Extinction Of Response Research Articles

Metallic Degenerately Doped Free-Electron-Confined Plasmonic Nanocrystal and Infrared Extinction Response

In this paper, synthetically scaled-up degenerately n-type doped indium tin oxide (Sn:In2O3) nanocrystals are described as highly transparent conductive materials possessing both optoelectronic and crystalline properties. With tin dopants serving as n-type semiconductor materials, they can generate free-electron carriers. These free electrons, vibrating in resonance with infrared radiation, induce strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), resulting in efficient infrared absorption. To commercialize products featuring Sn:In2O3 with localized surface plasmon resonance, a scaled-up synthetic process is essential. To reduce the cost of raw materials during synthesis, we aim to proceed with synthesis in a large reactor using industrial raw materials. Sn:In2O3 can be formulated into ink dispersed in solvents. Infrared-absorbing ink formulations can capitalize on their infrared absorption properties to render opaque in the infrared spectrum while remaining transparent in the visible light spectrum. The ink can serve as a security ink material visible only through infrared cameras and as a paint absorbing infrared light. We verified the transparency and infrared absorption properties of the ink produced in this study, demonstrating consistent characteristics in scaled-up synthesis. Due to potential applications requiring infrared absorption properties, it holds significant promise as a robust platform material in various fields.

인구감소 지역의 지방소멸 대응 전략 방안 연구

In this study, government policies and local government policies were identified, focusing on the biggest factors of population movement, and solutions were sought through problems. Through prior research, the problems of government policies and projects related to the most influential factors, ‘economic problems’, were classified into four main categories: uniform budget investment, abstract policies and regulations, misuse of local extinction response funds, unrealistic regulations on local specialized visas, and the operation of the Special Act on Support for Population Reduction Areas. Based on this, four measures to respond to local extinction reflecting the projects and policies of Jangsu-gun were proposed: improvement of local-specific visas, support for settlement of long-term returning home and the elderly, establishment of unified youth standards in the province, and creation of a long-term living population start-up camp. There is a desperate need for policies and alternatives that can be implemented in small local governments, which are areas with reduced population, and practical measures that can be sustainable for current projects and policies were prepared. In the era of local extinction, a detailed tweezers policy that will overcome the decline and crisis of existence of the local economy due to population decline is presented as a ‘long-lived model’.

A Study on the Relationship between Allocation Performance of the Local Extinction Response Fund and Budget Implementation Rate

A Study on the Relationship between Allocation Performance of the Local Extinction Response Fund and Budget Implementation Rate

인구감소와 지방소멸에 대한 법적 대응

Korea has been implementing a policy of restricting birth from the 1960s to the 1990s amid explosive population growth after the Korean War. In the provinces, the rural population and the population of small cities have been concentrated in large cities and metropolitan areas due to lack of jobs, infrastructure, and capital. Korea's population began to decline in 2021 after peaking in 2020, and in 2023, it became a country with the lowest birth rate in the world at 0.72, and will soon become a super-aging society. The government has enacted the Framework Act On Low Birth Rate In An Aging Society, the Special Act on Local Autonomy Decentralization and Balanced Regional Development, and the Special Act On Support For Depopulation Regions to promote balanced regional development and to prepare legal policies to cope with population decline and local extinction. In Korea, there are many places where baby cries have stopped, and the equity of the burden of tax and social security costs between generations is a problem due to the low birth rate and the aging society, and the burden of social welfare costs is increasing in local governments. In this paper, after analyzing the current status of Korea's legislation on population decline and regional extinction response, we propose a plan to enact the Regional Revitalization (Regional Revitalization) Act since there are many population decline response laws, but there is no general law on regional extinction response. In addition, although encouraging immigration is not a fundamental measure to respond to population decline and regional extinction, the promotion of flexible local immigration policies in countries such as Australia, the United States, and France is becoming a major factor in population growth, so a regional-led local immigration system must be devised. do. In addition, in the case of Europe, when a city is created as a smart city, it is common for the population to concentrate, and as the population decreases in cities or rural areas with underdeveloped social infrastructure due to ICT convergence technology, cities in population-decreasing areas We review the issue of smart city creation within the city. In addition, when population decreases and regions disappear, there is no need to continuously expand and create cities as is currently the case, so the issue of introducing an appropriate location planning system to create a compact city (compressed city) is reviewed. In addition, we examine the expansion of the scope of use of the living population support introduced by the Depopulation Area Act and the concept and requirements of the related population, and review the issue of introducing a corporate hometown love donation tax to respond to population decline and regional extinction. Lastly, since population decline and regional extinction cannot be resolved through financial support alone, implementation of institutional guarantees for marriage and family community guaranteed under the Constitution, establishment of a livable local environment and infrastructure, provision of sufficient jobs and guaranteed income, transportation, education, and culture. I hope that the Constitution will be amended to create an equal living environment in the metropolitan area and local areas by guaranteeing accessibility to medical care, etc.

