Rest Interval Research Articles

Examining the Effects of Strength Training with Load Progression on Sleep Parameters and Mental Health in College Students

Abstract Objective To compare the effects of strength training with load progression after 4 weeks on sleep parameters and mental health in college students. Methods A total of 17 university students (11 women, 6 men), ranging from 18 to 21 years old, were randomized into a strength training group (STG) and a control group (CG). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), insomnia severity questionnaire, hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale, profile of mood states (POMS), and chronotype were used to evaluate the main outcomes. Training consisted of 60 minute·d−1 (2 times/week, for 4-weeks), with 3 sets of 10 to 12 repetitions, and a 1-minute rest interval between sets and exercises. Baseline and postintervention differences were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results After 4 weeks of ST, a significant time effect on the chronotype (β: 1.33; p < 0.05) was observed in the STG. Additionally, there was a significant time and group effect in the reduction of tension (β: 5.00; p < 0.05), depression (β: 15.41; p < 0.05), anger (β: 8.00; p < 0.05), and confusion (β: 6.50; p < 0.05). For fatigue (β: 2.66; p < 0.05), there was a significant time effect difference in its reduction. Vigor was meaningfully increased in the STG group (β: −1.75; p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was observed between sleep quality and anxiety (r = 0.54; p = 0.03). Finally, insomnia was positively related with an increase in confusion (r = 0.70; p = 0.04) and anxiety (r = 0.52; p = 0.04), as well as with a decrease in vigor (r = −0.71; p = 0.03). Discussion Short-term strength training for 4 weeks was effective for improving mental health, helping achieve characteristics of a positive mood profile, that is, low values for negative factors and a high value for the positive factor.

Effects of accumulated exercise on the stiffness and hemodynamics of the common carotid artery.

Purpose: This research aims to study and compare the effects of moderate-intensity continuous exercise and accumulated exercise with different number of bouts on common carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamic variables. Methods: Thirty healthy male adults were recruited to complete four trials in a randomized crossover design: no-exercise (CON); continuous exercise (CE, 30-min cycling); accumulated exercise including two or three bouts with 10-min rest intervals (AE15, 2 × 15-min cycling; AE10, 3 × 10-min cycling). The intensity in all the exercise trials was set at 45%-55% heart rate reserve. Blood pressure, right common carotid artery center-line velocity, and arterial inner diameter waveforms were measured at baseline and immediately after exercise (0min), 10 min, and 20 min. Results: 1) The arterial stiffness index and pressure-strain elastic modulus of the CE and AE15 groups increased significantly at 0min, arterial diameters decreased in AE15 and AE10, and all indicators recovered at 10min. 2) The mean blood flow rate and carotid artery center-line velocity increased in all trials at 0min, and only the mean blood flow rate of AE10 did not recover at 10min. 3) At 0min, the blood pressure in all trials was found to be increased, and the wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index of AE10 were different from those in CE and AE15. At 20min, the blood pressure of AE10 significantly decreased, and the dynamic resistance, pulsatility index, and peripheral resistance of CE partially recovered. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the acute effects of continuous exercise and accumulated exercise on the arterial stiffness and diameter of the carotid artery. Compared with continuous exercise, accumulated exercise with an increased number of bouts is more effective in increasing cerebral blood supply and blood pressure regulation, and its oscillatory shear index recovers faster. However, the improvement of blood flow resistance in continuous exercise was better than that in accumulated exercise.

