Responsible Way Research Articles

Application of ISO 26000 in digital education during COVID-19

Digital education in schools through artificial intelligence, big data and other technologies is conducive to improving teaching efficiency and promoting teaching progress. Unfortunately, many schools lack a sense of social responsibility when applying digital education. Students are online more than ever before. There are the potential for increased exposure to risks such as exposure to harmful content, cyberbullying, age-inappropriate advertising and data misuse, which affect students’ well-being and undermine their right to privacy. Schools should bear the overall social moral level of social responsibility. This paper focuses on the social responsibility of schools under the new crown epidemic and holds that implanting social responsibility into the value system of the current digital education reform, which can promote the sustainable development of education. This is also a relatively neglected problem in the practice of educational reform. European standard: ISO26000 is adopted as a CEN-standard. 21 October 2020 the stakeholder consultation process in the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) decided that ISO 26000 is approved as a CEN-standard. For businesses and organizations committed to operating in a socially responsible way, there’s ISO 26000. It provides guidance to those who recognize that respect for society and environment is a critical success factor. This paper highlights the school how to take social responsibility by using ISO 26000. Based on the seven subjects of ISO 26000, this paper constructs the social responsibility of digital education frame, focuses on analyzing the main content and core issues of social responsibility of digital education, puts forward some improved strategies and suggestions for the more prominent problems at this stage through the examination and reflection of reality.

Washington View: Is forgive and forget the best policy?

In its first year, the Biden administration played it safe with public education, giving schools the funding they needed to cope with the pandemic and requiring little federal oversight. But in March 2022, the administration began responding to pressure to do something about the huge amount of student loan debt Americans are carrying. Maria Ferguson discusses the ensuing debate about whether cancelling student loan debt is the most fiscally responsible way to assist Americans in need.

The Catholic Church’s Responsibility in Creating a Safeguarding Culture

The safeguarding of minors and of vulnerable adult persons is an intrinsic aspect of the mission that the Lord has entrusted the Church and it is the responsibility of all the faithful to fulfil it, whatever capacity they hold in the Church. Unfortunately, it is not possible to eradicate child abuse entirely as it is a human reality, but much can be done by creating a culture of safe space and safe relationships within the Church and beyond. The Catholic Church, as the oldest and biggest institution in the world and with its religious and moral values, has a special responsibility in preventing any kind of abuse, in protecting the most vulnerable, and furthermore, in Safeguarding; in creating safe spaces and safe relationships. Listening to victims and survivors of abuse who have been harmed in the Church or outside, is key for being and acting in a responsible, accountable, and transparent way. This is the cornerstone for credibility and for promoting the faith.

Agency in augmented reality: exploring the ethics of Facebook's AI-powered predictive recommendation system.

The development of predictive algorithms for personalized recommendations that prioritize ads, filter content, and tailor our decision-making processes will increasingly impact our society in the upcoming years. One example of what this future might hold was recently presented by Facebook Reality Labs (FRL) who work on augmented reality (AR) glasses powered by contextually aware AI that allows the user to “communicate, navigate, learn, share, and take action in the world” (Facebook Reality Labs 2021). A major feature of those glasses is “the intelligent click” that presents action prompts to the user based on their personal history and previous choices. The user can accept or decline those suggested action prompts depending on individual preferences. Facebook/Meta presents this technology as a gateway to “increased agency”. However, Facebook’s claim presumes a simplistic view of agency according to which our agentive capacities increase parallel to the ease in which our actions are carried out. Technologies that structure people’s lives need to be based on a deeper understanding of agency that serves as the conceptual basis in which predictive algorithms are developed. With the goal of mapping this emerging terrain, the aim of this paper is to offer a thorough analysis of the agency-limiting risks and the agency-enhancing potentials of Facebook’s “intelligent click” feature. Based on a concept of agency by Dignum (Responsible Artificial Intelligence: How to Develop and Use AI in a Responsible Way. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2019), the three agential dimensions of autonomy (acting independently), adaptability (reacting to changes in the environment), and interactivity (interacting with other agents) are analyzed towards our ability to make self-determining choices.