Species-level correlates of land-use responses and climate-change sensitivity in terrestrial vertebrates.

Land-use and climate change are major pressures on terrestrial biodiversity. Species' extinction risk and responses to human pressures relate to ecological traits and other characteristics in some clades. However, large-scale comparative assessments of the associations between traits and responses to multiple human pressures across multiple clades are needed. We investigated whether a set of ecological characteristics that are commonly measured across terrestrial vertebrates (ecological traits and geographic range area) are associated with species' responses to different land-use types and species' likely sensitivity to climate change. We aimed to test whether generalizable patterns in response to these pressures arise across both pressures and across vertebrate clades, which could inform assessments of the global signature of human pressures on vertebrate biodiversity and guide conservation efforts. At the species level, we investigated associations between land-use responses and ecological characteristics with a space-for-time substitution approach, making use of the PREDICTS database. We investigated associations between ecological characteristics and expected climate-change sensitivity, estimated from properties of species realized climatic niches. Among the characteristics we considered, 3 were consistently associated with strong land-use responses and high climate-change sensitivity across terrestrial vertebrate classes: narrow geographic range, narrow habitat breadth, and specialization on natural habitats (which described whether a species occurs in artificial habitats or not). The associations of other traits with species' land-use responses and climate-change sensitivity often depended on species' class and land-use type, highlighting an important degree of context dependency. In all classes, invertebrate eaters and fruit and nectar eaters tended to be negatively affected in disturbed land-use types, whereas invertebrate-eating and plant- and seed-eating birds were estimated to be more sensitive to climate change, raising concerns about the continuation of ecological processes sustained by these species under global changes. Our results highlight a consistently higher sensitivity of narrowly distributed species and habitat specialists to land-use and climate change, which provides support for capturing such characteristics in large-scale vulnerability assessments.

Legal policy direction for local extinction response and balanced national development

Legal policy direction for local extinction response and balanced national development

Thermoluminescence properties of Cu doped α-Al2O3 crystals synthesized by a solid state method

While impurity doping in aluminum oxide (Al2O3) crystals has proven to be an efficient approach to enhance the material response to ionizing and nonionizing radiations, significantly less attention has been paid to thermoluminescence (TL) properties of copper doped Al2O3 (Al2O3:Cu) compounds. Here, Al2O3 microparticles (MPs) are synthesized and doped with different concentrations of Cu (0.1–1 mol%) using a solid state method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology and size of the synthesized MPs. The crystal structure and composition of the α-Al2O3 sample were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray energy diffraction (EDX) analyses, respectively. The optimal amount of impurity for the maximum TL response to gamma rays of 60Co source was found to be 0.5 mol%. The kinetic parameters of the TL glow curve of the prepared samples were calculated by a computer fitting method. Also, the isothermal decay and variable heating rate methods were used to determine the activation energy and the frequency factor of the TL glow curve. Other TL properties of these MPs, including the TL glow curve, extinction and linear dose response region were also investigated.

Photonic Crystal Based All-Optical Switch Using a Ring Resonator and Kerr Effect

ABSTRACT This paper proposes an all-optical switch using Kerr-type nonlinearity based on a photonic crystal ring resonator (PCRR). For the first time, the bar state and cross-state operation with 2 × 2 elements of an optical switch is implemented using a nonlinear ring resonator. Chalcogenide glass rods are used in the air background to simulate the proposed structure. The operating wavelength for this structure is calculated to be 1551 nm using the finite element method. The functional parameters such as the extinction ratio, response time, bit rate, crosstalk, and insertion loss values are studied using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The presented structure design has a fast data rate of 0.46 Tbps, a low crosstalk value of −17.14 dB, and a fast response time of 2.16 ps. The proposed optical switch has a total footprint of about 398.56 μm2. The device’s performance makes it suitable for switching applications and integration in all-optical circuits.

Anxiety, fear extinction, and threat-related amygdala reactivity in children exposed to urban trauma