Теоретическое обоснование моделирования содержание ключевых компонентов оздоровительной тренировки работников сельскохозяйственного предприятия

Agricultural workers face a number of factors on a daily basis that negatively affect their health. These are irregular work schedules, physical activities associated with the peculiarities of agricultural production, and negative environmental impacts. Wellness training is an effective tool in maintaining the health and improving the efficiency of staff. One of the most popular forms of wellness training is circular training. Modeling the key components of such training plays an important role in achieving the desired results. Keywords: WELLNESS TRAINING, PRINCIPLES, METHODS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, REST INTERVAL, FATIGUE, HARDENING

Efectos del entrenamiento cluster sobre la hipertrofia muscular: Una revisión sistemática

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effects of cluster training on musclehypertrophy.Methodology: A literature search was performed in the electronic databases Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science,using the following keywords: “cluster training”, “rest interval”, “rest pause”, “hypertrophy”, “resistance training”and “cross sectional area”. We included clinical trials that used cluster training as an intervention in people over 18years of age of both sexes.Results: The systematic review obtained during the search of the databases consulted yielded a total of 23 potentially eligible articles, of which a sample of 9 was taken from which results could be obtained that responded to the objective of this review. The number of participants from the 9 eligible articles was 172 subjects. Cluster workouts allow for increased training volume and intensity without causing high levels of fatigue, thus favoring the development of musclehypertrophy.Conclusions: The results of this systematic review suggest that cluster training can be an effective tool for the development of muscle hypertrophy.

Will Music Give Me Power? Effects of Listening to Music during Active and Passive Rest Intervals on Power Output during Resistance Exercise.

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of listening to preferred music during active/passive rest on power output and heart rate in barbell squats (BS) and bench presses (BP). Fifteen participants (13 males and 2 females), moderately resistance trained, were engaged in four randomized experimental sessions with varying rest intervals (active/passive) and music presence (listening or not). Each session involved three sets of three repetitions of BS and BP at a 50% one-repetition maximum. ANOVA showed a significant main effect of the set for BP relative mean and peak power output (p < 0.001; both). The post hoc comparisons indicated a significantly higher BP relative mean and peak power output in set_2 (p < 0.001; effect size [ES] = 0.12 and p < 0.001; ES = 0.10) and set_3 (p < 0.001; ES = 0.11 and p = 0.001; ES = 0.16) in comparison to set_1. Moreover, a main effect of the set indicating a decrease in BS relative peak power output across sets was observed (p = 0.024) with no significant differences between sets. A significantly higher mean heart rate during active rest in comparison to passive rest was observed (p = 0.032; ES = 0.69). The results revealed no significant effect of listening to music on relative power output and heart rate during BS and BP.

Metabolomic responses to high-intensity interval exercise in equine skeletal muscle: effects of rest interval duration.

High-intensity interval training has attracted considerable attention as a time-efficient strategy for inducing physiological adaptations, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. By using metabolomics techniques, we investigated changes in the metabolic network responses in Thoroughbred horses to high-intensity interval exercise performed with two distinct (15 min or 2 min) rest intervals. The peak plasma lactate level was higher during high-intensity exercise with a 2 min rest duration than that with a 15 min rest duration (24.5±6.8 versus 13.3±2.7 mmol l-1). The arterial oxygen saturation was lower at the end of all exercise sessions with a 2 min rest duration than that with a 15 min rest duration. Metabolomic analysis of skeletal muscle revealed marked changes in metabolite concentrations in the first and third bouts of the 15 min rest interval conditions. In contrast, there were no metabolite concentrations or pathways that significantly changed during the third bout of exercise performed with a 2 min rest interval. Our findings suggest that the activity of each energy production system is not necessarily reflected by apparent changes in metabolite concentrations, potentially due in part to a better match between metabolite flux into and out of the pathway and cycle, as well as between metabolite production and disposal. This study provides evidence that changes in metabolite concentrations vary greatly depending on the number of repetitions and the length of rest periods between exercises, even if the exercises themselves are identical.

Walking around the preferred speed: examination of metabolic, perceptual, spatiotemporal and stability parameters.