Analysing the impact of sustainable human resource management practices and industry 4.0 technologies adoption on employability skills

PurposeThe study aims to examine the influence of Sustainable Human Resource Management (SHRM) practices and Industry 4.0 Technologies (I4Te) adoption on the Employability Skills (ES) of the employees. The study has undertaken four major SHRM practices – Training (TR), Flexibility (FL), Employee Participation (EP) and Employee Empowerment (EE) to measure its impact on the ES along with I4Te.Design/methodology/approachA survey approach method was designed on the identified constructs from existing literature based on SHRM, I4Te and ES. The survey resulted into 198 valid responses. The study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 for constructs validation and hypothesis testing.FindingsThe current study reveals that all the four SHRM practices (TR, FL, EP and EE) along with I4Te directly influence ES in the organisation. The I4Te along with the SHRM practices may bring enhancement in the skills and competencies of the employees that is the requirement of future organisations.Practical implicationsConsidering the results, the SHRM practices aligned with I4Te may directly influence the employee's ES including core skills, IT skills and personal attributes. The SHRM practices in the organisation will enhance the opportunities for the employees and bring long-term association with the employees.Social implicationsFor the development of the economy and the individual, the SHRM practices need to conduct themselves in more socially responsible ways along with the I4Te to enhance the ES of the employees. The individual development will bring sustainable behavioural changes in the employees.Originality/valueThere has been no research conducted on exploring SHRM, I4Te and ES together. This is the pioneer in the HRM fields that explores the interrelationships and influence amongst the five constructs undertaken in the study.

A Sustainable Extractive Industry Requires Educated Responsible Geoscientists

Most geoscience undergraduate courses are technical with little regard to social responsibility and sustainable development implications. Workshop outcomes have suggested that the introduction of this content into their studies is necessary so that they can apply their technical knowledge in a responsible way. In regard to the extractive industry where most geoscientists in resource rich countries are employed, the industry’s record of social and environmental impact with non–sustainable outcomes, particularly in developing countries are evident. Important extractive industry issues such as sustainable development, corporate social responsibility, social license to operate and free, prior and informed consent for Indigenous People have attracted great attention and scrutiny in the development of industry and government policy and rightful concerns from all stakeholders. There are very few examples of these responsibility and sustainability subjects being introduced in undergraduate geoscience education except in some environmental courses in universities in North America, Europe and Australia/New Zealand, but not so well established in developing countries where there is a greater need for this content.

How to Incorporate Corporate Social Responsibility into DNA of the Companies?

Abstract In my presentation I would like to treat corporate social responsibility (CSR) from a legal perspective and especially discuss how to achieve an effective application of the CSR codes and principles. In this respect I would like to discuss solution proposals such as emphasizing compliance programs or certification systems and especially the question how CSR principles could be regulated by legislations with binding character, as hard law instruments. This is also mentioned as the ultimate goal of the CSR in the summary of European Commission’s Multi-Stakeholder Forum “The ultimate goal of CSR should be to embed social responsibility into DNA of companies, rendering it absolete through normative compliance”. Corporate Social Responsibility, is an approach that companies should conduct their business in a responsible and fair way and that they should take responsibility of their impact on society. CSR, has different pillars such as sustainability, environment, human rights, investment, public procurement etc… Among all these different subsectors, I will treat the applicability of the CSR principles mostly from the sustainability perspective. Since CSR has so many different facets and propose a general policy of good conduct rather than concrete specific rules and legal provisions, stays as a vague concept and need to be defined and concretized. CSR has no description and is not regulated in the national codes and legal systems. However, there are a lot of regulations, guidelines and standards prepared by international authorities and organizations and the European Commission.

Powerful teaching, the paradox of empowerment and the powers of Foucault. An interview with Professor Stephen Brookfield

This interview follows up on a previous interview with Stephen Brookfield in the Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching (Brookfield et al., 2019). It was conducted as part of an ongoing book project with the working title Teaching well that the authors are involved in. This interview may be seen as a teaser for the book that is planned to be published in 2023. It constitutes an extended version of one out of 13 planned chapters and focuses on how power shows up in higher education classrooms. Classrooms are never power-free zones. Every learning environment contains student-to-student and student-to-teacher power dynamics. We discuss various influences on Stephen Brookfield’s conceptual understanding of power, especially Michel Foucault’s concepts of sovereign, disciplinary and bio-power and their applicability to education. In this context, we explore similarities between prisons and schools, the metaphor of the panopticon, and the continued relevance of bio-power during the current pandemic. The democratic practice of discussion groups is questioned (despite Stephen Brookfield’s personal preference of that modality) and the lecture is reinstated as one of several useful modalities. We then arrive at Brookfield’s concept of powerful teaching & learning and how teachers can exercise their power in ethical, productive and responsible ways. The interview ends with Brookfield’s advice on institutional criticism. Since beginning his teaching career in 1970, Stephen Brookfield has worked in England, Canada, Australia, and the U.S., teaching in a variety of adult, community, organisational and higher education settings (the latter include Harvard University and Columbia University). In his endeavour to help adults learn to think critically about the dominant ideologies they have internalised, Professor Brookfield has written, co-written or edited 20 books on adult learning and teaching, critical thinking, discussion methods, critical theory and teaching race.

