Childcare Responsibilities Research Articles

Going above and beyond? How parent–daycare mobile communication reconfigures the time and space dimensions of parenting

How does the use of parent–daycare mobile communication applications reconfigure the emplacement and timing of parenting? In what ways, if any, do parents’ practices challenge the distinction between warm care and cold technology? Based on 35 interviews with 18 parents, we identified 4 ways in which Aula, Denmark's parent–daycare app, reconfigures the time-space dimensions of parenting. While parents and children are apart, mobile communication via Aula allows parents to “plan ahead,” and “synchronize” expectations and schedules with those of their children and the daycare center and “look back” on their children's time away. In addition, communication via Aula enhances co-presence. Overall, this paper's findings offer an alternative to views that oppose technology and care, showing how mobile communication may reshape responsibility for childcare in the welfare state.

Prevalence and correlates of meeting the Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines among a sample of Canadian parents during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundParents’ own movement behaviours can influence those of their children, thus contributing to the health and well-being of the whole family. Parents experienced a shift in work and childcare responsibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This may have led to a reduction in their healthy movements. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of meeting vs. not meeting the individual and combined recommendations within the Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for adults among a sample of Canadian parents during the second wave (October 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsParents of children aged 5–17 years (n = 1,477) responded to a cross-sectional survey conducted in October 2020. A total of 21 self-reported correlates, including parental and child demographics, and change in family movement behaviours/characteristics were assessed. Parental movement behaviours were reported and classified as meeting or not meeting each of the guidelines. Associations between correlates and meeting each of the guidelines were examined using multiple logistic regression.ResultsThe proportion of parents who met the moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), recreational screen time, sleep duration and combined guidelines were 21.2, 51.0, 66.1, and 9.1%, respectively. Being a parent ≥ 45 years old, having a university education, and higher levels of outdoor play were associated with meeting the combined guidelines. Age, dwelling type, family hobbies, and outdoor play were associated with meeting the MVPA recommendation. Employment status, education level, dog ownership, children’s age, family physical activity, and levels of distress were associated with meeting the recreational screen time recommendation. Geographical region, dwelling type, and levels of distress were associated with meeting the sleep duration recommendation.ConclusionsFew Canadian parents were meeting the combined 24-hour movement guidelines recommendations for MVPA, recreational screen time, and sleep six months into the COVID-19 pandemic. Several socio-demographic, behavioural, and COVID-19-related factors emerged as significant correlates of meeting vs. not meeting the individual and/or combined recommendations within the guidelines. The findings provide various avenues for which to target future movement behaviour interventions and guideline adoption for parents.

Experiences of Japanese women simultaneously caring for children and older people: An ethnographic study

BackgroundJapan has experienced a rapid decline in birth rate and an aging population, coupled with women choosing to delay having children. Family carers are therefore increasingly expected to accept simultaneous responsibilities for both children and parents. This responsibility often falls on women in Japan, but little is known about their views. This study aimed to understand how Japanese women who are simultaneously responsible for caring for children and older people perceive their experiences. MethodsThis was an ethnographic study conducted in central Japan. Over a period of 3 years and 5 months, we observed 19 people active in a peer support group for people with both childcare and caregiving responsibilities. We also carried out individual interviews with 14 Japanese women who were raising children and caring for parents or parents-in-law. ResultsFive key themes emerged. These were “Accepting both childcare and caregiving as my role,” “Inability to fulfill the role of mother,” “Being supported by children and grandparents,” “Unable to talk to anyone about the pressures of caregiving,” and “Realizing that caregiving is not the only way to live.” ConclusionsJapanese women who provided care to both children and older people were influenced by traditional Japanese values. However, they had a sense of mission and accepted the role of providing for their families. They felt guilty about not being able to fulfill their role as mothers, and were lonely, with no one to understand or advise them. If the burden of caregiving is concentrated on women, there is an increased risk that their children will become involved in providing some of the care for older people. It may therefore be necessary to develop a support system for female carers, and to increase understanding of the potential harm of placing caregiving responsibility solely on women.