Walking is the most accessible and common type of physical activity. Exercising at one's self-selected intensity could provide long-term benefits as compared to following prescribed intensities. The aim of this study was to simultaneously examine metabolic, perceptual, spatiotemporal and stability parameters at an absolute 3km·h-1 speed range around the individual preferred walking speed (PWS). Thirty-four young sedentary adults (18 women) volunteered to walk at seven speeds relative to their PWS in 3-min trials interspaced with 3-min rest intervals. Results indicated a significant main effect of speed on all studied variables. While metabolic, perceptual and spatiotemporal values were sensitive to the smallest change in speed (i.e., 0.5km·h-1), a significant increase in the rate of carbohydrate oxidation and decrease in %fat oxidation were only observed at speeds above PWS. Results also revealed significantly higher coefficients of variation for stride characteristics at speeds below PWS only. Moreover, analyses of best fit models showed a quadratic relationship between most variables and speed, with the exceptions of metabolic cost of transport, rating of perceived exertion and stride duration that changed exponentially with speed. PWS coincided with optimized mechanical efficiency, fuel oxidation and gait stability. This indicated that walking below PWS decreased both mechanical efficiency and stability of gait, while walking above PWS increased carbohydrate oxidation. Those factors seem to play an important role as determinants of PWS. We suggest that walking at PWS may provide benefits in terms of fat oxidation while optimizing gait stability.

Up-to-date understanding of overtraining syndrome and overlap with related disorders

Abstract: Introduction: The rigorous training regimens of elite athletes are, by nature, emotionally, physically, and mentally demanding. These regimens can result in marked improvements in athletic performance when they incorporate adequate intervals of rest and recovery. Continued training in the absence of adequate recovery progresses to a constellation of symptoms that affect medical and mental health, which is referred to as overtraining syndrome (OTS). Method: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, a database of reference on medical research maintained by the US national Library of Medicine and the National Institute of Health. Search terms included “overtraining syndrome”, “Unexplained Underperformance” (UUPS), “Burnout” in athletes. Results: The collection of the published work provides insight into the multidimensional composition and complexity of OTS in athletes. OTS progresses along a continuum without adequate recovery. Conclusion: Decreased athletic performance in the setting of increased training intensity without appropriate recovery, often accompanied by changes in mood, motivation, and general well-being are the distinctive features of OTS. OTS is preceded by stages of underperformance that are reversable and preventable, highlighting the importance of recognizing, managing, and preventing overtraining in athletes in order to prevent long-term negative outcomes is a maladaptive response to an imbalance between exercise and recovery.

Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity, and to explore the optimal dose of high-intensity interval training to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Randomized controlled trials on the effects of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity were retrieved from six electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP. The quality assessment of the included studies was conducted following the revised quality evaluation method based on the PRISMA principles. Keywords for literature search mainly include high-intensity interval, cardiorespiratory fitness, overweight, obese, children, and adolescent, etc. (1) A total of 18 studies, comprising 581 participants (288 in the intervention group and 293 in the control group), were included and all of them were of moderate to high quality. (2) HIIT had a positive effect on the cardiorespiratory fitness levels of in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity (SMD = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.66, 1.15; p < 0.00001). (3) The improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness was more significant when the HIIT intervention lasted for more than 10 weeks (SMD = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.34; p < 0.00001), was conducted 3 times per week, with 2 to 8 sets per session (SMD = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.71, 1.55; p < 0.00001), and maintained a ratio of approximately 1:1 between exercise and rest intervals (SMD = 1.11; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.50; p < 0.00001). (1) Long-term HIIT can improve cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. (2) To achieve significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness in a short period, children and adolescents with overweight or obesity can engage in HIIT programs lasting for more than 10 weeks, conducted 3 times per week, with 2 to 8 sets per session, and a ratio of approximately 1:1 between exercise and rest intervals. Identifier: INPLASY202350033.

