Parenting Responsibilities Research Articles

Determinan Perilaku Ibu Dalam Imunisasi Dasar Pada Anak Usia 12-23 Bulan

The immunization program for infants aims to get every baby to get a complete basic immunization. Basic immunization status in children can be influenced by several factors related to community behavior towards immunization. The role of mothers in the immunization program is very important because in general, the parenting responsibility is given to parents, especially mothers. The Jelbuk and Klatakan health centers have the lowest complete basic immunization coverage in Jember in 2015 and 2016. The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of maternal behavior in basic immunization in children aged 12-23 months. This type of research is analytic observational with a cross-sectional research design. This research was conducted in the working area of ​​the Health Centers in Jelbuk and Klatakan in August-September 2017. Data collected from 100 mothers who had children aged 12-23 months. The sampling method is cluster random sampling. The results of the study using logistic regression tests showed that the level of knowledge and attitudes affected the basic immunization status of children aged 12-23 months with p-values ​​of 0.002 and 0,000, respectively. Knowledge and attitude of the mother are factors that can influence the completeness of basic immunization, therefore it is recommended to health workers to improve health promotion, especially about immunization so that basic immunization coverage can be increased and the risk of diseases that can be prevented by immunization can be reduced.

Lost in Transition: A Risk Factor for Mortality in Youth Living With HIV.

Lost in Transition: A Risk Factor for Mortality in Youth Living With HIV.

Preliminary Investigation of the Perspectives of Parents of Children With Cerebral Palsy on the Supports, Challenges, and Realities of Integrating Augmentative and Alternative Communication Into Everyday Life

Purpose To ensure long-term adoption and use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) technologies, they must be designed to support children to participate within everyday activities and routines that are prioritized by families. The aim of this study was to gain parent perspectives on how AAC technologies were integrated into everyday life. Method Nine parents of children with cerebral palsy who used AAC technologies participated in semistructured interviews to provide their perspectives on how AAC technologies were integrated into the functional contexts of everyday life. Results Five major themes emerged from the discussions: (a) integrating AAC into life, (b) AAC technologies, (c) child needs and skills, (d) parent responsibilities and priorities, and (e) AAC process and decision making. Children were able to use AAC technologies within a variety of everyday contexts with various partners; however, challenges included access to technologies within care routines and outdoor activities as well as partners who lacked knowledge regarding operational competencies and effective interaction strategies. To integrate AAC technologies into life, parents prioritized technology features including ease of programming, improved physical design, features to enhance efficiency and ease of access, and availability of multiple functions and features (e.g., games and leisure activities, environmental controls). Conclusion AAC manufacturers and mainstream technology developers should work to ensure that technologies are responsive to the supports, limitations, and ideal features identified by parents. Future research should seek input from a larger group of stakeholders and use longitudinal methods to examine perceptions of AAC technologies over time. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.11625543.

Specyfika odpowiedzialności za naruszenia Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka związane z działalnością nieuznawanych reżimów – analiza orzecznictwa

The aim of the article is to compare the way in which the issue of responsibility for violations related to the acts of unrecognized authorities claiming to be States is treated by the European Court of Human Rights and other international courts, particularly the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The article considers in detail the relations between jurisdiction and responsibility, responsibility of parent States (including the concept of “positive obligations”) and responsibility of States which provide assistance to unrecognized regimes (with emphasis put on the concept of “effective control”). The results of the study indicate that the jurisprudence of the European Court differs in several important aspects from decisions of other international courts. These differences, while undoubtedly enhancing the protection of human rights in Europe, contribute to the process of fragmentation of the law of international responsibility.

