Responsibility Of Local Governments Research Articles

Local Government System in Nigeria: Legal, Fiscal and Political Overview

Since the return to civil rule in 1999, there has been sustained agitation for granting local governments autonomy as a prescription for them to deliver efficiently and effectively their assigned responsibilities. Thus, the article examines the local government system in Nigeria from both legal, fiscal, and political viewpoints. It focuses on how the context affects their structure, financial management, capacity, and performance. A combined reading of the provisions of the 1999 constitution, judicial and extra-judicial pronouncements will be revealed that everything relating to supervision, monitoring, and control of local governments in Nigeria is the prerogative of the state governments. The constitution charges the state governments to ensure their existence under a law, specifying their functions, structure, finances, and composition. Through qualitative study, drawing from the literature on the local government system in Nigeria and in-depth interviews with government officials and experts, the paper established that the extent to which state governments are administering and performing oversight activities over their local governments has significantly limited local governments in several ways. This explains the incessant agitation for granting local governments autonomy. Therefore, the paper recommends far-reaching reforms that will instil a viable local government system capable of harnessing local resources towards effective and efficient service delivery. However, it cautioned the efficacy of granting local governments autonomy as canvassed by several stakeholders, given how intertwined the assigned responsibilities of both state and local governments are.

How to Enhance Citizens' Sense of Gain in Smart Cities? A SWOT-AHP-TOWS Approach.

The previous technology-centric development of smart cities mainly focuses on the numbers, diversities, and types of applied intelligent technologies, while the citizen-centric smart city has become an important paradigm for improving the sustainability of cities around the world. The citizens' sense of gain (CSG), which considers both material acquisition and spiritual feelings of smart city services, is thus proposed and regarded as one of the core orientations in the smart cities' transformation development process from the centric of advanced technology applied to the centric of citizen subjective perception. To shift smart cities from being technology-centric to citizen-centric, it is critical to identify the factors influencing CSG and develop appropriate strategies to enhance CSG in smart cities. Hence, this work identifies 17 key CSG influencing factors based on the dimensions dissected from the definition of CSG and it further formulates 15 strategies for enhancing CSG by adopting the SWOT-AHP-TOWS method based on data collected from Nanjing citizens. The results indicate that the most important criteria for enhancing CSG in smart cities are the external opportunities, which are originated from citizens' attitudes and behaviors, and the top-ranked strategy is "dividing smart infrastructure into different categories according to the hierarchy needs of citizens and promoting the synergy development of smart infrastructure within and among different categories". Finally, four implications are proposed, including (i) strengthening publicity and encouraging citizen participation, (ii) clarifying the responsibilities of local governments, (iii) prioritizing citizens' needs, and (iv) promoting age-friendly, vulnerable-friendly, and environmental-friendly development.

Urbanizing Human Rights Law: Cities, Local Governance and Corporate Power

AbstractThis article considers ways in which human rights law ought to respond to a growingly urban global order of blurred private—corporate—and state power. Fragmented and dispersed power comes together, in different configurations of public and private, in the cities and towns of the world. For this reason, local government presents the appropriate scale at which to re-conceptualize the operation of international human rights norms, also against private power. This requires engaging not only with the reach and leanings of international human rights standards but also with the manner in which they are rendered applicable, through domestic constitutional law, against state and non-state actors at a local scale. The urbanization of human rights law accordingly also requires a second look at the powers, competencies and responsibilities of urban local government under domestic constitutional law.

Perlindungan Hukum Konsumen: Efektivitas Pengawasan Produksi Air Minum Isi Ulang


 This study aims to determine the effectiveness of supervision of the production of refilled drinking water and the role of the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency in providing legal protection to consumers in Palu City. This study uses empirical legal research on the operation of law (law in action) in society. The results show that legal protection for consumers of refilled drinking water is the responsibility of local governments. Supervision of refilled drinking water production in Palu City needs to be more adequate than expected by consumers. The public does not fully know the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency, so since its establishment until this research, there has never been a consumer dispute over refilled drinking water before being tried at the Palu City Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency. Therefore, it is necessary to provide guidance and outreach to the community regarding the feasibility of refilling drinking water and the institutional existence of the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency.