Differences between 48 and 72-hour intervals on match load and subsequent recovery: a report from the Brazilian under-20 national football team

PurposeTo compare the external and internal load and subsequent recovery of football players after international tournament matches separated by 48 h vs. 72 h.MethodsA total of 14 male football players from the Brazilian National Team, competing in the 2019 South American Under-20 Championship, participated in the study. Match load was quantified using GPS variables and perceived exertion ratings (1). Additionally, before and 13–15 h after each match, players answered questions about the number of hours and quality of sleep, recovery status, and muscle soreness (0–10) and provided a blood sample for creatine kinase and reactive C-protein analysis. Values of all variables were compared between matches played with 48-h intervals (matches 1–4) and 72-h intervals (matches 5–8).ResultsNo significant differences in performance or perceptual parameters were observed between matches (p = 0.136–0.953). However, CK was higher in matches 1–4 compared to matches 5 and 6; and ΔPCR was higher in matches 2 and 3 compared to matches 5 and 6, and in match 4 compared to matches 5 and 8.ConclusionsAfter matches with a 48-h rest interval, players showed increased markers of inflammation and muscle damage compared to matches with a 72-h rest interval.

Effects of High-Load Bench Press Training with Different Blood Flow Restriction Pressurization Strategies on the Degree of Muscle Activation in the Upper Limbs of Bodybuilders.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different pressurization modes during high-load bench press training on muscle activation and subjective fatigue in bodybuilders. Methods: Ten bodybuilders participated in a randomized, self-controlled crossover experimental design, performing bench press training under three different pressurization modes: T1 (low pressure, high resistance), T2 (high pressure, high resistance), and C (non-pressurized conventional). Surface EMG signals were recorded from the pectoralis major, deltoid, and triceps muscles using a Delsys Trigno wireless surface EMG during bench presses. Subjective fatigue was assessed immediately after the training session. Results: (1) Pectoralis major muscle: The muscle activation degree of the T1 group was significantly higher than that of the blank control group during the bench press (p < 0.05). The muscle activation degree of the T2 group was significantly higher than that of the C group during the bench press (p < 0.05). In addition, the muscle activation degree of the T2 group was significantly higher than that of the T1 group during the first group bench press (p < 0.05). (2) Deltoid muscle: The muscle activation degree of the T2 group during the third group bench press was significantly lower than the index values of the first two groups (p < 0.05). The muscle activation degree in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the C group (p < 0.05). The degree of muscle activation in the T2 group was significantly higher than that in the T1 group during the first bench press (p < 0.05). (3) Triceps: The muscle activation degree of the T1 group was significantly higher than the index value of the third group during the second group bench press (p < 0.05), while the muscle activation degree of the T2 group was significantly lower than the index value of the first two groups during the third group bench press (p < 0.05). The degree of muscle activation in all experimental groups was significantly higher than that in group C (p < 0.05). (5) RPE index values in all groups were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The RPE value of the T1 group was significantly higher than that of the C group after bench press (p < 0.05). The RPE value of the T1 group was significantly higher than that of the C group after bench press (p < 0.05). In the third group, the RPE value of the T1 group was significantly higher than that of the C and T2 groups (p = 0.002) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The activation of the pectoralis major, triceps brachii, and deltoid muscles is significantly increased by high-intensity bench press training with either continuous or intermittent pressurization. However, continuous pressurization results in a higher level of perceived fatigue. The training mode involving high pressure and high resistance without pressurization during sets but with 180 mmHg occlusion pressure and pressurization during rest intervals yields the most pronounced overall effect on muscle activation.

Discretizing low-intensity whole-body vibration into bouts with short rest intervals promotes bone defect repair in osteoporotic mice.

