Rest Of Mexico Research Articles

Circo, maroma y teatro: Madres solteras en ciudad Juárez cerrando las brechas educativas para sus hijos con discapacidad intelectual

In Ciudad Juarez, as in the rest of Mexico, children with intellectual disabilities face innumerable systemic barriers, some of them at the educational level. Given that a prevailing culture of machismo shapes gender expectations in this country, it is usually the mothers who assume the responsibility of finding and navigating the scarce services available to their children with disabilities. Through testimonio methodology, this qualitative study explores the intersections of gender, motherhood, sociopolitical realities, and their children’s disabilities. This work portrays the testimonios of three single mothers, who share their experiences regarding the measures they have had to take in order to bridge the educational gaps that their children have faced across educational settings.

Xibalbaonyx exinferis n. sp. (Megalonychidae), a new Pleistocene ground sloth from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico

ABSTRACT Recent palaeontological research in submerged caves of the north-eastern Yucatán Peninsula (YP) in Mexico has resulted in the identification of a diverse megafaunal assemblage in the area, among them Late Pleistocene ground sloths assigned to the family Megalonychidae (Xenarthra). Here we report on a new species of Megalonychidae, Xibalbaonyx exinferis n. sp., from a new fossil locality named cenote Tortugas, located west of Puerto Morelos in the federal state of Quintana Roo. The taxon is based on a fragmentary left mandibular ramus, an atlas, and a left humerus. The new taxon is diagnosed by the presence of two mental foramina on the short symphyseal spout, a caniniform being the smallest mandibular tooth, and the anterolaterally directed aperture of the mandibular foramen on the lateral surface of the mandible. Xibalbaonyx exinferis is the third endemic megalonychid documented for the north-eastern Yucatán Peninsula and thus provides increasing evidence for an ecological isolation of the area from the rest of Mexico during the Pleistocene.

Mexico’s Credit Guarantee Programs: Shifting Regional Impacts

Rationing of working capital in rural businesses that work in agriculture is preventing from improving living conditions in impoverished areas. Whereas government programs have their greatest impact in areas attempting to transition from subsistence production into a modern commodity production system, the attempts to achieve social goals produce varying regional impacts and do not necessarily reach the agricultural households most in need. As a response, Mexican government has established public programs that back small rural enterprises when doing financial operations with private entities.It is well documented that small rural businesses suffer from commercial credit rationing due to inherent risks of their economic activities. Lack of collaterals, credit history or formal accounting records are some of the factors that the private banks avoid credit operations with this kind of producers. Mexican government has established a set of public programs to promote rural economic development through credit guarantees. These guarantees reduce the counterpart risk in credit operations making rural businesses more attractive to private banks. However, the eligibility conditions of this credit guarantee schemes (CGS) can discriminate and leave out the most poor. Adjustments to such programs have been implemented to provide focalized support to the poorest regions of the country. A new set of eligibility rules were issued in 2008 through a new program called Fondo Nacional de Garantías or FONAGA. Even though there is an increase in the number guaranteed operations after the inception of FONAGA, the spatial distribution of the CGS has not been evaluated. Calculating a Gini coefficient as a measure of inequality between the income coming from guaranteed credits and the population with the most patrimony poverty shows that the distribution has been uneven across the country.This study use Geographic Hot Spot Analysis (HSA) to analyze clustering patterns of the CGS distribution before and after the incorporation of FONAGA in 2008. The analysis calculates the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic, an association measure based on spatial conceptualizations such as fixed distances among neighbors. Maximization of spatial clustering reports the areas that consistently received high or low amounts of CGS operations. A high number of CGS operations within contiguous municipalities suggests a hot spot while low number of credit guarantees within municipal neighbors poses a “cold spot” difficulty. The Mexican case offers an opportunity to study a public program that is subject to socio-economic conditions that arise from contrasting commercial relationships with developed economic partners at the north border and emergent economies at the south.HSA reveals that introduction of FONAGA resulted in a major shift of program support that favored smaller scale agriculturalists located in previously underserved and underdeveloped regions of Mexico. In 2004, heavy guarantee coverage was concentrated in northern states of the country. Municipalities from Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur were covered by higher amounts of guarantees than the rest of Mexico. On the other end, Oaxaca and Veracruz received consistently low coverage per square km of cultivable land. From 2004 to 2007 there are consistent and statistically significant clustering patterns in the north (hot spots) and south-central (cold spots) and hot spots appeared in the northwest region in 2006. In 2008, the year when FONAGA started operations, the patterns changed significantly. Operations moved from northern to western and southeastern municipalities. In 2009 and 2010 a high number of guaranteed operations increased the allocation intensity in the municipalities of the states of Quintana Roo, Campeche and Yucatan. In general, the hot spots shifted from the north to southern regions in the 2008-2013 period. A combination of a high number of operations with high credit coverage amounts in the southeast region is associated to a downward shift of the average amount CGS per operation, meaning that small-scale farmers in greater need were included in the guarantee schemes after FONAGA took place primarily in the states of Campeche, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, and Chiapas.Until now this type of analysis has not been used to evaluate the targeting of CGS operations. Its application provides a different and important perspective regarding CGS performance. A shift in the CGS allocation after the introduction of FEGA in 2008 represents a success from the view point of the trust administrator. However, clustering patterns are evidence of a continuing uneven distribution of the credit guarantees. This points to the need of more analysis for public programs implementation to explore additional ways to provide financial access to rural businesses that do not have private funding.