Explaining hydrogen energy technology acceptance: A critical review

The use of hydrogen energy and the associated technologies is expected to increase in the coming years. The success of hydrogen energy technology (HET) is, however, dependent on public acceptance of the technology. Developing this new industry in a socially responsible way will require an understanding of the psychology factors that may facilitate or impede its public acceptance. This paper reviews 27 quantitative studies that have explored the relationship between psychological factors and HET acceptance. The findings from the review suggest that the perceived effects of the technology (i.e., the perceived benefits, costs and risks), and the associated emotions, are strong drivers of HET acceptance. This paper does, though, highlight some limitations with past research that make it difficult to make strong conclusions about the factors that influence HET acceptance. The review also reveals that few studies have investigated acceptance of different types of HET beyond a couple of applications. The paper ends with a discussion about directions for future research and highlights some practical implications for messaging and policy. • Perceived effects, and associated emotions, are strong predictors of acceptance. • Unclear what context-specific beliefs underpin attitudes towards hydrogen. • Most studies focused on acceptance of hydrogen fuel stations and hydrogen cars. • A dearth of research investigating acceptance of the whole hydrogen value chain. • Identified inconsistencies in the measurement of psychological constructs.

Valuation implications of socially responsible tax avoidance: Evidence from the electricity industry

Prior literature suggests that firms may bear reputational costs associated with corporate tax avoidance, which could in turn reduce the net present value of firms’ tax planning strategies. However, these studies do not consider the fact that firms may have opportunities to avoid tax in socially responsible ways. We investigate the equity valuation implications of one form of socially responsible tax avoidance: claiming the renewable electricity production tax credit (PTC). We predict and find that investors more positively value tax savings generated from PTCs compared to other forms of corporate tax avoidance, consistent with the notion that socially responsible tax avoidance should not subject firms to reputational costs. Additionally, consistent with the role that CSR can play in enhancing a firm’s reputational capital, we find evidence of a spillover effect in which investors more positively value other sources of tax avoidance to the extent the firm also reduces its taxes in a socially responsible way. Our results demonstrate the importance for managers to consider socially responsible tax avoidance as a component of a firm’s tax planning portfolio and for policymakers to recognize the appeal of socially responsible tax strategies as the reputational consequences of tax avoidance become more prominent.

Controlled Substance Waste: Concerns, Controversies, Solutions.

Hospitals, clinics, and organizations using controlled substances must have policies and procedures in place for disposing of these substances and to avoid potential drug diversion as well as environmental pollution. Challenging, particularly to hospitals, is the ability to dispose of the waste of any number of hundreds of products every day, some of which require specific handling and protocols for safety. Incineration might be appropriate but many hospitals and certainly smaller clinics lack the appropriate facilities. Clinics and facilities that use controlled substances must maintain adequate and detailed records, but individual healthcare systems impose their own specific requirements. Some, for example, require drug disposal to be witnessed. However, recordkeeping systems must be robust and frequently audited to prevent diversion. Most healthcare systems want to dispose of controlled substances in an environmentally responsible way but in addition to federal laws in the United States, most states have their own environmental agencies and may have local regulations. Navigating this system can be complex, and since all regulations are subject to change, it requires vigilance and expertise.