Adjusting Parenting Roles and Work Expectations among Women with Children during COVID-19.

This study explores mothers' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic with a focus on stressors, parenting roles, and work expectations. Qualitative analysis of open-ended interviews with a diverse group of 44 mothers in the United States generated two main themes: adjusting parenting roles and career concerns for mothers. Findings reveal that mothers have both internalized strong intra-family expectations to shoulder the primary responsibility for domestic labor and childcare in addition to completing their work obligations and experience institutional gender bias in the expectations that employers have for female employees. The interviews highlight lower expectations for fathers' contributions to parenting under pandemic conditions. Implications for research and policy are discussed with a particular focus on critiquing structures that may perpetuate gender disparities.

Gender employment gap at arrival and its dynamics: The case of refugees in Germany

In recent years, refugee women’s experiences have received considerable attention in the academic discourse on immigrant labor market integration. Taking a dynamic perspective, we investigate gender differences in the labor market integration of refugees who arrived in Germany between 2013 and 2019. We examine refugees' trajectories in the early post-arrival period and explore a number of conditions that have been proposed to influence gendered labor market outcomes. Using panel data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Sample, we find initially narrow gender differences among refugees that gradually widen over time. While initial differences in human capital and care responsibilities contribute significantly to the gender gap in employment in the first year after arrival, our study shows that the gap widens primarily due to refugee women experiencing lower returns to their human and social capital and health, as well as bearing a heavier burden of childcare responsibilities. These findings highlight the compounded disadvantages that refugee women face in the host country due to their limited ability to fully utilize their labor market resources, coupled with their primary responsibility for childcare. Moreover, our findings suggest that existing theoretical explanations in the literature are insufficient to fully explain the barriers refugee women face when entering the labor market.

Finishing the “unfinished revolution”?: College‐educated mothers' resistance to intensive mothering

AbstractIntensive mothering, a classed and gendered practice optimally performed by stay‐at‐home mothers, is a dominant parenting ideology, particularly in developed societies with wide disparities in wealth. Ironically, in these societies, women tend to be well educated and have good employment prospects that are expected to free them from domestic obligations. Facing competing expectations shaped by the institutions of work and the family, how do college‐educated mothers consider ending or limiting their participation in the workforce or holding jobs while resolving the moral dilemma of being both a worker and a mother? We compared 33 college‐educated Hong Kong mothers engaged in different professions and constructed typologies that describe how intersecting ideologies of mothering and work shape work‐family arrangements. We paid special attention to mothers with strong commitment to their work, but with different ideologies about mothering. Some espouse the ideology of intensive mothering. Their belief in gender essentialism proved exhausting for them, both at work and at home. While away from home, these mothers supervised domestic helpers from their workplaces. Other women value their professions as emblematic of their identity as the perfect mother—an integrated form of mothering, thus feeling no guilt for delegating childcare responsibilities. We argue that given the entrenched gender inequality in workplaces and men's slow progress in doing their share of domestic work, the emergence of integrated mothering both rhetorically and in practice reflects women's striving to bring the “unfinished revolution” closer to the finish line.

Women disproportionately shoulder burdens imposed by the global COVID‐19 pandemic

AbstractThe current study focused on how the sudden onset of the pandemic magnified existing inequalities for women in the United States. A total of 2115 participants responded to an online survey regarding pandemic‐related changes to household and childcare responsibilities, employment, mental and physical health and safety, housing, worries and stress, and coping strategies. We employ an intersectionality analytical framework to understand how existing systems of oppression differentially impacted women's lived experiences during the early stages of the pandemic in the United States. Particularly, we investigated how gender, race/ethnicity, and class intersected to impact women's adaptability to the pandemic crisis. We also included motherhood status as a possible variable that may change women's pandemic‐related experiences. Finally, we include women's narrative responses to provide context to their quantitative responses and to help fully represent perspectives that can often be rendered invisible. We leveraged the findings of the current investigation of the impact of the COVID‐19 global pandemic on women's lives to make suggestions for changes that can support women with this and future pandemics and disasters.