The Chiapas Puzzle

For the twenty years following the Zapatista uprising (1994-2013), the federal government had placed a lot of resources and policy attention in an effort to reduce the large income gaps between Chiapas and the rest of Mexico. Public investment in schools, hospitals, and conditional cash transfer programs had been implemented, resulting in a significant improvement that did reduce the gap in terms of educational and health outcomes. Massive infrastructure projects had been undertaken to upgrade Chiapas' roads, ports and airports, boosting the connectivity of the state with markets within the state and elsewhere in Mexico. And yet, twenty years later the income gap between workers in Chiapas and the rest of Mexico had deepened, and Chiapas remains the poorest state in Mexico, with three quarters of its population poor and close to half in extreme poverty. Large productivity gaps - as proxied by wages - are not only observed between states, but have also expanded dramatically within the three sectors employing two-­thirds of the workers in Chiapas: Agriculture, wholesale and retail, and manufacturing. One year into his term as Finance Minister for the government of Enrique Pena Nieto (2013-2018), Luis Videgaray ponders the statistical evidence available and baffles at the puzzle. The case includes a series of videos featuring Luis Videgaray, Mexico’s former Secretary of Finance and Public Credit (2012-2016). In the first video, “The Chiapas Puzzle” (7:41 min.), to be viewed by students in preparation for the class, Mr. Videgaray explains the situation in Chiapas and the dilemmas he and the Mexican Government faced early on. The other three videos, “The Case of Yazaki” (3:55 min.), “Infrastructure and Political Economy” (4:19 min.), and “Takeaways” (5:03 min.) can be played as part of the class discussion. The videos can be viewed by clicking Visit Website on this page. A supplemental slide set is also included with this case. It contains key exhibits from the case, as well as information and visuals not available in the case, that can be used by the instructor in the discussion.

Education, Place of Residence and Utilization of Legal Abortion Services in Mexico City, 2013-2015.