Balancing Tensions between Caregiving and Parenting Responsibilities in Pediatric Patient Care

In pediatric chronic care, the treatment process affects not just the child's physical health, but his or her psychosocial and emotional development. As a result, caring for pediatric patients with a chronic illness such as cancer is becoming a daunting task for parental caregivers. They are expected to fulfill the caregiving needs of managing the child's health condition and treatment while also meeting the parenting needs of translating knowledge, communicating about the illness, and making numerous decisions on a daily basis for their sick child due to the child's young age. Drawing on 15 semi-structured interviews, we examined parental caregivers' perspectives on raising a child while also managing the child's health. We identified three tensions that participants encountered as they balanced parenting and caregiving responsibilities: (i) tension between ensuring the child's health and safety and attending to the child's social development, (ii) tension between disclosing health-related information and minimizing the psychological burden on the child, and (iii) tension between rewarding the child's cooperation in treatment and maintaining discipline. Together, these tensions reveal an ongoing process through which caregivers assess and interpret their actions and responsibilities relative to anticipated consequences across multiple time scales. These findings reveal opportunities for sociotechnical systems to account for and support this active process of iterative cycles of assessment.

Diabetes-specific family conflict and responsibility among emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.

Emerging adulthood is a transitional period for type 1 diabetes management, and aspects of family functioning such as family conflict and responsibility for diabetes management likely change following high school graduation. This study examined changes in diabetes-specific family conflict, family responsibility for diabetes management tasks, and associations with glycemic control up to 1 year after high school. Seventy-nine emerging adults with type 1 diabetes (M age = 18.09 ± .43 years; 51% female; 71% Caucasian) and their parents (73% female) completed self-report measures on diabetes-specific family conflict and family responsibility at 3 consecutive clinic visits, beginning in the spring of their senior year of high school. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was obtained from medical records. Diabetes-specific family conflict was relatively low; scores did not significantly change from baseline to Time 3. Parent responsibility for diabetes care decreased from baseline to Time 3. Higher parent- and emerging adult-reported family conflict and higher parent responsibility for diabetes care were associated with worse glycemic control (ps < .05). Parent-reported family conflict and the interaction between parent-reported family conflict and responsibility predicted HbA1c 1 year after high school. Conversely, HbA1c did not predict diabetes-specific family conflict or responsibility 1 year after high school. Findings indicate that diabetes-specific family conflict is associated with glycemic control after high school, even when emerging adults assume greater responsibility for diabetes self-care. Diabetes-specific family conflict levels were generally low and did not change over time despite this transitional period. If diabetes-specific conflict is present, it should be an important avenue for potential intervention for emerging adults with type 1 diabetes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychological and parental functioning of widowed fathers: The first two years.

Widowed parents play a critical role in promoting family adaptation and facilitating their children's adjustment to the loss of a parent; yet the psychological wellbeing of these parents has received scant attention. In this study we examined depressive symptoms and grief intensity in 252 spousally bereaved men with dependent-age children. Participants learned of the study and completed initial surveys at variable time points during their first 2 years of bereavement. Depressive and grief symptoms remained persistently high, with 45% of the sample exceeding screening thresholds for clinically significant depressive symptoms two years after the death of their spouses. In linear regression models, higher intensity or frequency of depression and grief symptoms were associated with poorer psychological adaptation, lower parenting self-efficacy, and lower parenting satisfaction scores. Relationships between fathers' distress and potentially modifiable end-of-life variables regarding their spouses were examined. Notably, those who reported that their wives were at peace with dying had lower depressive and grief scores at various intervals. Overall, the magnitude and duration of the depressive and grief symptoms suggests that widowed fathers' psychological distress does not quickly abate over the first 2 years of bereavement, which may be attributable to the unique set of bereavement challenges facing widowed parents such as facilitating their children's grief, assuming sole parenting responsibilities, and managing a household on their own. The findings underscore the need to further examine emotional distress in widowed parents and how their wellbeing impacts family functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Viewpoints on what is important to maintain relationship satisfaction in couples raising a child with autism spectrum disorder

BackgroundDespite the challenges associated with raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), many couples maintain satisfying relationships. However, it is not clear which factors couples prioritise as most important to this positive adaptation. MethodsThis study used Q-methodology to explore the viewpoints on factors most important to maintaining relationship satisfaction from the perspective of those experiencing it. Data from 43 caregivers raising a child with ASD were analysed using by-person varimax rotation factor analysis. ResultsTwo key viewpoints were identified: 1) Building effective communication through openness, honesty and conflict resolution, and 2) Building a strong partnership by sharing parenting responsibilities. ConclusionCouples should be supported to strengthen communication processes and work in partnership to raise their child with ASD through family-centred interventions aimed at promoting relationship satisfaction.