How and when responsible leadership facilitates work engagement: a moderated mediation model

PurposeLeaders are under increasing pressure to cultivate an engaged workforce in responsible ways, but how and when responsible leadership is related to employee work engagement remains unclear. Hence, this study aims to unfold the responsible leadership–work engagement relationship by exploring the mediating role of intrinsic corporate social responsibility (CSR) attributions and the moderating role of interactional justice.Design/methodology/approachA multiphase sample of 225 was collected from employees from the Chinese manufacturing industry. Hierarchical regression and PROCESS macro in SPSS were used to test the authors’ moderated mediation model.FindingsThe results demonstrate that responsible leadership is directly related to work engagement and indirectly related to it via employees' intrinsic CSR attributions. Interactional justice significantly strengthens the positive relationship between responsible leadership and intrinsic CSR attributions as well as the mediating effects of intrinsic CSR attributions.Practical implicationsTo cultivate an engaged workforce that improves organizational effectiveness, firms and managers should facilitate responsible leadership, signal sincere motives of CSR activities and enhance fair interpersonal treatment at work. These can also be helpful in various fields (e.g. promoting public trust).Originality/valueBased on social learning theory and attribution theory, this study empirically reveals the role of responsible leadership in enhancing work engagement. It sheds new light on the psychological mechanism and the boundary condition explaining how and when this linkage occurs, which advances research on responsible leadership and the individual-level analysis of CSR.

Socially Responsible Human Resource Management: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda

At the intersection of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and human resource management (HRM), a specific research strand has been forming and considerably flourishing over the past years, contributing to the burgeoning academic debate of what has been called “socially responsible human resource management” (SRHRM). The SRHRM debate seeks to proactively enhance employees’ work experiences and meet their personal and social expectations in ethical and socially responsible ways. Despite the increasing interest in research about SRHRM, however, the literature in this area is highly scattered, and a comprehensive study has yet to be undertaken. The present paper addresses this shortcoming by systematically reviewing 57 scholarly articles published in this research domain. It integrates previous insights on the topic to provide a far-reaching theoretical framework that highlights antecedents, practices, and outcomes of SRHRM research. As the results show, between 2011 and 2021, the Sustainability journal has published most of the empirical papers in this area, while the last three years (2019–2021) experienced a significant surge of publications on the topic. Our framework shapes a holistic overview of the SRHRM domain and illuminates different relevant elements upon which future studies in this area could be developed. This contribution is also beneficial for general CSR literature as it stresses the importance of its internal stakeholders, which have been comprehensively given less attention so far. By critically examining the recent literature on SRHRM, we further show how previous research is dominated by studies rooted in utilitarian approaches. Therefore, we set a research agenda for future studies by acknowledging the need for process-oriented studies and the importance of critical scholarship within the field of SRHRM.

KNOWLEDGE AND COPING DURING COVID-19: A report of an extension experience report at the Sateré-Mawé Association of Indigenous Women (AMISM), Manaus, AM

This report describes the daily routine of the Sateré-Mawé Indigenous Women’s Association (AMISM) in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. The predominant activity of the Association is producing indigenous handicrafts, but with the pandemic, its members had to find strategies for maintenance and survival, faced with the humanitarian health crisis and the consequent economic impacts on the group's activities. This is a case study with an ethnographic approach that also dialogues with university extension guidelines (2018). The experience was attended by members of the association and a student from the Production Engineering course at the Universidade do Estado de Amazonas (UEA), who was a resident of the community and a participant in the extension project. Interviews were used to gather data, through communication technologies such as WhatsApp. Secondary data were collected through the City of Manaus newspaper. Through this experience, it was observed that the AMISM has reinvented itself in relation to its planning and productive organization, producing face coverings and protective products from the forest, turning to the sustainable axis in the preparation of alcohol-based hand sanitizers mixed with aromatic herbs, with the knowledge and aromas of the forest, based on knowledge passed down from the ancestors. To this end, the Association appropriated the social networks Facebook and Instagram, to promote and sell its products to tourists and residents. In the field of egalitarian work, the UEA contributed by giving social returns to the community, through its extension activities, and by reaffirming the role of the student in training, in an integral and responsible way, faced with the emerging problems of the 21st century.