Formulasi Pemenuhan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Berdasarkan Regulasi Permendikbud 32 Tahun 2018 Di Kabupaten Lamongan

Indonesia's quality human development starts with Early Childhood Education (PAUD). PAUD development has entered the stage of national quality standardization in 2015–2025. However, PAUD still faces problems with participation and equitable access. This study aims to describe (1) how to determine PAUD target candidates who are entitled to receive PAUD SPM assistance, (2) determine the proportion of budget allocations for fulfilling PAUD SPM which is the responsibility of local governments, and (3) procedures for compiling reports on the implementation and achievement of PAUD SPM.
 The research data was collected through a qualitative approach. The key informants were the Head of the PAUD Division of the Lamongan Regency Education Office, the Head of the Family Social Protection and Security Section of the Lamongan Regency Social Service, and the Section Head of the Social Welfare and People's Welfare Section of the Lamongan Regency Bappeda. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews, observation, and documentation. The data collected were analyzed through comparative descriptive analysis techniques.
 The results of the study indicate that (1) the determination of PAUD Target Students who are entitled to receive PAUD SPM Assistance requires data, including (a) a List of Names of PAUD Education Unit Students available at the District Education Office, (b) List of Names of Children aged 5-6 year the Poor Group available at the District Social Service. Determination of the proportion of the budget allocation for the fulfillment of the PAUD SPM which is the responsibility of the Regional Government. Determining the Proportion of Budget Locations for Fulfillment of SPM PAUD requires a collection of data, including (a). List of Prospective Students Recipient of PAUD SPM Assistance, (b) List of Profiles of all PAUD Unit Names, and (c) List of PAUD Educators and Education Personnel. Preparation of Reports on the Implementation and Achievement of PAUD MSS. In the preparation of reporting on the implementation and achievement of the PAUD SPM, it is the end result of a series of activities for the implementation of the PAUD SPM. From the results of mapping the needs for fulfilling the SPM PAUD, a strategy for fulfilling it is realized in a program of activities in the current fiscal year or the following fiscal year.
 Lamongan Regency should continue to improve the quality of PAUD according to Permendikbud 32 of 2018. Education policy observers and educators of Human Resource Management courses in the field of education can refer to the results of this study for further development.

Government Responsibilities in Fulfilling Victims' Rights During the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Phase After the Earthquake in Sulai Village, Ulumanda District, Majene Regency

The rehabilitation and reconstruction phase is very important in restoring the environment, infrastructure, social, economic, cultural and psychological aspects of disaster victims, especially victims of the 6.2 magnitude earthquake in West Sulawesi in 2021. The rehabilitation and reconstruction phase is the stage where the community receives protection from the State in this regard. the central government and local governments in the recovery of all sectors of life after the disaster victims. 1 year after the earthquake in Sulai Village, Ulumanda District, it is still not evenly distributed to get the fulfillment of the facilities contained in the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase as a form of local government responsibility as stated in Article 5 of the Majene Regency Regulation No . 9 of 2019 concerning Disaster Management. areas. In the implementation of the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase in Sulai Village, there are 100% elements in the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase that have not been implemented at all, such as the implementation of security and order patrols, communication networks, community party activities, counseling by psychologists, reconciliation and conflict resolution, drainage development, health center repairs. Assistants, health counseling, counseling on disaster risk reduction efforts and permanent housing in the form of stimulant funds for earthquake victims have not been distributed evenly in Sulai Village.