Although abortion is illegal in most of Mexico, it was decriminalized in Mexico City in 2007, creating an island of legal abortion in a sea of restricted access. The characteristics of women seeking abortions in Mexico City-notably their socioeconomic status and place of residence-have not been well documented. Medical records from 22,732 women who sought abortions at one of four primary-level clinics in Mexico City in 2013-2015 were used to examine characteristics of women seeking legal abortion. Linear regression analyses were used to explore differences between women from Mexico City and those from elsewhere in Mexico, using education as a proxy for socioeconomic status. Because of geographic differences in population structure, women's education level was normalized in some models. Most abortion seekers came from Mexico City (66%) or its surrounding metropolitan area (22%), while the remainder came from bordering states (7%) or the rest of Mexico (5%). Abortion seekers from the rest of Mexico had, on average, 1.4 more years of education than did those from Mexico City. In regression models that normalized education levels, the difference in educational attainment between women from the rest of Mexico and those from Mexico City was 4.9 years (unadjusted model) and 3.2 years (adjusted model). These findings, in conjunction with the literature on unsafe abortion in Mexico, suggest that women from outside Mexico City who have low levels of education may be less likely than their more educated peers to benefit from the safe abortion services provided in the city.

Towards a Prosperous and Productive Chiapas: Institutions, Policies, and Public-Private Dialog to Promote Inclusive Growth

Since the Zapatista revolution of January 1994, enormous amount of resources coming from the federal government have poured over Chiapas. The gap in years and quality of education has been reduced significantly; and road, port and airport infrastructure have undergone a dramatic transformation. And yet, the income gap between Chiapas and the rest of Mexico has only widened. To understand why, a multi-disciplinary team of twelve experts have devoted significant time and resources to study different aspects of the development dynamic of Chiapas. As a result, 5 base documents have been published analyzing Chiapas: – Complexity profile – Growth Diagnostic – Institutional Diagnostic – Poverty profile – Pilot of productive dialogs and inclusive growth in an indigenous community This report resumes the findings from these and articulates their corresponding recommendations into a policy plan. According to our hypothesis, Chiapas is wedged in a low productivity trap. A modern production system, responsible for productivity increases, income and development elsewhere in the world, requires a number of complementary inputs or capacities that are absent in Chiapas. As a result, its economy consists of a few primary products of little or no technological sophistication, and a vibrant service industry fueled by public expenditure in its larger cities. In this situation, there are no incentives to acquire additional education or skills because there is no demand for them in the economy. As we have proved, the few that manage to emigrate earn salaries elsewhere in Mexico slightly above other migrants with similar qualifications. As it turns out, it is not about the Chiapanecos, it is about Chiapas. To overcome the current dilemmas and spark the engine of growth, Chiapas needs to resolve its issues of coordination, connectivity and gradually promote economic activities of higher complexity. Yazaki, one of the few manufacturers present in Chiapas, is an example of the role of the state in helping the economy to overcome the chicken-and-egg dilemmas, providing the public goods required – in an initial push – by a more complex economy. Our recommendations are based in identifying the productive capabilities embedded within the current productive structure of Chiapas four largest urban agglomerations, and leveraging on them to board on different potential, more complex industries that use a similar base of knowledge. To conquer those industries and diversify its economy, Chiapas needs a public-private agency empowered to iteratively solve the issues and bottlenecks these potential industries face in each particular place. Public transport and housing policy can be used as means to incorporating the surrounding communities into the increasingly modern economies of urban centers. Special economic zones and agro-industrial parks can be used to spur productivity in those areas where labor and appropriability are the most binding constrains.