What is in a Name? Parent, Professional and Policy-Maker Conceptions of Consent-Related Language in the Context of Newborn Screening.

Newborn bloodspot screening programs are some of the longest running population screening programs internationally. Debate continues regarding the need for parents to give consent to having their child screened. Little attention has been paid to how meanings of consent-related terminology vary among stakeholders and the implications of this for practice. We undertook semi-structured interviews with parents (n = 32), healthcare professionals (n = 19) and policy decision makers (n = 17) in two Canadian provinces. Conceptions of consent-related terms revolved around seven factors within two broad domains, decision-making and information attainment. Decision-making comprised: parent decision authority; voluntariness; parent engagement with decision-making; and the process of enacting choice. Information ascertainment comprised: professional responsibilities (including disclosure of information and time to review); parent responsibilities; and the need for discussion and understanding prior to a decision. Our findings indicate that consent-related terms are variously understood, with substantive implications for practice. We suggest that consent procedures should be explained descriptively, regardless of approach, so there are clear indications of what is expected of parents and healthcare professionals. Support systems are required both to meet the educational needs of parents and families and to support healthcare professionals in delivering information in a manner in keeping with parent needs.

Differential Impact of an Intervention for Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren

ABSTRACTAn increasing number of grandparents are assuming full-time parenting responsibilities for grandchildren when birth parents are unable to do so. This raises concern given the body of research that indicates grandparents raising grandchildren have a propensity for relatively high levels of psychological distress. The purpose of this present study was to determine the efficacy of a home-based, multidisciplinary intervention designed to decrease psychological distress in caregiving grandmothers, as well as to determine if select demographic characteristics influence intervention outcomes. A pretest posttest design was used that included 549 African American, predominantly low-income grandmothers raising grandchildren. Findings indicated that psychological distress scores decreased significantly from pretest to posttest. The intervention appears to have benefited distressed grandmothers who are young, unmarried, or unemployed. Implications of the findings for practice, policy, and future research are discussed.

Promoting Leadership by Women in Gastroenterology—Lessons Learned and Future Directions

Promoting Leadership by Women in Gastroenterology—Lessons Learned and Future Directions

Challenging Dissemblance in Pauli Murray Historiography, Sketching a History of the Trans New Negro

Challenging Dissemblance in Pauli Murray Historiography, Sketching a History of the Trans New Negro

Being a first-time father. Their experiences and meanings: A Qualitative Systematic Review.

Becoming a first-time father is an important change in the life of men and families. Studies on the subject show that these kinds of changes have the power to put life into perspective. Being an involved father has a deep meaning for the child and the family. To explore the experience of becoming a first-time father during the child first year of the life. A qualitative systematic review was conducted in 2014 in three stages, based on the Joanna Briggs Institute Method for Qualitative Systematic Reviews (QSR). The stages used in this QSR were: establishing the question, determining the type of studies to be included, defining the evaluation criteria, and synthesizing the data. Papers that assessed clinical prognoses were considered such as first-time parenting experience and child care during the first year of life. Only primary qualitative studies including ethnography, phenomenology, narrative analysis, and action research were con sidered. Three meta-syntheses were obtained from the analysis: 1) fatherhood adjustment process, 2) paternal role development, and 3) being an active father. The path towards adoption and the fulfillment of the paternal role is mediated by different processes that are consolidated during the child first year of life. The results support the idea that fathers want to be active parti cipants in the care of their children, that public policies should consider both parents equal in terms of their parenting responsibilities, and that the protection of the family and the family environment is a priority as a health promotion intervention.

Evaluation of Mothers' Perceptions of a Technology-Based Supportive Educational Parenting Program (Part 2): Qualitative Study.