Support That Disaster Victims of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Felt and Considerations on How to Formulate Measures for Disaster Management in the Future – Based on a Comparison with the 1995 Great Hanshin Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake, the 2004 Mid-Niigata Earthquake and the 2007 Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake

In this study, the results of a large-scale random sampled questionnaire survey of the disaster victims of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake are summarized. This survey was conducted during the period between March and June 2016, five years after the earthquake disaster, and included all men and women of age 20 and older who resided in the three disaster-stricken prefectures that suffered significant damage. In this study, the situation at the time of the disaster and the effective measures for disaster management in the future are examined through two questions: “Who does the disaster victims rely on for life recovery?” and “Based on this experience, who should responsibly implement the measures for disaster management in the future?” The results of these large-scale random sampled questionnaire surveys for the disasters in the past are referenced to compare the 1995 Great Hanshin Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake, the 2004 Mid-Niigata Earthquake, and the 2007 Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake. Analysis of the question, “Which persons and organizations (supporters) were relied upon in life recovery?” shows that three persons and organizations, including, a partner, children, and the town or city administration, are relied upon in all the aspects of personal or emotional, material or financial, and vital information. From all generations and kinds of supporters, people sixty and over constitute the demographic from which the least support is expected. For this generation. the family of a partner, children, mutual assistance from community associations and governmental assistance from the town/city administration are considered as the common support in all aspects. Then, comparing this with other earthquake disasters showed that a quick and careful response to all the earthquake victims by the administrative organizations is limited in large cities where relations between organizations and locals cannot be evaluated and expected. In the analysis of the question, “Who should implement the measures for disaster management in a responsible way?” it is made clear that the division of roles among self-help, mutual assistance, and governmental assistance can be summarized in the following four patterns: Mainly by governmental assistance, mainly by self-help, in cooperation with mutual assistance and governmental assistance, and in cooperation with of self-help, mutual assistance, and governmental assistance, altogether. Comparisons between all the earthquake disasters, lead to the understanding that the disaster victims who experienced a large-scale disaster consider that the measures for disaster management should be implemented by through self-help, mutual assistance, and governmental assistance, altogether, regardless of the disaster and local characteristics. In Japanese society it seems that the division of roles among self-help, mutual assistance, and governmental assistance could generally be proposed.

Corporate Socıal Responsıbılıty (CSR) as a Marketıng Tool: A Case of Multınatıonal Corporatıons in Nigeria

The study examined corporate social responsibility as a marketing tool amongst multinational corporations in Nigeria. Corporate social responsibility was broken down into four indicators which were accountability, transparency, responsibility and competitiveness. Therefore, the study was guided by four null hypotheses which state respectively that accountability, transparency, responsibility and competitiveness have no effect on marketing amongst multinational corporations in Nigeria. The study employed the path and factor technique for data analysis through the use of a statistical software package referred to as AMOS. The study employed Likert scale measurement in questionnaire examination and the sample consist of highly-placed managers in 15 multinational corporations in Nigeria. The questionnaire was properly structured and adequately developed and reviewed by experts. Essentially, the findings of the study were not surprising as they revealed that corporate social responsibility is a major factor influencing the level of marketing amongst multinational corporations in Nigeria. Specifically, responsibility and competitiveness were found to exert greater effect on organizational marketing strategy while accountability and transparency were found to exert lower effect on organizational marketing strategy as revealed by their respective path coefficients. The findings of the study were in addendum to the findings of Rindova et al. (2005) and Hair et al., (2006) who discovered that corporate social responsibility through its indicators of accountability, transparency, responsibility and competitiveness significantly influence organizational performance. Given the above useful findings of the study, the study recommends for effective marketing of products, multinational corporations in Nigeria should improve their commitment towards giving back to the society. This can be achieved if multinational corporations carry out their respective activities in an accountable, transparent, responsible and competitive way. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-4-03 Publication date: February 28 th 2022

The Framework for Responsible Research With Australian Native Plant Foods: A Food Chemist's Perspective.

Australia is a rich source of biodiverse native plants that are mostly unstudied by western food science despite many of them being ethnofoods of Australian Indigenous people. Finding and understanding the relevant policy and legal requirements to scientifically assess these plants in a responsible way is a major challenge for food scientists. This work aims to give an overview of what the legal and policy framework is in relation to food chemistry on Australian native plant foods, to clarify the relationships between the guidelines, laws, policies and ethics and to discuss some of the challenges they present in food chemistry. This work provides the framework of Indigenous rights, international treaties, federal and state laws and ethical guidelines including key legislation and guidelines. It discusses the specific areas that are applicable to food chemistry: the collection of plant foods, the analysis of the samples and working with Indigenous communities. This brief perspective presents a framework that can be utilized by food chemists when developing responsible research involving plant foods native to northern Australia and can help them understand some of the complexity of working in this research area.