The Low Productivity Trap: Chiapas Growth Diagnostics

Chiapas is the state with the lowest income per capita in Mexico and the state that grew the least during the last decade. Therefore, the income gap between Chiapas and the rest of Mexico has widened remarkably. This weak performance contrasts sharply with the relative macroeconomic and institutional stability that prevailed during the same period, and the massive amount of public resources that poured into the region since the Zapatista uprising in January 1994. To identify contributing factors, this document follows the Growth Diagnostics methodology developed by Hausmann, Rodrik and Velasco (2005), with some changes to adapt to the particularities of a sub-national context. Our goal is the same: to identify the main constraints to economic growth in Chiapas. Our analysis indicates that the main constraints to economic growth in the state are not among the usual suspects. Low levels of education are to some extent related to the way Chiapas fell behind the rest of Mexico, but only explain a small part of the gap. Mountainous geography and weather are a challenge to building and preserving infrastructure in the region, but that doesn’t seem to be the major obstacle to the development of productive capacities. There isn’t evidence of failures in the credit markets. Low levels of private credit in Chiapas are related to the low productivity of the local economy rather than bottlenecks or insufficiencies in the supply of financing options. Our conclusion is that Chiapas is in a (low) productivity trap. Its major problem is that its economy has very low complexity and mirrors its scant capacities. Modern production systems require a number of complementary inputs that are absent in Chiapas. In this context, productive diversity and private investment are low because returns to investment are also low. Given that demand derived from investment is low, supply of complementary inputs is inhibited, which leads to a coordination dilemma similar to the chicken and egg problem. Solving this problem requires government intervention. Some of the few cases of exports of manufactured goods in Chiapas are the result of successful federal interventions to coordinate provision of necessary production inputs with the demand for them.

Association of Trypanosoma cruzi infection with risk factors and electrocardiographic abnormalities in northeast Mexico

BackgroundAmerican trypanosomiasis is a major disease and public health issue, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The prevalence of T. cruzi has not been fully documented, and there are few reports of this issue in Nuevo Leon. The aim of this study was to update the seroprevalence rate of T. cruzi infection, including an epidemiological analysis of the risk factors associated with this infection and an electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation of those infected.MethodsSera from 2,688 individuals from 10 municipalities in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an indirect hemagglutination assay. An ECG case–control study was performed in subjects seropositive for T. cruzi and the results were matched by sex and age to seronegative residents of the same localities. A univariate analysis with χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests was used to determine the association between seropositivity and age (years), sex, and ECG changes. A multivariate analysis was then performed to calculate the odd ratios between T. cruzi seropositivity and the risk factors.ResultsThe seropositive rate was 1.93% (52/2,688). In the ECG study, 22.85% (8/35) of the infected individuals exhibited ECG abnormalities. Triatoma gerstaeckeri was the only vector reported. The main risk factors were ceiling construction material (P ≤ 0.0024), domestic animals (P ≤ 0.0001), and living in rural municipalities (P ≤ 0.0025).ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate a 10-fold higher prevalence of Chagas disease than previously reported (0.2%), which implies a serious public health threat in northeastern Mexico. The epidemiological profile established in this study differs from that found in the rest of Mexico, where human populations live in close proximity to domiciliary triatomines.

Forty Miles from the Sea. Xalapa, the Public Sphere, and the Atlantic World in Nineteenth-Century Mexico by Rachel A. Moore (review)