Post-Covid-19 Pandemic, Innovation of Local Government Policy Perspective of State Administration Law

Handling Post-Covid-19 Pandemic within the framework of a unitary state is not only the responsibility of the central government but also the roles and responsibilities of local governments. This is important for the government to innovate policies for handling the post-Covid-19 pandemic without overriding the policies that have been issued by the central government. This study aims to identify innovations in local government policies in handling the Post-Covid-19 pandemic from the perspective of Administrative Law. The research was conducted in a normative juridical manner with a qualitative approach to the urgency of local government policy innovation in handling the Post-Covid-19 pandemic. In this case, an analysis of Mataram City's regional policies is needed in handling the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic. This gives an understanding that local governments in making policies need synchronization with the central government, especially in analyzing a policy in accordance with state administrative law. The forms of policy innovations carried out by local governments in handling the post-Covid-19 pandemic include: 1) Strengthening the Regional Health System; 2) Strengthening the Social Protection System; and 3) Economic Recovery

국립대학 재정지원 및 배분 개선방안 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the problems of national university financial support and distribution based on the detailed factors of stability, sufficiency, autonomy, and accountability standards, and to present specific and practical measures to improve national university financial support and distribution. The conclusions and suggestions of this study are as follows. First, to improve the financial support and distribution stability of national universities, the public responsibility of national universities and local governments is clearly defined by law, but the scope of support for national universities is expanded to include labor costs, current expenses, and facility expansion expenses. Second, to secure sufficient and appropriate financial support for national universities, national university development goals can be set, and the average level of state subsidies per student can be considered as an appropriate level of financial support needed to achieve them. Third, it is necessary to revise the National University Accounting Act or enact the National University Act to revise the National Finance Act and prepare the grounds for the expansion of the national university financial support. Fourth, efforts should be made to ease regulations, such as integrating various national university subsidies and replacing detailed budgeting and operation guidelines that hinder university autonomy with school rules, minimizing regulations on budgeting and operation, and reducing guidelines. Finally, it is necessary to stipulate by law a mechanism for ensuring accountability corresponding to the autonomy of total issuance and fiscal management.

PENGARUH PENGANGGARAN BERBASIS KINERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN DI BLUD RSUD PALABUHANRATU KABUPATEN SUKABUMI

Government financial management is one of the responsibilities of local governments or agencies in running the wheels of government. Nowadays, the process of preparing regional finances has shifted from the traditional budget concept to the new public management concept, which emphasizes performance rather than policies. Implementation of performance-based budgeting refers to the implementation of a budgeting system that is oriented towards organizational output in order to achieve performance goals and objectives. The performance budget approach focuses on organizational inputs, outputs, and outcomes, not solely on inputs. So this approach focuses on the management of efficient use of funds and the performance of employees and organizations. Thus, the benchmark for the success of this budget system is the performance or achievement of the objectives or results of the budget by using funds efficiently. The conclusions of the analysis in this study are: (1) performance-based budgeting in the BLUD RSUD Palabuhanratu is in the fairly good category, with a Descriptive Percentage (DP) value of 67.43% of the ideal value, (2) the performance of employees in the BLUD RSUD Palabuhanratu is included in the category good, with a Descriptive Percentage (DP) value of 73.25% of the ideal value, and (3) performance-based budgeting has a positive and significant effect on employee performance in the BLUD RSUD Palabuhanratu.

Modeling for Insights: Does Fiscal Decentralization Impede Ecological Footprint?

In recent years, the debate on environmental issues has become a hot topic. Fiscal decentralization is believed to be a crucial driver of environmental sustainability. However, the discussion on the effect of fiscal decentralization (FD) on environmental sustainability has not reached a unanimous conclusion. In this study, we inspect the effect of fiscal decentralization, economic development, technological innovation, economic globalization, and energy use on environmental quality in eight Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member countries. In addition, we analyze the mechanisms through which fiscal decentralization influences the ecological footprint (EF) through the channels of technological innovation and economic growth. Using the STIRPAT framework, this study employed the CS-ARDL method for short-run and long-run analyses that deal with slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. The empirical results show that fiscal decentralization and technological innovation mitigate ecological footprint, while economic development, energy consumption, and urbanization negatively affect environmental quality. However, economic globalization is not related to the EF in the sample economies. The results further reveal that FD enhances environmental quality through the channel of technological innovation, while it does not affect the EF through the channel of economic growth. Finally, it is recommended to make a reasoned division between the rights and responsibilities of local government and central government in environmental pollution management, and optimize the environmental system. At the same time, policymakers should encourage technological innovation to reduce the adverse impacts of economic development and energy consumption on the environment.