Continuous administration of low-intensity whole-body vibration (WBV) gradually diminishes bone mechanosensitivity over time, leading to a weakening of its osteogenic effect. We investigated whether discretizing WBV into bouts with short rest intervals was effective in enhancing osteoporotic bone repair. Ten-week-old female mice were ovariectomized and underwent drill-hole defect surgery (Day 0) on the right tibial diaphysis at 11 weeks of age. The mice underwent one of three regimens starting from Day1 for 5 days/week: continuous WBV at 45 Hz and 0.3 g for 7.5 min/day (cWBV); 3-sbouts of WBV at 45 Hz, 0.3 g followed by 9-srest intervals, repeated for 30 min/day (repeated bouts of whole-body vibration with short rest intervals[rWBV]); or a sham treatment. Both the cWBV and rWBV groups received a total of 20,250 vibration cycles per day. On either Day 7 or 14 posteuthanasia (n = 6/group/timepoint), the bone and angiogenic vasculature in the defect were computed tomographyimaged using synchrotron light. By Day 14, the bone repair was most advanced in the rWBV group, showing a higher bone volume fraction and a more uniform mineral distribution compared with the sham group. The cWBV group exhibited an intermediate level of bone repair between the sham and rWBV groups. The rWBV group had a decrease in large-sized angiogenic vessels, while the cWBV group showed an increase in such vessels. In conclusion, osteoporotic bone repair was enhanced by WBV bouts with short rest intervals, which may potentially be attributed to the improved mechanosensitivity of osteogenic cells and alterations in angiogenic vasculature.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Eccentric Half-Squats for Post-Activation Performance Enhancement in Jump Ability in Male Jumpers

The purpose of the present study was to investigate effect of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) induced by the eccentric half-squat exercise on vertical jump performance in male jumpers. The jumping height, peak power, and work were measured and evaluated in twenty male jumpers (age: 21.2 ± 1.7 years, height: 191.1 ± 3.3 cm, body mass: 81.56 ± 7.3 kg) who participated in the national championship last year. Participants performed five eccentric half-squats at 85% of their one-repetition maximum (1 RM), with a knee angle below 90°, followed by immediate and 2 min delayed jump assessments using the Squat Jump (SJ) and Countermovement Jump (CMJ) tests. Results showed that this specific PAPE protocol did not significantly improve jump performance for the SJ (Height: ES = 0.613, p = 0.462, Work: ES = 0.124, p = 0.231, Power: ES = 0.382, p = 0.125) or CMJ (Height: ES = 0.523, p = 0.368, Work ecc: ES = 0.133, p = 0.505 (only main effect time p &lt; 0.05), Work con: ES = 0.114, p = 0.101, Power ecc: ES = 0.134, p = 0.177, Power con: ES = 0.182, p = 0.195, Leg stiffness: ES = 0.095, p = 0.358) tests. Factors such as stimulus specificity, rest intervals, muscle length, and the balance between potentiation and fatigue may explain these results. This study highlights the complexity of PAPE responses and suggests that a single set of eccentric squats with a short rest may not improve jump performance in male jumpers. Further research is required to optimize the interplay between conditioning stimuli and rest periods to maximize PAPE effects in athletic performance enhancement.

Remedial exercise training program (aerobic and brisk walk training) for type II diabetes (T2DM)

Diabetes type 2 Mellitus (T2DM) is a severe world crisis. The Indian population, mostly above forty years’ age group they sick with Diabetes. Most doctors prescribe walking as an endurance activity to improve diabetic patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise, including spot jogging, stepping, jumping exercises and simple dance movements, together with brisk walking on the improvement of type II diabetes. Ten subjects with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were selected as participants for this study. Totally 12 weeks of training was executed for this diabetes group, the training intensity was followed beginning with two minutes of continuous exercises with one-minute rest interval, and it has been progressively increased. The timing and intensity continue to forty minutes with five minutes’ rest intervals to reach to find the improvement in Type II diabetes. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0 was used to analyze the data. Aerobic exercises and brisk walking significantly reduced the body weight, blood sugar level and showed significant changes in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of type II diabetes.