Reviewed by: Forty Miles from the Sea. Xalapa, the Public Sphere, and the Atlantic World in Nineteenth-Century Mexico by Rachel A. Moore Jacqueline E. Bixler Forty Miles from the Sea. Xalapa, the Public Sphere, and the Atlantic World in Nineteenth-Century Mexico. Rachel A. Moore. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 2011. xiii + 230 pp., illustrations. $49.95 hardback (ISBN 978-0-8165-2933-9). Although my own scholarly interest is Mexican theatre, I was drawn by the title and Xalapa, the capital of the state of Veracruz and the place where, as an undergraduate, I fell in love with Mexico. I have returned to Xalapa many times since 1973 and, while the city has changed demographically and culturally, I have continued to feel that Xalapa is somehow different from the rest of Mexico. Having read Moore’s study, I have a better sense of what it is that sets Xalapa apart from other cities in that region and in the country in general. Relative location is obviously a factor. The mountains of the Sierra Madre form a formidable barrier between the coast and the Valley of Mexico. Noting this area’s freedom from Aztec domination on their 1519 march to Tenochtitlán, the Spanish conquerors included Xalapa on the Camino Real that stretched from Veracruz to Mexico City. While Veracruz was the official port of entry, Xalapa soon became the de facto “port of call.” At 1,500 meters, Xalapa provided a more hospitable climate as well as protection from epidemics, foreign invasions, and pirates. Indeed, Xalapa served for three centuries as the travel and trade hub for those arriving from the Atlantic. Ironically, as Moore explains, “by institutionalizing Xalapa’s position as a bulwark to the Atlantic world in the form of trade fairs, quarantine points, and passport regulations, authorities in Mexico City encouraged residents’ penchant for separatism” (167). At the same time, Xalapa’s geographical position and commercial strength made it natural for xalapeños to look toward the Atlantic and to be more concerned with transatlantic economies and politics than national ones. Though Xalapa is 40 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and even farther from the Atlantic Ocean, Moore situates the city within the broad concept of Atlantic coastal culture, which she defines as “a set of communication habits, commercial priorities, and cultural norms that rely upon and respond to vagaries of Atlantic trade and transatlantic conflict” (1-2). Viewing geography as a network of social interactions, Moore proposes to “atlanticize” the area’s history “by considering the compelling connections that residents of the interior developed with coastal communities” (6). She focuses on the years 1795-1867, from the placement of Xalapa under the jurisdiction of Veracruz to the final years of native son Antonio López de Santa Anna and his fostering of regional “particularism.” Mexico City’s continuous distrust and/or disregard of news and reports emanating from Xalapa merely encouraged the latter to maintain a separatist stance. However, the rise of Santa Anna from regional caudillo to president brought on a lean toward reform and liberalism when he imposed levies for “protection” from foreign invasions and shut down the free flow of information. [End Page 241] In addition to the introduction, a short conclusion, and an extensive bibliography, five chapters focus on the following topics: commerce and contagion in Xalapa and Veracruz (1790-1810); coastline monitoring and the Xalapa “frontier” (1812-1825); transportation rivalries between Xalapa and Orizaba (1812-1842); the rise and reign of Santa Anna, and the efforts of parochial Orizaba to enter the public sphere via mail service. Forty Miles from the Sea is a well-documented study of Xalapa’s “in-between” position with regard to culture, commerce, communications, and politics. It centers on what Moore terms “the sphere of credibility” and “how credibility functioned in an area run through with boundaries and pulled between two worlds – the world of central Mexico and the Atlantic world” (15). To this end, she examines multiple sources of communication, from muleteers to railroads and from rumors to pronunciamientos. As a case study, the book suggests the profound influence that external factors and circumstances can bear on a regional public sphere...

Multi-scale land cover dynamics of semiarid scrubland in Baja California, Mexico

Land use and cover changes trigger multi-factorial responses with tangible and intangible effects. Driving forces governing changes are scale-, place- and time-dependent; because of their complexity, a multi-scalar analysis is required to determine conjoint causation. Studies using multi-scalar approach in semiarid scrubland ecosystems are scanty. This paper investigates land use changes on the largest semiarid scrubland ecosystem of Mexico, the Baja California Peninsula, using a multi-scalar analysis approach. It further provides insight into the likely underlying causes for land use trends. Multi-temporal databases were compiled for 1978, 1990, 2000 and 2003 from various sources; population was projected for the same years. Land cover processes were validated through intensive fieldwork. Map overlapping with the aid of geographic information systems allowed computation of land cover transformation rates. New algorithms were developed to better understand land cover trends. Multi-variate analysis was also performed to provide a synthetic statistical overview. Results showed that land cover change occurred at different times, at variable scales, due to distinct drivers. As a consequence, the current regional scenario has been shaped by distinguishable socio-economic changes. The semiarid scrubland ecosystems in the Baja California Peninsula experienced contrasting trends detectable only at site and local scales. Regionally, the replacement of original vegetation (scrubland) for other land cover category is following trends similar to those in the rest of Mexico and most semiarid ecosystems worldwide. These findings support the hypothesis that land use and cover changes must be analyzed at different times and scales to deeply understand underlying forces.