The role of public control in preventing and combating domestic violence

The article examines the theoretical and legal foundations of one of the areas of public participation in the implementation of state policy in the field of preventing and combating domestic violence – public control. Prevention and counteraction to domestic violence is based on the interaction of these entities with public associations, non-governmental organizations, and the media. The state of elaboration of this topic shows that the broad formulation of the general goals of public institutions aimed at overcoming domestic violence at the present stage (even in the context of a full-scale war in Ukraine) needs to be specified. The purpose of this article is to establish the role of the institute of public control in preventing and combating domestic violence, as well as to clarify the legal basis for its implementation, to outline possible prospects for further improvement of Ukrainian legislation. It is established that public control over compliance with the legislation in the field of prevention and counteraction to domestic violence is: a form of organized and mostly indirect influence of citizens on the effectiveness of state policy to prevent and combat domestic violence; one of the means of guaranteeing compliance with the law and increasing the responsibility of public authorities and local governments (their officials) for the proper performance of their duties in this area of public policy; a necessary component of initiating further reforms and implementing new projects and programs to prevent domestic violence in the country. It is proved that in order to increase the role of public control in the field of prevention and counteraction to domestic violence, it would be expedient to expand the range of subjects and forms of this type of control directly in the Law of Ukraine «On Prevention and Counteraction to Domestic Violence».

THE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC THEOLOGY TOWARD MANDI SAFAR RITUAL IN AKIT TRIBAL BENGKALIS-RIAU

Mandi Safar (Safar bathing) ritual is a tradition of rejecting reinforcements and a means of gathering for the coastal by Local Malay community in Rupat Island of Riau Province. This is an annual event. The purpose of this research is to show the local Islamic community's bathing Safar rite, which has attracted the attention of many Islamic theology. However, the event creates both benefits and drawbacks among those who support and oppose it. As a result, the goal of this research is to give an overview and analyzing of the influence of Islamic theology toward Mandi Safar ritual. This is a qualitative ethnographic study that highlights the role of researchers as the key instrument in the research process. This research's informants are local communities and their leaders, as well as culture experts, with a total of ten informants residing on Rupat Island. They comprehend the importance of these rites and skills in their everyday lives, as well as the responsibility of local governments in preserving this tradition. Malay culture and the local population of Rupat Island thinks that the month of Safar brings a bala' and ailment, thus they perform the Safar bath ritual, which includes reading chosen letters from the Qur'an, ablution, prayer congratulations, and prayer rejections. Safar bath has its purpose in the month of Safar to get safety and prevent ill luck. The novelty of this research lies in the unveiling the Islamic theology influence toward Safar bathing from the Koran and hadith.

Using best-worst scaling to reveal preferences for retrofitting raingardens in suburban streets

Raingardens are increasingly common in sustainable stormwater management in cities around the world. Implementing raingardens will change the appearance of conventional urban streetscapes and this is especially important when retrofitting raingardens into existing streets. Raingardens need to fulfil both technical and aesthetic functions. Aesthetic function, assessed as landscape preference, must be understood to ensure that retrofitted raingardens are appropriately designed and managed. Scholars have long adopted a Likert rating scale- to determine landscape preference. Limitations of this method led market researchers to develop choice-based ranking, including best-worst scaling, to assess preference. Thus, this study uses best-worst scaling to assess landscape preference by residents for pairs of streetscapes with and without raingardens in four suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. These preference data, and attitudes towards raingardens, stormwater harvesting and own streetscapes, inform guidelines for design and management of retrofitted raingardens. Findings revealed respondents’ overwhelming support for harvesting and reuse of stormwater, though support for fit-for-purpose stormwater reuse decreased as personal proximity increased. While attitudes towards raingardens were positive and most respondents liked the raingardens in their own street, less than one-quarter helped to maintain them. Across all respondents, maintenance of raingardens in streetscapes was regarded as the responsibility of local government. Nevertheless, many would install raingardens in their own property. Overall, streetscapes with raingardens were preferred to those without. Residency in a street with or without raingardens did not influence preference, however, residency in a particular street did. Indeed, context was important: preference for one’s own streetscape varied statistically significantly between residents of inner- and outer-Melbourne suburbs. Drawing on these results, four guidelines for design and management of retrofitted raingardens are proposed: 1. Understand context; 2. Consider how the street is used; 3. Select appropriate plants and planting style; 4. Ensure adequate maintenance.