“I Ain’t Got No Extra Money and I’m Used to Having Extra Money”: The Capacity for Low-Income Pickens County, SC Households to Manage Food Security During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pickens County, SC residents experienced disruptions to the state of their household food security status during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through job losses, work hour reductions, and the increased responsibilities of childcare due to school closures, low-income households were forced to adjust their food provisioning habits and food budgets in order to maintain food security. As national and regional food insecurity rates rose from pre-COVID-19 pandemic rates, a need arose to research how households managed their food security status. In order to address this research, the National Science Foundation (NSF) provided funding for qualitative research. As a result, thirty-nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with sixteen low-income Pickens County, SC residents. Through these interviews, and subsequent coding procedures, several themes emerged suggesting how these households attempted to maintain food security during the COVID-19 pandemic. These themes include the use of supplemental government support payments such as P-EBT, the expanded Child Tax Credit, and Economic Impact Payments. These themes also include the use of an improved emergency food system, such as school meal deliveries and drive through food pantry services. Through these mechanisms, it is believed that the Pickens County, SC food insecurity rate was able to remain stable during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Childcare Crisis During the Pandemic: Analysing the Role of Grandparents in Multi-Generational Households

The COVID-19 crisis has dramatically altered our lives-both at the micro and macro levels. Apart from bringing in deaths, illnesses and devastations, it also struck at the most elementary level of our society - the children. The pandemic has forced educational institutions and offices to shift to an online mode, thus intensifying the already existing childcare crisis. In the midst of such an existential crisis, it is interesting to note that in many families, grandparents have stepped in for helping out their adult children who are already overwhelmed by work pressure, childcare and household responsibilities. Against such a background, an attempt has been made to understand the challenges that the grandparents have experienced in dealing with the pandemic childcare crisis. The paper also aims to understand the qualitative contribution of grandparents towards their children, grandkids and the coping strategies that the senior and middle generations have used in fighting with this unprecedented crisis.

Stressors and coping mechanisms among pregnant women with psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Women with psychiatric disorders are vulnerable to relapse in pregnancy, and the COVID-19 pandemic has presented an additional stressor. Data came from a supplemental study offered to women enrolled in the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Women's Mental Health National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications. Registry participants were also invited to complete an email questionnaire relating to their experiences of pregnancy during the pandemic. Prepartum experiences of 230 respondents were analyzed. The most common diagnoses in this group were depression (30%), anxiety disorders (29%), and bipolar affective disorder (17%). Common stressors included changes in employment, greater childcare and/or schooling responsibilities, more conflict in the household, and increased isolation. Participants reported negative impacts and/or coping mechanisms associated with the pandemic, such as sleep problems, reduced physical activity, changes in eating, and greater amounts of screen time. Positive impacts and/or coping mechanisms were also reported, including more quality time with family, more time in nature, and being more appreciative of aspects of life previously taken for granted. Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has had an overall negative psychosocial impact on many pregnant women with preexisting psychiatric disorders. We also observed positive coping mechanisms, which could be drawn on as sources of resilience.

Child sharing in the Inuit subsistence system

This article aims to analyse how Inuit extended families engage in collaborative childcare and rearing practices within the framework of their subsistence system. The study demonstrates that child sharing through care and rearing is crucial for continually generating an extended family through a cyclical drive of the subsistence system. First, I analyse childcare and upbringing in Inuit extended family by reviewing previous Inuit ethnographies and my participant observation in Kugaaruk, Nunavut, Canada, an off-road Inuit village in the Central Arctic. The data show that 1) child adoption is prevalent in nuclear families within an extended family, with nearly every nuclear family having at least one adopted child, which is similar to a stepfamily when one of the parents is not genetically related to the child; 2) there are no discernible differences in the emotional and behavioural attitudes of parents and their relatives toward their biological offsprings and adopted children; 3) the adult members of extended family collaboratively rear their children, facilitating their social and moral development and instructing them in survival skills, whereas parents bear the primary responsibility for childcare, including providing food, basic needs, protection and love. Finally, the collaborative childcare and rearing practices are analysed within the subsistence system, demonstrating that child sharing through adoption and cooperative childcare can be seen as an outcome of the subsistence system, particularly food-sharing practices, which play a pivotal role in the system. Then, based on this analysis, I show that sharing practices of food and children play a crucial role in the process of continually generating their world known as nuna (land), the extended family embedded therein, and the trust relationships among its members.