Prevalencia de estrés postraumático en unidades de medicina familiar de seis ciudades de la frontera México-Estados Unidos de América

determine the prevalence of the post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) in Family Medicine Units (umf) of six border cities of the North of the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Material and methods: descriptive and cross-sectional study. A not randomized sample by quota. The study was carried out between January and December 2009. 300 patients were included of the 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 33, 36, 40 and 79 Family Medicine Units of the Mexican Institute of Social Security in the cities of Matamoros, Reynosa, Miguel Aleman, Diaz Ordaz, Rio Bravo and Camargo of the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico. 53.7% patients were female and 46.3% were male. The study included people of both genders and adults who had at least one year of residence in the border area of the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Results: 49.68% women and 50.36% men had ptsd. The most common stress-producing factors in this area were: natural disasters, violent or sudden death death of a close family and family violence. Conclusions: the ptsd was more frequent in women and the most common factors were theft and rape and/or sexual abuse. The results of this study show that conditions of security and life in general in patients who belong to this group of the umf differ with those of the rest of Mexico; where it has been identified that from 1% to 5% of the population has been exposed to ptsd in contrast with more than 49% identified in this research.

Mexico's National Indigenist Institute and the Negotiation of Applied Anthropology in Highland Chiapas, 1951-1954

Based on documents housed in Mexico City and Chiapas, this essay describes how Mexico's National Indigenist Institute (INI) managed to establish its pilot Coordinating Center in highland Chiapas in 1951. Facing opposition from the state government, the state alcohol monopoly, and many Tzeltal and Tzotzil indigenous communities, the INI employed bilingual indigenous “cultural promoters” to negotiate its programs in education, road construction, and public health. As it turns out, the INI's most innovative negotiating tool was a bilingual hand-puppet troupe, the Teatro Petul, which promoted the INI's unpopular public health campaigns. By 1954, the INI and its cultural promoters had built dozens of bilingual schools and a road network in the highlands and were challenging the abuses of local non-Indians, especially those associated with the alcohol monopoly. Paradoxically, the INI's initial success in Chiapas also contained the seeds for its eventual failure. In its bids to overcome opposition to its programs, the INI relied heavily on its indigenous brokers. Many of these men later used their relatively privileged positions to control access to government resources and secure political positions within their communities. The INI's negotiations with the state government and the alcohol monopoly taught indigenistas that it was easier to induce change on Indians than it was to challenge the overarching political and economic systems that exploited them. Mexican indigenistas crafted a development model that focused inward, on the indigenous themselves, and avoided clashes with powerful interests. This strategy allowed the INI to perpetuate itself and survive politically for five decades in Chiapas and the rest of Mexico, but it greatly limited the extent to which Mexican indigenismo could effect real change.

El Golfo de México en la centuria decimonónica: Entornos geográficos, formación portuaria y configuración marítima

El Golfo de México en la centuria decimonónica: Entornos geográficos, formación portuaria y configuración marítima