BackgroundTransitioning into parenthood can be stressful as parents struggle to cope with new parenting responsibilities. Although perinatal care in hospitals aims to improve parental outcomes, there is a general consensus that it is suboptimal and insufficient. Therefore, many studies have designed intervention methods to supplement support for parents during this stressful period. However, studies often focus on parental outcomes as indicators of their interventions’ success and effectiveness. Studies evaluating participants’ experiences and feedback are limited.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the experiences and perceptions of participants who participated in a supportive education parenting program intervention study.MethodsA qualitative semistructured interview was conducted with 16 mothers (6 control and 10 intervention) from a randomized controlled trial. The supportive education parenting program received by the intervention group included 2 phone-based perinatal educational sessions, a phone-based educational session after childbirth, and a 1-month postpartum access to a mobile health app. The interviews were approximately 30- to 60-min long, audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Study findings were reported according to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist.ResultsThe 3 main themes evaluating mothers’ experiences and perceptions were generated: (1) changed perspective toward parenthood, (2) journey from pregnancy to after birth, and (3) a way forward. Mothers from the intervention group mostly had good perinatal experiences with sufficient support received, which elevated their emotional well-being and increased parenting involvement. Mothers in the control group, although satisfied with the hospital care received, were more stressed and shared a need for professional advice and extra support. Apart from technical enhancements, mothers also requested extended social support during early pregnancy up to 1 year postpartum, taking into consideration Asian cultural practices.ConclusionsMothers who received the intervention were overall satisfied with the support provided by the technology-based supportive educational parenting program. The success of the educational program in this study highlights the need to supplement standard care in hospitals with technology-based educational programs. Future research should include fathers’ perceptions to attain an in-depth understanding of overall participants’ experiences and needs in the future development of supportive and educational programs.

Barriers and Stigma Experienced by Gay Fathers and Their Children.

Gay men have become fathers in the context of a heterosexual relationship, by adoption, by donating sperm to 1 or 2 lesbian women and subsequently sharing parenting responsibilities, and/or by engaging the services of a surrogate pregnancy carrier. Despite legal, medical, and social advances, gay fathers and their children continue to experience stigma and avoid situations because of fear of stigma. Increasing evidence reveals that stigma is associated with reduced well-being of children and adults, including psychiatric symptoms and suicidality. Men throughout the United States who identified as gay and fathers completed an online survey. Dissemination of the survey was enhanced via a "snowball" method, yielding 732 complete responses from 47 states. The survey asked how the respondent had become a father, whether he had encountered barriers, and whether he and his child(ren) had experienced stigma in various social contexts. Gay men are increasingly becoming fathers via adoption and with assistance of an unrelated pregnancy carrier. Their pathways to fatherhood vary with socioeconomic class and the extent of legal protections in their state. Respondents reported barriers to becoming a father and stigma associated with fatherhood in multiple social contexts, most often in religious institutions. Fewer barriers and less stigma were experienced by fathers living in states with more legal protections. Despite growing acceptance of parenting by same-gender adults, barriers and stigma persist. States' legal and social protections for lesbian and gay individuals and families appear to be effective in reducing experiences of stigma for gay fathers.

Parent- and Child-Reported Asthma Responsibility in School-Age Children: Examining Agreement, Disagreement, and Family Functioning

IntroductionThe school-age years represent a critical time for children to begin assuming shared asthma management responsibility. This study aimed to describe parent- and child-reported asthma responsibility, examine agreement and disagreement, and explore family functioning as a predictor of agreement/disagreement. MethodsTwenty children (age range = 6–11 years) and one of their parents participated in this cross-sectional study. Parent–child dyads independently reported on their asthma management responsibility and asthma control. Parents also completed family functioning and demographic questionnaires. ResultsThere was a significant difference between parent and child asthma responsibility scores (t(19) = 2.46, p < .05), indicating that children saw themselves as assuming greater responsibilities than their parents did. A regression analysis showed that collectively, family functioning predicted 74% of the variance in parent–child disagreement (F(6,15) = 4.17, p < .05). DiscussionFamily functioning may be an important factor in promoting shared management of asthma in school-age children.

AKIBAT HUKUM PEMBATALAN PERKAWINAN KARENA WALI NIKAH YANG TIDAK BERHAK TERHADAP KEDUDUKAN ANAK DAN HARTA BERSAMA MENURUT HUKUM ISLAM

Marriage is a physical and spiritual bond between man and woman who become husband and wife creating the happy and eternal family in the name of God Almighty. To conduct a marriage, the prospective groom and bride must meet marriage terms and conditions, or else the marriage itself may be cancelled. The cancellation of marriage is one way of breaking the bond which requirements and principles are flawed. In the provisions of article 71 letter (e), the Islamic law compilation decrales that the marriage held without an authorized guardian will result on abolishment or be considered never exist. Neverthless, the cancelled marriage does not abolish the parental obligation of the children. The child remains legitimate and they are under their parents responsibility. Meanwhile, in the case of shared assets, in Islamic law, husband and wife can choose to use the method of Ash Sulh (negotiation),‘Urf (customary law), and the last option is Qadha (justice).