Introduction Childhood trauma is strongly associated with fear-related psychopathology, like anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Atypical fear extinction and neural responses to social threat (i.e., negative emotional faces) may serve as intermediate phenotypes preceding the emergence of fear-related psychopathology during childhood and adolescence. However, few studies have examined associations among these phenotypes in trauma-exposed youth. Methods 29 9-year-old children with high rates of trauma exposure (Mdn = 4, min = 0, max= 14 total events) completed a fear-potentiated startle paradigm assessing fear conditioning and extinction and an emotional faces functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task assessing neural responses to fearful and neutral faces. Results Overall amygdala response was positively associated with anxiety (peak coordinates: x = −30, y = −6, z = −24; Z = 3.54; pFWEcorrected = 0.011; k = 24 voxels) and fear-potentiated startle during early extinction (peak coordinates x = 28, y = −6, z = −18; Z = 3.50; pFWEcorrected = 0.012; k = 19 voxels). Across the session, amygdala reactivity to fearful faces increased (F(1, 29) = 4.427, p = .044) and was positively associated with fear-potentiated startle during early extinction (r = .56, p = .002). Conclusions We found a positive association between increasing amygdala response to threatening faces and fear load, that is, heightened fear-potentiated startle during early extinction, in trauma-exposed children. These fear-based intermediate phenotypes may share underlying amygdala circuits, such that hyperactivity may represent an early marker of anxiety risk in trauma-exposed youth.

Acquisition, extinction, and return of fear in veterans in intensive outpatient prolonged exposure therapy: A fear-potentiated startle study

Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is a first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and involves repeated presentation of trauma-related cues without aversive outcomes. A primary learning mechanism of PE is fear extinction (new learning that a dangerous cue is now safe) and its retention (maintaining this new learning over time). Extant research suggests extinction is impaired in PTSD patients. In this study, we employed an established fear-potentiated startle-based paradigm to examine fear acquisition, extinction learning and retention before and after completion of intensive outpatient treatment. First, PTSD patients undergoing PE (n = 55) were compared to trauma-exposed patients without PTSD (n = 57). We identified excessive fear in PTSD patients during acquisition and extinction before treatment compared to non-PTSD patients. At post-treatment, we examined the return of fear after extinction in PTSD patients showing high or low treatment response to PE (≥50% change in PTSD symptom severity vs. < 50%). High PE responders maintained fear extinction learning whereas low PE responders showed significant return of fear at post-treatment. These results replicate and extend previous findings of impaired extinction in PTSD and provide support for the proposed theoretical link between fear extinction and PE response.

Hydrogen effect on flame extinction of hydrogen-enriched methane/air premixed flames: An assessment from the combustion safety point of view

Hydrogen-enriched natural gas is a promising low-carbon fuel in combustion devices. To better assess its feasibility from the extinction prevention point of view, the extinction of near-limit premixed hydrogen-methane/air flames over a wide range of equivalence ratios was measured using the single-flame counterflow configuration. Results showed that the hydrogen addition resulted in a greater extinction stretch rate. Further analysis demonstrated that the extinction stretch rate of premixed hydrogen-methane/air flames linearly correlated with the corresponding reference flame speed. Thereby a combustion regime map diagram, separating the burning and extinction, was sketched. In addition, critical extinction Damkӧhlor number of premixed hydrogen-methane/air flames was investigated and it was found to be insensitive to the hydrogen addition and equivalence ratio. Finally, the hydrogen addition effect and the corresponding extinction response were assessed for two scenarios, 1) constant thermal load (gas turbine, gas-fired boilers, etc.), and 2) constant fuel injection pressure (gas stove, oven, etc.). The results indicated that H2 addition promoted the combustion safety by increasing the extinction stretch rates, but an allowable H2 variation window existed when considering the unexpected high-temperature damage of the burners. The allowable H2 variation window of Scenario 1 was found much broader than that of Scenario 2.

Laser Fluorescence and Extinction Methods for Measuring the Flow and Composition of Milk in a Milking Machine

Automation of milking systems is linked to accurate measurement of fluctuations in milk flow during milking. To assess the fluctuations of the milk flow, the formation and movement of milk portions in the milking machine-milk pipeline system was studied. By considering the movement of a milk plug along the milk pipeline, a hydraulic model of the formation of a critical volume of milk in the milking machine manifold was compiled. In practice, the most expedient way of determining milk flow parameters may be to measure the laser fluorescent and extinction responses of moving air-milk mixture. We have implemented a new laser sensing method for measuring the flow rate and composition of milk on the basis of counting the optical response pulses received from moving dispersed components by a CCD array or a randomized fiber optic bundle. Using the developed laser sensors, the theoretical model of milk flow was tested.

In‐Fiber Switchable Polarization Filter Based on Liquid Crystal Filled Hollow‐Filament Bragg Gratings

AbstractFemtosecond laser filaments are formed by surface aberration to open nano‐hole arrays, passing through the silica cladding and guiding core cross‐section of a standard telecommunication fiber. The hollow filament grating presents a strong capillarity effect to draw nematic liquid crystal (NLC) into homogeneous alignment with the cylindrical walls and presents a high birefringent response in the second‐order Bragg stopband. The NLC provides a strong extinction ratio of up to 20 dB over a ≈5 nm band with only a moderate insertion loss of &lt;1 dB arising between the two polarization states of the shifted stopbands. The Bragg grating follows the thermo‐optic response of the NLC to further offer dynamic tuning and switching of the polarization extinction response without an increase in the insertion loss. The flexible laser writing enables tailoring of the Bragg spectral and polarization responses in the telecommunication C‐band.