Quintana Roo Archaeology

Mexico's southern state of Quintana Roo is often perceived by archaeologists as a blank spot on the map of the Maya world, a region generally assumed to hold little of interest thanks to its relative isolation from the rest of Mexico. But salvage archaeology required by recent development along the ?Maya Riviera, along with a suite of other ongoing and recent research projects, have shown that the region was critical in connecting coastal and inland zones, and it is now viewed as an important area in its own right from Preclassic through post-contact times. The first volume devoted to the archaeology of Quintana Roo, this book reveals a long tradition of exploration and discovery in the region and an increasingly rich recent history of study. Covering a time span from the Formative period through the early twentieth century, it offers a sampling of recent and ongoing research by Mexican, North American, and European archaeologists. Each of the chapters helps to integrate sites within and beyond the borders of the modern state, inviting readers to consider Quintana Roo as part of an interacting Maya world whose boundaries were entirely different from today's. In taking in the range of the region, the authors consider studies in the northern part of the state resulting from modern development around Cancun; the mid-state sites of Muyil and Yookop, both of which witnessed continual occupations from the Middle Preclassic through the Postclassic; and new data from such southern sites as Cerros, Lagartera, and Chichmuul. The contributions consider such subjects as ceramic controversies, settlement shifts, site planning strategies, epigraphic and iconographic materials, the impact of recent coastal development, and the interplay between ancient, historic, and modern use of the region. Many of the chapters confirm the region as a cultural corridor between Coba and the southern lowland centers and address demographic shifts of the Terminal Classic through Postclassic periods, while others help elucidate some of Peter Harrison's Uaymil Survey work of the 1970s. Quintana Roo Archaeology unfolds a rich archaeological record spanning 2,500 years, depicting the depth and breadth of modern archaeological studies within the state. It is an important touchstone for Maya and Mesoamerican archaeologists, demonstrating the shifting web of connections between Quintanarooense sites and their neighbors, and confirming the need to integrate this region into a broader understanding of the ancient Maya.

Transfusion‐associated Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) in Mexico: implications for transfusion medicine in the United States

Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan cause of Chagas disease, causes life-long infection and is easily transmitted by blood transfusion. Our goals were to determine the prevalence of Chagas disease among donors in five Mexican blood banks, to look for evidence of transmission of T. cruzi by transfusion, and to evaluate two serologic assays for Chagas disease. Blood samples from donors were tested initially with the Abbott Chagas EIA or the Meridian Chagas' IgG ELISA. Samples giving readings that were at least 50% of the cutoffs were run in a confirmatory radioimmune precipitation assay (RIPA), as were samples from recipients of blood products from RIPA-positive donors. The overall prevalence of Chagas disease was 1/133 (55/7,296; 0.75%). In addition, 4 of 9 surviving recipients of blood products from T. cruzi-infected donors were in turn infected. Using the manufacturers' recommended cutoffs, the sensitivity and specificity of the Abbott test were 92.0% (23/25) and 99.8% (2,865/2,872) respectively, and the corresponding values for the Meridian assay were 70.0% (21/30) and 100.0% (4,369/4,369). These findings indicate clearly that transfusion-associated transmission of T. cruzi is occurring in the study areas. Serologic testing of blood donors for Chagas disease should be performed there and in the rest of Mexico. The two screening assays evaluated may lack the accuracy necessary for blood donor testing when used as suggested by the manufacturers.

Deference and Defiance in Monterrey: Workers, Paternalism, and Revolution in Mexico, 1890–1950

Deference and Defiance in Monterrey: Workers, Paternalism, and Revolution in Mexico, 1890–1950

Beneficios económicos potenciales de tecnología bovina de doble propósito en el trópico mexicano

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los retornos economicos de la tecnologia bovina de doble proposito en Mexico. Los beneficios de la tecnologia fueron estimados mediante un modelo de excedente economico, bajo los supuestos de un pais pequeno. Definiendose dos mercados: leche y carne, integrados por dos funciones de oferta (region tropical y resto de Mexico) y una funcion de demanda bajo dos escenarios: pais importador neto con economia abierta (PINEA) y pais con economia cerrada (PECE). Para estimar los incrementos en el excedente del productor y del consumidor de cambios en el uso de tecnologia, se integro informacion estadistica de oferta, demanda y precio de leche y carne, informacion secundaria de elasticidades, precio e inversiones para generar y promover dicha tecnologia, se aplicaron dos encuestas: una a productores, para cuantificar la reduccion neta del costo de produccion y una a tecnicos para cuantificar el retraso en la adopcion de tecnologia. Se asumio un retraso de siete anos entre la generacion de tecnologia y la adopcion por los productores. Las estimaciones de beneficio-costo obtenidas para los escenarios de PINEA y PECE, muestran respectivamente, retornos del 51 y 50 % a las inversiones en investigacion y extension, si todos los productores adoptaran la tecnologia. El nivel minimo de adopcion para generar retornos de al menos 10 % sobre las inversiones publicas fue de n y 10 %. El estudio indica que los retornos a la investigacion y extension publica en ganaderia bovina en Mexico son altos y que a pesar de los niveles bajos de adopcion, estos justifican los gastos realizados.