Effects of short and long inter-set rest on maximal isokinetic strength at slow and fast angular velocities in trained young males after eight weeks of resistance training

Resistance training is a widely used method to enhance muscle strength, with acute program variables influencing muscle adaptations. This study focused on the often-neglected variable of inter-set rest interval duration and its impact on muscle strength gains. Existing literature presents conflicting findings, with some studies advocating for longer rest intervals, while the others show comparable strength increases with shorter rests. Methodological differences in prescription and sample groups contributed to these inconsistencies. This study investigated the effect of short and long inter-set rests on maximal isokinetic strength gains of the upper and lower extremities during slow and fast angular velocities after eight weeks of resistance training. The research involved 26 healthy strength-trained males (age=20±1 year, body mass=81.5±8.8 kg, body height=184.4±6.1 cm) randomly assigned to G1m (1-minute rest) or G3m (3-minute rest). The resistance training programs were matched for all acute program variables, emphasizing the rest interval as the primary difference. Isokinetic dynamometry pre- and post-training assessed knee and elbow extensor and flexor maximal strength at 60º/s and 120º/s. The training program consisted of seven exercises performed at 70% 1RM until muscle failure three times per week over eight weeks. The most important result was that G3m, in contrast to G1m, led to a higher increase in peak torque of the knee (p=.037) and elbow extensors (p=.007) as well as the elbow flexors (p=.045) at 60º/s. Furthermore, G3m and G1m similarly increased the peak torque of the knee and elbow extensors and flexors at 120º/s and of the knee flexors at 60º/s (p&amp;gt;.138). In conclusion, the study suggests that strength training with longer inter-set rest intervals may lead to similar strength gains as strength training with shorter inter-set rest intervals. Nonetheless, individuals who prioritize maximizing their strength gains are advised to utilize longer rest intervals. However, shorter rest intervals may still yield significant strength enhancements, particularly for those who are limited by time.

Effects of different rest intervals in high intensity interval training programs on VO2max, body composition, and isokinetic strength and power

Effects of different rest intervals in high intensity interval training programs on VO2max, body composition, and isokinetic strength and power

RECUPERAÇÃO ENTRE SÉRIES NO TREINO DE FORÇA: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA E META-ANALISE

ABSTRACT Introduction: The recovery interval (RI) between sets and exercises has received attention from strength training (ST) researchers, to understand the relationship of rest on performance maintenance, especially the total load in a training session. It is known that each individual responds in a specific way to the training stimulus. So, what would be the effect of the different recovery interval strategies on the strength performance? Objective: Compare the different recovery intervals in strength training volume, considering the number of repetitions in healthy adults. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on methodological criteria, comparing fixed and self-selected RI on training volume, identified by the number of repetitions performed in a weight training program. Three electronic databases (Pubmed, VHL Virtual Health Library, Ebsco Sportdiscus) were analyzed, combining the expressions “resistance training”, “resistance exercise”, “strength exercise”, “recovery interval”, “rest interval”, “interval auto suggested”, “auto range selected” with “AND” and “OR” combination. Results: Pooled data from five studies showed a large significant effect in favor of the experimental group (&gt;2 minutes) (MD: 1.24; 95%-CI [0.78; 1.71]; z: 5.25, Q:1.08; p &lt; 0.01), since in the studies, recovery interval allowed a greater training volume. Conclusion: Longer RI seems be better, for maintaining total training volume, although there is no consensus for different training objectives against the self-selected RI. Thus, we imagine that this strategy may be important in the organizing a bodybuilding exercise program. Level of Evidence I; Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.

The effect of aerobic and high-intensity interval training on plasma pentraxin 3 and lipid parameters in overweight and obese women.