Both Parents Working: Challenges and Strains in Managing the Reconciliation of Career and Family Life in Dual-Career Families. Empirical Evidence from Austria

The presented empirical data analysis aims to shed light on the persistence of gender inequalities in sharing parenting responsibilities and addresses possible improvements for realising gender equality. In recent decades, family policies in the European Union have targeted the increase of men’s shares in parental leave (=paternal leave) as well as women’s participation in the labour market. Following the results of the Lisbon Treaty in 2000, many EU member states including Austria introduced non-transferable fathers’ quotas in their regulations on parental leave. Subsequently, the share of men on parental leave increased. Nevertheless, both in number and duration, men’s childcare allowance claims have remained lower than women’s claims. This paper investigates shared parental leave practices based on 36 interviews with fathers on paternal leave, and 14 follow-up interviews with parents after paternal leave. The qualitative data reveal the challenges that arise when both parents are faced with reconciling work and family during and after parental leave. Although the data showed that progress has been made in reducing gender inequality, the interviews make clear that employers’ attitudes perpetuate traditional gendered expectations of parental leave claims and still focus on images of a male breadwinner. Also, the distribution of gainful and family work reveals gender inequalities. The paper therefore discusses challenges that arise in the realisation of current gender and family policies in order to provide a basis for making changes that further enhance the opportunities for dual-career couples within the organisation of parental leave laws.

Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Taking Responsibility for Self-Management: The Importance of Executive Functioning in Achieving Glycemic Control: Results From the Longitudinal DINO Study.

Successful self-management of type 1 diabetes requires cognitive skills such as executive functioning (EF). In the transition to adolescence, youth take over responsibility for diabetes management. We set out to test: 1) the association between EF and glycemic control over time and 2) whether this association was moderated by: a) youth, shared, or parent responsibility for diabetes management and b) youth's age. Within the Diabetes IN DevelOpment study (DINO), parents of youth with type 1 diabetes (8-15 years at baseline; N = 174) completed a yearly assessment over 4 years. Glycemic control (HbA1c) was derived from hospital charts. Youth's EF was measured using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF)-parent report. The Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire (DFRQ)-parent report was used to assess diabetes responsibility (youth, shared, and parent). Linear generalized estimating equations were used to analyze data including youth's sex, age, and age of diabetes onset as covariates. Relatively more EF problems are significantly associated with higher HbA1c over time (β = 0.190; P = 0.002). More EF problems in combination with less youth responsibility (β = 0.501; P = 0.048) or more parental responsibility (β = -0.767; P = 0.006) are significantly associated with better glycemic control over time. Only age significantly moderates the relationship among EF problems, shared responsibility, and glycemic control (β = -0.024; P = 0.019). Poorer EF is associated with worse glycemic control over time, and this association is moderated by responsibility for diabetes management tasks. This points to the importance of EF when youth take over responsibility for diabetes management in order to achieve glycemic control.

THE PARENT ROLE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD CHARACTER BUILDING

Having children who has a good character is every parent wish. For having this good character its need to be done from early age. All the parents has an important role on building this character to their children. Children as a good imitators will do what they see, so that the parent in this case need to be a good role model to the children. Like a wise words say an apple never fall far from the tree, so its mean childrens is the reflection of their childrens. If we want to have children with good character so the parent must have a good character too. So that the parent has a main role to building this early age children. Every child is like a clean white paper, they will follow every direction that been given to them. Not only the parents, school and the environtment having a huge role to building this children character. But back again if the parents already put the values of the good character the children wont absorb other influence from their environment. So it means that father and mother roles in the family becoming the most important things on this children character building. Other than that the parent responsibilities to their children character building need to be their main concern.