Maternal Education and Maternal Behaviour in Mexico: Implications for the Changing Characteristics of Mexican Immigrants to the United States

This article summarises findings of research designed to shed light on the mechanisms by which female schooling changes atttitudes to childbearing and childrearing in Mexico. The data reported come primarily from a 1987 survey in the rural Mexican town of Tilzapotla in the state of Morelos. Subsidiary data come from a later survey in 1990 and from a survey and home observations carried out in 1983 in the urban area of Cuernavaca. Conditions of childbearing and childrearing in Tilzapotla and Cuernavaca are relevant to these issues among Mexican immigrants in the United States because these communities are among many in Mexico from which Mexican immigrants to the United States originate. Together the results indicate that increases in maternal schooling lead to more prenatal care, more use of contraception, and smaller family size. The studies indicate that the pathways by which these effects are achieved relate to the emphasis that schools place on verbal interaction and decontextualised language use. This communication model presented in school by the teacher subsequently influences the way the schooled mother deals with her own children, with mass media, and with the health care system. The overall level of education in Tilzapotla, as in the rest of Mexico, has been rising over the last two decades. Current Mexican immigrants to the United States therefore arrive with higher levels of education than was the case 20 or 30 years ago. As a consequence, findings concerning the effects of maternal education on childbearing and childrearing imply that mothers currently immigrating from Mexico will more frequently have the childbearing and childrearing attitudes, skills, and practices of the more highly educated Mexican mothers in our studies than was the case in past decades of immigration.

A Preliminary Report of an Archaeological Survey in Southern Sonora, Mexico; 1953

The location of Sonora in northwestern Mexico, and its peripheral relationship with the Southwest, make this desolate region important in the study of the development of primitive, Mexican Indian cultures. Sonora represents a marginal contact area, almost wholely separated from the rest of Mexico in its development of aboriginal populations. It is related in some ways to the archaeological manifestations of the Southwest, but for the most part the present international border served as an invisible barrier against the advance of major Mexican influence, up the west coast. Lying between the latitudes of 20020'0 and 31019'30 to 320 28'36, Sonora is bounded on the north by Arizona, on the east by Chihuahua, and the southernmost extremity by Sinaloa; on the west, the Gulf of California serves as a natural barrier. Its topographical pattern varies from coastal alluvial plains, to barren desert wastelands, and formidable jagged mountain peaks in the Sierra Madre. Though important during the Spanish conquest of the Southwest and the development of early Californian mission history, the archaeological picture of Sonora has been greatly neglected. Early travellers commented upon the mixed Indian populations and the evidence of archaeological ruins about the countryside. But the actual exploration of these has been postponed for several reasons: (1) Sonora's general inaccessibility due to poor transportation facilities, particularly poorly-graded roads and trails; (2) torrid heat conditions during the summer months when most investigators have time available for research; (3) the need to obtain archaeological permits, travel visas, and to satisfy other Mexican government requirements; (4) the more lucrative offerings of other archaeological zones in southern Mexico; and, (5) until the late 1930's, by occasional Yaqui Indian raids on Mexican settlements--which did not aid in furthering scientific interest. Consequently, not a great deal of survey work has been undertaken in this region.

The Socialist Invasion of Baja California, 1911

Research Article| September 01 1946 The Socialist Invasion of Baja California, 1911 Peter Gerhard Peter Gerhard Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Pacific Historical Review (1946) 15 (3): 295–304. https://doi.org/10.2307/3635477 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Peter Gerhard; The Socialist Invasion of Baja California, 1911. Pacific Historical Review 1 September 1946; 15 (3): 295–304. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3635477 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentPacific Historical Review Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1946 The Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.