Identification of distinct symptom profiles in patients with gynecologic cancers using a pre-specified symptom cluster.

Pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression are four of the most common symptoms in patients with gynecologic cancer. The purposes were to identify subgroups of patients with distinct co-occurring pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression profiles (i.e., pre-specified symptom cluster) in a sample of patients with gynecologic cancer receiving chemotherapy and assess for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as the severity of other common symptoms and QOL outcomes among these subgroups. Patients completed symptom questionnaires prior to their second or third cycle of chemotherapy. Latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients using the pre-specified symptom cluster. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to evaluate for differences between the subgroups. In the sample of 233 patients, two distinct latent classes were identified (i.e., low (64.8%) and high (35.2%)) indicating lower and higher levels of symptom burden. Patients in high class were younger, had child care responsibilities, were unemployed, and had a lower annual income. In addition, these women had a higher body mass index, a higher comorbidity burden, and a lower functional status. Patients in the high class reported higher levels of anxiety, as well as lower levels of energy and cognitive function and poorer quality of life scores. This study identified a number of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with membership in the high class. Clinicians can use this information to refer patients to dieticians and physical therapists for tailored interventions.

Women in the UK construction industry: are we still clinging to the “old boys club”?

PurposeThe construction industry is famous for gender imbalance and reluctance in initiating change. In recent years, construction is becoming an attractive career choice for women. However, this change has been gradual. The purpose of this research was to understand the challenges women are facing in construction sector after a decade of implementation of the Equality Act 2010 in the UK and how women in the sector feel the industry could be further improved. This research investigated real-life experiences to identify where the industry needs to make viable improvements.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research methodology was adopted. In total, 31 semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data, which was then analysed using content analysis for inference and conclusion.FindingsThis research revealed that women still experience adversity forcing them to work harder than usual to prove their belonging in construction sector. The “man’s world” culture is still widespread. However, women have seen improvements over recent years but believe more can be done from an intersectionality perspective. This is pertinent due to the Brexit and Covid-19 situation.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the field of equality and diversity in the construction sector. Women believe that factors such as bespoke initiatives, equal pay, flexible working hours (considering childcare and caring responsibilities), mental health and well-being support, and equality and diversity policies will enable the construction sector to create conducive environment for women now and in the future.

Development of work-life/family policy and gendered division of childcare responsibility: the case of South Korea

PurposeThis paper aims to overcome the limitations of studies on work-life balance, which have focused on Western countries without considering “mental” dimensions of gendered childcare. By concentrating on South Korea as a case study, this paper also aims to examine how the gendered division of childcare changed when Korea's work-life/family policy followed European work-family conciliation policy.Design/methodology/approachThe Korean Time Use Survey (KTUS) in 2009 and 2019 are used for multiple regression analyses. Based on discussions about theories on unpaid work distribution within households and its stratification effects, this study examines the relationship between wife's and husband's behaviors and the stratification effects in the gendered division of childcare alongside the work-life/family policy change.FindingsSubstantial findings indicate the necessity of strengthening various legal and institutional structures that might increase husbands' characteristics of caring masculinities. Additionally, while policies developed to support flexible working arrangements, low-income women at risk of being trapped in dual poverty of time and income should be carefully considered.Originality/valueThis study focuses especially on South Korea, thereby contributing to understanding how national policy and gendered distribution of childcare are related. Notably, this link has not been widely discussed in the literature on work-life balance. It also suggests viable directions for future policies depending on gender and socioeconomic status.