Model Reports, a Supervision Tool for Machine Learning Engineers and Users

This article investigates a methodology to design an automated supervision report, ensuring the suitability between the designers and the users of an algorithm. For this purpose, we built a super-vision tool, focused on error diagnosis. The argumentation of the article relies first on the exposition of the reasons to use model reports as a supervision artefact, with a prototype of implementation at an organization level, describing the necessary tooling to industrialize its production. Finally, we propose a method for supervising machine learning algorithms in a responsible and sustainable way, starting from the conception of the algorithm, along its development and dur-ing its operating phase.

Sustainability case studies on the use of continuous manufacturing in pharmaceutical production

Continuous processing is now commonly used in the manufacturing of fine chemicals including agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Datasets are now available, including some on environmental sustainability aspects, that enable more direct comparison between related batch and flow processes. This article examines six continuous processes where an environmental sustainability concept or metric (e.g. process mass intensity) can be compared to that from a closely-related batch process in order to assess the impact that continuous manufacturing has on that theme. Some current case studies where additional Green Chemistry concepts are exemplified are shared along with how continuous processing impacts the manufacture. We illustrate situations where continuous processing can reasonably be expected to show sustainability advantages over batch, as well as a scenario where increased solvent usage in flow mode worsened the environmental profile. While we believe that continuous processing can provide sustainability benefits, there are cases where its application can have a negative effect on environmental metrics. Our hope is to provide impartial guidance for development and manufacturing scientists so they may best utilize continuous technologies in an environmentally responsible way.

Business and Human Rights: A P&O Ferries Case-Study

Business and Human Rights:A P&O Ferries Case-Study KD Ewing (bio) Quite by chance, I was completing a section of my Human Rights at Work course at King's College London. The section in question was on 'Business and Human Rights', and formed part of the Human Rights at Work (LLM) course. One of the themes covered in the latter section of the course is the obligation of businesses to comply with Human Rights obligations and the multiple sources of that obligation. And then came the P&O announcement like a bolt from the blue, once again raising big questions about the effectiveness of soft law instruments as a means of ensuring that big business behaves in a socially responsible way. Business enterprises 'should respect human rights' Pre-eminent amongst these sources are the UN General Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) approved in 2011 (the so-called 'Ruggie principles' after their author). These seek to impose obligations on governments to protect against human rights abuses; on corporations to respect internationally recognised human rights; and on States to 'ensure as part of their duty to protect against business-related human rights abuse' that those affected have access to an effective remedy. The principles require national governments to develop an action plan to promote their implementation, which the British government proudly claims to be the first to have done. This can be found on the BEIS website, with the government's implementation document claiming implausibly that 'the promotion of business, and the respect for human rights, go hand in hand'. Not only that: 'The 'golden thread' of safeguards in society that are good for human rights–democratic freedoms, the rule of law, good governance, transparency, property rights and civil society–also provide fertile conditions for private sector led growth'. The question that then arises is what is meant by human rights for this purpose? To which human rights do these obligations apply? The position could not be clearer or more expansive. According to the UNGPs, they apply to the 'international bill of rights' (meaning the UN Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), as well as the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles at Work. It is not necessary to go into these in great detail here; they are easily accessible on the web. So what are the obligations on the part of the government to comply with principles which have now been endorsed by the G7 as part of the currency of globalisation? First they have a duty to 'prevent, investigate, punish and redress' human rights abuses. Secondly they should set out 'an expectation that all business enterprises domiciled in their territory and/or jurisdiction respect human rights throughout their operations'. Thirdly, they should enforce laws that are aimed at or have the effect of requiring business enterprises to respect human rights'. Special obligations arise specifically in relation to those businesses which are supported by the State or have contracts with the State. One other obligation which is worth noting in light of press reports that a Department of Transport was notified by P&O in advance of the announcement, yet did nothing to stop it, but on the contrary appeared to condone the company's decision. This is the principle that states should ensure that government departments that shape business practices are aware of and observe the State's human rights obligations when fulfilling their mandates. This includes providing relevant information, training and support, raising questions about the training and support of the DoT official, whose responsibility when circulating details of P&O's decision was to raise a red flag not to flash a green light. A duty to 'identify, prevent, mitigate, and account for' So far as the company itself is concerned, the Guiding Principles impose multiple human rights obligations. They must avoid causing adverse human rights impacts in their activities, and address such impacts when they occur, and in order to do so, they must take a number of prescribed steps. First they must have in place policies and processes, whereby they commit to meet their...