Preconditions and stages of devolution in the UK

The article analyses preconditions and stages of devolution in the UK. It is shown, that the decentralization of public administration in the UK means the devolution of central government and increasing the responsibility of local government in the expansion and development of various forms of interaction between state and society. In this context, devolution is primarily a process of transferring power from the central to the lower level. Devolution has become the most important event of recent decades in the political and socio-economic development of Great Britain. In contrast to decentralization, devolution aims at a more substantial transformation of the territorial system of government – the transfer of not only executive powers but also some legislative ones.
 Thus, the decentralization of power, which has signs of devolution in Britain, is complex and ambiguous process. The process of devolution in the UK is characterized by asymmetry, as evidenced by the lack of legislative powers of England. In this context, it is stated that the procedure of interaction between public authorities at different levels is not well established. Today, there are a significant number of control functions, levers of administrative and financial pressure on central offices, as well as the lack of clear recommendations by which local authorities could determine what is within their competence and address urgent issues more effectively.

Economic and legal determinants of low-emission economy in local governments: Selected aspects

The development of a low-emission economy in Poland is dictated by the requirement to reduce GHG and other air pollutants in all areas of the economy. The greatest expectations in terms of air quality improvement are related to limiting the use of coal for energy production, implementing new technologies, and increasing energy efficiency. It is the responsibility of local governments to develop appropriate strategies to help achieve these goals, especially in the areas of construction and public transportation. The article presents an analysis of legal regulations in the field of low-carbon economy in Poland. It discusses the role of local government in the development of a low-carbon economy. It also determines main problems and challenges in implementing a low-emission economy.

아동학대 조사 공공화 정책 이후 지역 아동보호전문기관 상담원의 업무 경험

In October 2019, a policy to publicize child abuse investigations was introduced as a detailed task for the Inclusive Country Child Policy, as a part of strengthening the responsibility of local governments for the best interests of children. The policy for publicizing child abuse investigations established a shared system in which the public sector performs the entire process from child abuse investigations to follow-up and the private sector carries out case management. At this point when the national responsibility on child abuse is strengthened, this study aims to explore changes in the field after the policy and to suggest improvements. Therefore, this study conducted a qualitative study with 18 local child protection agency counselors to find out what their work experiences were after publicizing child abuse investigation policy. As a result, the experiences of counselors at local child protection agencies after the policy were analyzed in two themes. First, they were experiencing ‘transition to case management-focused institutions’ as ‘expectancy effects of publicizing child abuse investigations’. Second, ‘the emergence of new problems and the failure to resolve old tasks due to publicizing child abuse investigations’ revealed ‘limits due to collaboration in heterogeneous organizational systems’ and ‘factors hindering the transition to specialized case management institution’. The implications of the findings are discussed.

“Social Innovation” and Urban Policy during Covid 19: Systematic Literature Review and Content Analysis

This article focuses on how social innovation activities were developed in the urban context during the Covid 19 pandemic, through systematic literature review and content analysis. The literature search was carried out between June and September 2021 on the Web of Science database. 64 articles reached from the database were filtered by applying exclusion-inclusion criteria. After examining the article abstracts, it was determined that 23 articles were closely related to the research subject. Using the NVIVO qualitative analysis program, key features of social innovation in the urban context during COVID 19 were analyzed (in terms of being value-based, social needs/problem-oriented, change-oriented). The research findings are discussed in three sub-titles, revealing the "basic values", "prominent social problems/needs and solution proposals" and "main stakeholders" of social innovation in the context of urban policies during the pandemic. The results of the analysis have shown that the understanding of social innovation in the urban context during COVID 19 has been associated with collective values and focused on the responsibilities of local governments for the realization of social human rights. In this framework, attention is drawn to the opportunities for the implementation of participatory democracy at the level of local governments.