Professional activity, gender and disease-related emotions: The impact on parents' experiences in caring for children with phenylketonuria

IntroductionClinical management of rare diseases often fails to acknowledge the challenges faced by caregivers. Whilst management of phenylketonuria (PKU) may not be considered as dire as other conditions, most studies primarily concentrate on clinical issues, dietary adherence, or the quality of life of the PKU patients, leaving caregivers in the background. The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychosocial effects of PKU on family caregivers. MethodsBetween October 30th, 2022 and February 28th, 2023, we collected data from caregivers of children with PKU using an anonymous, self-administered, computer-assisted online questionnaire. The survey was distributed among to patients during their regular visits to five Polish PKU treatment centers. ResultsA total of 159 Polish caregivers of children with PKU completed the survey. This research shows that while women caregivers were more likely to be unemployed due to their responsibilities for childcare (50.3% compared to 0% for men), and men caregivers were more likely to be employed full-time (93.8% compared to 40.6% for women), the former reported higher emotional engagement in caregiving (88.1% vs 56.3% respectively). Significantly, unemployed mothers reported higher levels of loneliness, helplessness, and emotional control problems, and lacked psychological/emotional support more often than employed mothers. This research also shows a statistically significant positive correlation between mothers' education level and financial situation (p < 0.05) and education level and professional activity (p < 0.01). Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between perceived financial situation and feeling of happiness (p < 0.001), and between financial situation and professional activity (p < 0.001). Finally, a significant positive correlation was observed between feeling of happiness and professional activity (p < 0.05). ConclusionsAccording to our findings, there is a link between subjective happiness, financial situation, and professional activity among female caregivers. The relationship between these factors goes beyond just the income earned from work. The results of our study imply that there could even be a therapeutic advantage for working mothers. It is crucial to recognize the emotional difficulties that employed mothers may experience while taking care of a child with PKU, and to provide them with the necessary assistance and resources to meet their needs. Additionally, our results may provide a foundation for redefining the support system for caregivers in Poland.

STIGMA AND LOW SENSE OF COHERENCE AS LONG-TERM PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSIVE AND ANXIETY SYMPTOMS IN THE POPULATION AMID THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.

The COVID-19 has had a profound negative impact on the population's mental health. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the general population during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify risk factors associated with these symptoms after implementing initial prevention strategies. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 visitors to five general practices in February 2021 in Slovenia. The response rate was 82.0% (164/200). A structured survey was used to assess sociodemographic factors, depressive and anxiety symptoms, exposure to COVID-19 stressors, stress coping strategies used, and sense of coherence (SOC). A score of ≥10 points on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and ≥10 points on the General Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire were considered as cut-offs for screened depression and anxiety, respectively. The Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. The prevalence of screened depression and anxiety was 24.4% and 12.9%, respectively. Independent predictors of depression were stigma related to COVID-19 (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.57-3.73, p<0.001), low SOC (OR 5.89, 95% CI 2.21-15.72, p<0.001), and smoking (OR 3.53, 95% CI 1.23-10.10. p=0.019). Independent predictors of anxiety were religious rituals cancellation (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.02-2.65, p=0.040), childcare responsibilities (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.07-2.69, p=0.025), increased contact with close ones (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.11-3.29, p=0.019), and low SOC (OR 5.21, 95% CI 1.22-22.31, p=0.026). Despite efforts to address the pandemic through prevention strategies and the burden of the pandemic decreasing, we still found a high prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms. While some risk factors can be addressed quickly, such as by providing stable childcare and schooling and enabling assess to mental health services for vulnerable families, others require a longer-term approach, such as strengthening SOC and reducing stigma.

An institutional ethnography analysis on skilled Chinese immigrant mothers’ experiences in Canada

ABSTRACT This research follows Dorothy Smith’s Institutional Ethnography (IE) approach to explore skilled Chinese immigrant mothers’ post-migration experiences in Canada. Empirical evidence reveals that these immigrant women undertake intensified childcare responsibilities by acting as primary caregivers and educators for their children with reduced familial support after migration. These immigrant women are also compelled to participate in paid work as income producers and supporters with inadequate employment-related support from the host society. These skilled Chinese immigrant mothers’ experiences are constructed by multiple discourses that continue, converge, and compete. Under these discourses, skilled Chinese immigrant mothers experience intensified work after migration, but receive limited familial and social support, which leaves them subservient to the patriarchal demands in both private and public social structures.

