogenic degeneration are identified using time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI). A unique attempt has been made to quantify the effect of stenosis severity and elevated heart rate on coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and endocardial viability ratio (EVR), which is an indicator of myocardial oxygen supply-demand balance. We have predicted reductions in both CPP and EVR as stenosis severity increases. The aforementioned metrics exhibit a notable drop when confronted with a moderate stenosis at an increased heart rate, implying that the hemodynamic consequences of a moderate stenosis during an elevated heart rate may be comparable to those of a severe stenosis during a state of rest. The current computational investigation has the potential to reduce the need for in vivo hemodynamic assessments of stenosis. In addition, the wall shear stress-based mechanical parameters, such as TAWSS and OSI, can indicate the atherogenic and thrombogenic regions in the stenosed vessels.

Epileptic seizure clustering and accumulation at transition from activity to rest in GAERS rats.

Knowing when seizures occur may help patients and can also provide insight into epileptogenesis mechanisms. We recorded seizures over periods of several days in the Genetic Absence Epileptic Rat from Strasbourg (GAERS) model of absence epilepsy, while we monitored behavioral activity with a combined head accelerometer (ACCEL), neck electromyogram (EMG), and electrooculogram (EOG). The three markers consistently discriminated between states of behavioral activity and rest. Both GAERS and control Wistar rats spent more time in rest (55-66%) than in activity (34-45%), yet GAERS showed prolonged continuous episodes of activity (23 vs. 18 min) and rest (34 vs. 30 min). On average, seizures lasted 13 s and were separated by 3.2 min. Isolated seizures were associated with a decrease in the power of the activity markers from steep for ACCEL to moderate for EMG and weak for EOG, with ACCEL and EMG power changes starting before seizure onset. Seizures tended to occur in bursts, with the probability of seizing significantly increasing around a seizure in a window of ±4 min. Furthermore, the seizure rate was strongly increased for several minutes when transitioning from activity to rest. These results point to mechanisms that control behavioral states as determining factors of seizure occurrence.

Water striders are impervious to raindrop collision forces and submerged by collapsing craters

Water striders are abundant in areas with high humidity and rainfall. Raindrops can weigh more than 40 times the adult water strider and some pelagic species spend their entire lives at sea, never contacting ground. Until now, researchers have not systematically investigated the survival of water striders when impacted by raindrops. In this experimental study, we use high-speed videography to film drop impacts on water striders. Drops force the insects subsurface upon direct contact. As the ensuing crater rebounds upward, the water strider is propelled airborne by a Worthington jet, herein called the first jet. We show the water strider's locomotive responses, low density, resistance to wetting when briefly submerged, and ability to regain a super-surface rest state, rendering it impervious to the initial impact. When pulled subsurface during a second crater formation caused by the collapsing first jet, water striders face the possibility of ejection above the surface or submersion below the surface, a fate determined by their position in the second crater. We identify a critical crater collapse acceleration threshold ∼ 5.7 gravities for the collapsing second crater which determines the ejection and submersion of passive water striders. Entrapment by submersion makes the water strider poised to penetrate the air-water interface from below, which appears impossible without the aid of a plastron and proper locomotive techniques. Our study is likely the first to consider second crater dynamics and our results translate to the submersion dynamics of other passively floating particles such as millimetric microplastics atop the world's oceans.

Fluid initialization and dynamic window for smoothed-particle hydrodynamics simulation

Fluid simulation is an essential tool to produce realistic looking animations. In particular, Lagrangian simulations offer interactive computation times with an easy integration of the two-way interaction with rigid bodies. However, the interactivity is lost for larger scenes even if only the areas around the bodies have any visual interest. In this paper, we present a novel approach to quickly initialize additional fluid in a rest state in simulations with any 3D boundary shape and able to preserve any already existing fluid. Our approach only uses the density property of the particles to allow compatibility with any smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation scheme and any boundaries model. This initialization method is fast enough to allow the initialization of new fluid volumes interactively while the simulation is running. We showcase our approach by proposing a method to create a dynamic simulation window, allowing the restriction of simulating the fluid only around moving objects. We propose multiple experiments to demonstrate the capabilities and performance of our approach.

Low-dose esketamine improves acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery

PurposeThe current study was designed to investigate the analgesic effect of esketamine on patients underwent thoracoscopic surgery and the underlying mechanism.MethodsIn this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study, 60 patients scheduled to undergo thoracoscopic lobectomy or segmentectomy were randomized to two groups to receive esketamine (group ESK) or saline (group SAL), respectively. 0.25 mg·kg−1 esketamine was given in group ESK for induction of anesthesia, and 0.12 mg·kg−1·h−1 esketamine for intraoperative maintenance. Group SAL received an equal volume of saline. The primary outcomes were the visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores at rest and deep cough state which evaluated at departure from post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (T1), 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after surgery (T2–T4). The secondary outcomes included the levels of white blood cell (WBC) count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT), anxiety/depression scores at T3, oxygen saturation (SpO2), and adverse reactions.ResultsEsketamine significantly decreased both rest and cough VAS pain scores at T1, and rest pain scores at T1, T2 and T4. Patients in ESK group had significantly lower WBC and ANC levels than SAL group, while the alteration of IL-6 and PCT levels between groups showed no significance. The anxiety scores of patients in both groups were significantly decreased after surgery. However, the depression scores of patients in ESK group did not decrease after surgery when compared with the preoperation. The postoperative SpO2 and the incidence of adverse reaction including postoperative nausea, vomiting, dizziness and dissociative symptom showed no significant difference between two groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionEsketamine can alleviate the acute postoperative pain of patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery without increasing adverse reactions, and the underlying mechanism may be associated with the reduction of postoperative inflammation.Trial registrationRegistered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on February 7, 2022 (ChiCTR 2200056524).Graphical

Nonlinear Heart Rate Variability Analysis for Sleep Stage Classification Using Integration of Ballistocardiogram and Apple Watch.

Wearable or non-contact, non-intrusive devices present a practical alternative to traditional polysomnography (PSG) for daily assessment of sleep quality. Physiological signals have been known to be nonlinear and nonstationary as the body adapts to states of rest or activity. By integrating more sophisticated nonlinear methodologies, the accuracy of sleep stage identification using such devices can be improved. This advancement enables individuals to monitor and adjust their sleep patterns more effectively without visiting sleep clinics. Six participants slept for three cycles of at least three hours each, wearing PSG as a reference, along with an Apple Watch, an actigraphy device, and a ballistocardiography (BCG) bed sensor. The physiological signals were processed with nonlinear methods and trained with a long short-term memory (LSTM) model to classify sleep stages. Nonlinear methods, such as return maps with advanced techniques to analyze the shape and asymmetry in physiological signals, were used to relate these signals to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The changing dynamics of cardiac signals in restful or active states, regulated by the ANS, were associated with sleep stages and quality, which were measurable. Approximately 73% agreement was obtained by comparing the combination of the BCG and Apple Watch signals against a PSG reference system to classify rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep stages. Utilizing nonlinear methods to evaluate cardiac dynamics showed an improved sleep quality detection with the non-intrusive devices in this study. A system of non-intrusive devices can provide a comprehensive outlook on health by regularly measuring sleeping patterns and quality over time, offering a relatively accessible method for participants. Additionally, a non-intrusive system can be integrated into a user's or clinic's bedroom environment to measure and evaluate sleep quality without negatively impacting sleep. Devices placed around the bedroom could measure user vitals over longer periods with minimal interaction from the user, representing their natural sleeping trends for more accurate health and sleep disorder diagnosis.