LEGAL POSITIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE SPHERE OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES AND THEIR OFFICIALS

The scientific article analyzes the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federationin the field of legal responsibility of local governments and their officials, notes the important role of theConstitutional Court of the Russian Federation as the highest body of constitutional justice and its influenceon the legal framework in the field of local government, including legal liability of bodies and officials oflocal self-government. Particular attention is drawn to the legal positions in which the Constitutional Courtof the Russian Federation analyzes the concepts of “local self-government bodies’ and “local self-government officials”, determines the forms of responsibility of the head of the municipality, deputy, member of theelected body of local self-government, elected official of local self-government, and as well as municipalemployees.

Kepemimpinan dan Akuntabilitas Keuangan di Pemerintah Daerah

This literature discusses about the relation between leadership and accountability in local government. Accountability can develop in a transparent and democratic manner as well as freedom in expressing opinions. Therefore, the government must really realize that government and services cannot be separated from the public. The realization of regional financial accountability will be the basis for better governance and the government can provide financial accountability from public funds managed by local governments in order to gain public trust. Regional financial accountability is the responsibility of local governments related to regional financial management for the welfare of the community openly and honestly through the media in the form of presenting financial reports. Leadership is one of the important aspects of the organization, especially in the scope of local government administration. In the recent period, leadership is required to focus more on how the role of leadership in an organization will have a positive impact on the organization. Local governments face great pressure in the implementation of regional autonomy. There are two important institutions in local government, namely DPRD and regional apparatus based on regional regulations. Accountability to local governments will grow when supported by an accountable work environment. The main element of the environment is leadership

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST BETWEEN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND CENTRAL LEGISLATION – HOW FINANCIALLY INDEPENDENT CAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BE

Rights and responsibilities of local governments are defined by the central legislature, in accordance with the given country’s rules, traditions, institutions of constitutional and administrative law. To perform public duties they need financial resources, incomes and wealth. Above these, the right of disposition, financial and economic autonomy have to be provided, moreover, the possibility to receive suitable subsidies from central budget. The proportion and guarantees of the income are important too, as the autonomy of local governments depending from central subsidies may be injured. The question of primary importance is that where are the limits of the mentioned autonomy, protected by various constitutional provisions and international legal documents, how the legislature is able to control the law of taxation, to enter transactions that give rise to debts, or how to withdraw different resources from local governments. The central withdrawal and reallocation of resources may raise the issue of local government solidarity. As well as the extent to which the property and income of local governments can be limited. According to the practice of the various constitutional courts and the supreme courts (American, French, German and Hungarian judicature), the rights and authorities of local governments are not unlimited. Although, local governments have to get effective protection, but after all it is the state who determines the content and the framework of relevant legal regulations for local governments. Therefore, within the constitutional framework, the central legislature has a serious opportunity to intervene in protected autonomy by withdrawing or reallocating revenues, assets or subsidies. The research method of the study is primarily financial and administrative legal analysis and legal comparison: in addition to international, constitutional and legal (American, German, French, Hungarian) rules, the basic characteristics of local government financial autonomy are presented based on the principles worked out in various Supreme Court and Constitutional Court decisions elements, as well as the limitations that said autonomy must face as a result of the decisions of the central legislature. The subject of the research is the financial autonomy of local governments and its legal limitations, which point out that autonomy - unfortunately, cannot be unlimited. Local taxation, own revenues and subsidies can indeed provide adequate foundations for independent local government management, however, since local governments must adapt in the state’s central system of public administration and public finances, therefore, within the constitutional framework, the central legislation can make decisions that adversely affect their incomes, budgets and assets.