Liability for Violation of the Duty of Care and Upbringing in the Criminal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany

The relevance of the topic of research is determined by the fact that the problem of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment by parents (persons who replace them) of childcare responsibilities exists in all countries, regardless of the form of government, state system and income level of the population. Ukraine is in the process of integration with the European Union, so it is useful to study the foreign legislative approach to regulating responsibility for the violation of these obligations. The aim of the article is to study the German experience of establishing criminal liability for non-fulfillment of childcare obligations. Dogmatic, systemic-structural, statistical, historical-legal, formal-legal research methods were used in the research. Attention is paid to German legislation, which provides for the right and duty of parents to care for and bring up children. The genesis of the criminal law regarding the liability for violation of these duties is given. Statistical data on the number of criminal proceedings and persons convicted of this criminal offense (2010–2021) are summarized. The peculiarities of the structure of the crime provided for in § 171 of the Criminal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany have been studied; objective and subjective characteristics. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the doctrine of German criminal law and the practice of courts of general jurisdiction, in particular the Federal Supreme Court of Germany. The practice of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany was used. Based on the study, conclusions were formulated regarding the definition of: the legal interest that is protected; signs of "gross" violation of duties; criteria for establishing the consequence of the crime, which is provided as the tort of creating danger. The peculiarities of the qualification of the crime in case of its commission in a place where an armed conflict is taking place are noted. The allocation of an independent structural section (subsection) in the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which includes criminal offenses against family, is supported. The discussion of the criminalization of harm caused by a crime provided by Art. 166 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, creating a real threat (danger) of causing harm to the victim is proposed.

New evidence of gender inequality during COVID-19 outbreak in the Middle East and North Africa

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered employment and income distribution, impacting women and men differently. This study investigates the negative effects of COVID-19 on the labour market, focusing on the gender gap in five countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The study indicates whether women are more susceptible to losing their jobs, either temporarily or permanently, switching their primary occupation, and experiencing decreased working hours and income compared to men during the COVID-19 outbreak. The study utilizes a multivariate Probit model to estimate the relationship between gender and adverse labour outcomes controlling for correlations among outcomes. Data are obtained from the Combined COVID-19 MENA Monitor Household Survey, covering Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan, and Sudan. The findings of this study offer empirical evidence of the gender gap in labour market outcomes during the pandemic. Women are more likely than men to experience negative work outcomes, such as permanent job loss and change in their main job. The increased childcare and housework responsibilities have significantly impacted women's labour market outcomes during the pandemic. However, the availability of telework has reduced the likelihood of job loss among women. The study's results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in understudied MENA countries. Mitigation policies should focus on supporting vulnerable women who have experienced disproportionate negative effects of COVID-19.

The labour market entry of immigrant women in Germany: disentangling the determinants of labour force participation

ABSTRACT The labour market entry of immigrants is key to their integration, but also one of the stages where disadvantage arises. In seeking to understand this disadvantage, much of the existing research does not acknowledge the gender-specific dynamics at play and for immigrant women, this often means that their labour force participation (LFP) is overlooked. Thus, this study seeks to investigate the LFP decision in its own right, exposing the gender-specific nature of this stage of labour market integration and its determinants, including labour market resources, like education and language skills, and motivations, like childcare pressures, gender role attitudes and personality traits. Relying on data from the Recent Immigration Processes and Early Integration Trajectories in Germany (ENTRA) survey of recently-arrived immigrants, I investigate the LFP of women from four different origin groups – Poland, Italy, Syria and Turkey. The results highlight that, unlike immigrant men, for immigrant women, the LFP decision is much more salient, and both labour market resources as well as motivations are decisive determinants. Nonetheless, even after accounting for these factors, Turkish and Syrian women still show persistently lower LFP compared to immigrant women from European origins. Moreover, childcare responsibilities are identified as a crucial female-specific barrier.