It is unclear whether different exercise programs lead to an increase in the concentration of plasma Pentraxin3 (PTX3), an anti-inflammatory protein. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on plasma PTX3 levels in overweight and obese women. A total of 45 sedentary women aged between 32.26 ± 6.30 voluntarily participated in the study. The control group (CG, n=15) was selected among normal-weight women. Women in the group of participants who partook in exercise consisted of overweight and obese women according to a random method, including the AE group (n=15) and the HIIT group (n=15). The AE session conducted was 50 min in duration and consisted of warm-up exercises (5 min), and primary exercises (40 min, basic aerobic-step exercises). HIIT consists of warm-up exercises (5 min), primary exercises (work intervals: 6-10 × 1 min (80-90% HRmax), rest intervals: 1 min (walk, 50% HRmax), 21-29 min running. The exercises were applied for three sessions/week for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken from all participants before and after exercise and their body composition was measured. As a result of two different 12-week exercises, serum PTX3 levels increased significantly by 47.53% in the AE group and 50.21% in the HIIT group (p<0.01). It was determined that the mean PTX3 before and after exercise increased from 1.71 ± 0.43 to 2.47 ± 0.40 ng/dL and HIIT from 1.62 ± 0.39 to 2.31 ± 0.33 ng/dL. A significant decrease in body mass index (BMI) values were detected, approximately 5.81% in the AE group and 5.06% in the HIIT group (p<.01). A significant decrease was detected in glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, and hsCRP whereas HDL-C and VO2max value increased significantly in both exercise groups (p<.05; p<.01). There were no significant differences in TG and TC levels between groups (p>.05). Also, no significant differences were found between the two types of exercises in terms of parameters. A significant negative correlation in the total sample was found between PTX3 with BMI, fat mass, LDL-C, and hsCRP. The percentage change in PTX3 values was not different between exercise types, whereas PTX3 was increased with exercise, regardless of the type of exercise. It can be said that both aerobic and HIIT increase PTX3, VO2max levels and improve lipid metabolism in overweight and obese women.

Effects of different ischemic pressures on bar velocity during the bench press exercise: A randomized crossover trial.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different ischemic pressures applied during rest intervals on bar velocity during the bench press exercise. 10 resistance-trained males (age = 23.2 ± 2.7 years; body mass = 83.9 ± 9 kg; body height = 181 ± 5.2 cm; bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) = 125 ± 16.4 kg; training experience = 5.4 ± 3.4 years) participated in the study. During 4 experimental sessions, following a randomized crossover design, the subjects performed 5 sets of 3 repetitions of the bench press exercise with a load of 60% 1RM under conditions: with ischemia (50% or 80% of arterial occlusion pressure), with SHAM ischemia (20 mmHg) and without ischemia (control condition). For the ischemic conditions cuffs were applied before each set for 6.5 min and released 30 s before the start of the set as reperfusion (6.5 min ischemia + 0.5 min reperfusion). In the control condition, ischemia was not applied. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant condition × set interaction for mean bar velocity (MV; p = 0.17) and peak bar velocity (PV; p = 0.66). There was also no main effect of condition for MV (p = 0.58) and PV (p = 0.61). The results indicate that ischemic or SHAM treatment (6.5 minutes ischemia or SHAM + 30 s reperfusion) does not affect mean and peak bar velocity during the bench press exercise regardless of the applied pressure.

Spaced Use of Social Media Apps Among Motor Practice Trials Impacts Performance Without Influencing Mental Fatigue and Motor Learning

We aimed to investigate the impact of smartphone use during intertrial intervals within a distributed practice regime on mental fatigue, performance, and learning of a balance motor skill. One hundred and thirty-six participants were randomly divided into two groups: the smartphone use group (SMARTPHONE) and the control group (CONTROL). The SMARTPHONE accessed social media during the rest periods within a distributed practice of a balance task, whereas the CONTROL rested passively during the rest periods. The participants practiced the toe-touch task. The participants underwent a pretest consisting of one trial. Subsequently, the participants were engaged in practice, completing six trials interspersed with 2-min intervals of either rest or smartphone use. Following the practice phase, a posttest was conducted, and after 24 hr, we administered a retention test and a transfer test. The number of touches and the number of errors (contacting the ground with the free leg to regain balance) were performance measures. We evaluated the participants’ mental fatigue after the practice session using a visual analog scale. The groups demonstrated similar mental fatigue after practice. Our results suggest that using social media on smartphones during rest periods within a distributed practice impairs performance but not motor learning.