Design and Simulation of a Fast All-Optical Modulator Based on Photonic Crystal Using Ring Resonators

In the present paper, the design and simulation of a fast all-optical modulator based on the photonic crystal structure have been presented and its performance characteristics have been investigated. The photonic crystal of this structure has been made of 50 × 27 dielectric rods in the air bed with a hexagonal lattice. To benefit from silicon technology and the simplicity of the structure, dielectric rods have been made of silicon with a refractive index of 3.46. The value of lattice constant (a) has been considered to be 525 nm and the radius of the dielectric rods (R) has been equal to about 111 nm. In this modulator, the carrier beam is controlled by the input signal beam. The structure includes a two-dimensional ring resonator located between two central waveguides. To analyze this structure, two numerical methods of plane-wave expansion (PWE) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) have been used. In this structure, the extinction ratio, insertion loss, and response time have been equal to 19.81 dB, −0.76 dB, and 1.4 ps, respectively. Due to the very low insertion loss and very fast response time, this structure can be considered as a very fast and extremely optimal optical modulator. This structure has had a size of about 309 μm2.

Size-dependent optical extinction of MoS2 nanosheets and their aptamer-induced dispersion behavior for the label-free detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

For aptamer-modified nanomaterial biosensors label-free detection methods are desirable due to them being simple and low in cost. Among these methods, nanomaterial aggregation for signal conversion is common, using materials such as gold nanoparticles. However, for MoS2 nanosheets (MoS2-NSs), signal conversion of its aggregation is difficult, resulting in the limited development of its label-free sensing applications. Herein, for the first time, the extinction spectrum has been employed to quickly transform the signal of MoS2-NS aggregation and reveal the size-dependent extinction response of MoS2-NS aggregation. Moreover, the size-dependent optical extinction behavior of MoS2-NSs, using aptamers to induce the dispersion of the MoS2-NSs and greatly improve their ability to identify targets, is studied. Importantly, this method has been employed to achieve the label-free detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. The present investigation shows the promising use of MoS2-NSs for the development of label-free detection.

Victims of ancient hyperthermal events herald the fates of marine clades and traits under global warming.

Organismic groups vary non-randomly in their vulnerability to extinction. However, it is unclear whether the same groups are consistently vulnerable, regardless of the dominant extinction drivers, or whether certain drivers have their own distinctive and predictable victims. Given the challenges presented by anthropogenic global warming, we focus on changes in extinction selectivity trends during ancient hyperthermal events: geologically rapid episodes of global warming. Focusing on the fossil record of the last 300 million years, we identify clades and traits of marine ectotherms that were more prone to extinction under the onset of six hyperthermal events than during other times. Hyperthermals enhanced the vulnerability of marine fauna that host photosymbionts, particularly zooxanthellate corals, the reef environments they provide, and genera with actively burrowing or swimming adult life-stages. The extinction risk of larger sized fauna also increased relative to non-hyperthermal times, while genera with a poorly buffered internal physiology did not become more vulnerable on average during hyperthermals. Hyperthermal-vulnerable clades include rhynchonelliform brachiopods and bony fish, whereas resistant clades include cartilaginous fish, and ostreid and venerid bivalves. These extinction responses in the geological past mirror modern responses of these groups to warming, including range-shift magnitudes, population losses, and experimental performance under climate-related stressors. Accordingly, extinction mechanisms distinctive to rapid global warming may be indicated, including sensitivity to warming-induced seawater deoxygenation. In anticipation of modern warming-driven marine extinctions, the trends illustrated in the fossil record offer an expedient preview.

Cholinergic neurotransmission in the basolateral amygdala during cued fear extinction

Cholinergic neuromodulation plays an important role in numerous cognitive functions including regulating arousal and attention, as well as associative learning and extinction processes. Further, studies demonstrate that cholinergic inputs from the basal forebrain cholinergic system influence physiological responses in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) as well as fear extinction processes. Since rodent models display individual differences in conditioned fear and extinction responses, this study investigated if cholinergic transmission in the BLA during fear extinction could contribute to differences between extinction resistant and extinction competent phenotypes in outbred Long-Evans male rats. Experiment 1 used in vivo microdialysis to test the hypothesis that acetylcholine (ACH) efflux in the BLA would increase with presentation of an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS+) during extinction learning. Acetylcholine efflux was compared in rats exposed to the CS+, a CS- (the tone never paired with a footshock), or to a context shift alone (without CS+ tone presentation). Consistent with acetylcholine's role in attention and arousal, ACH efflux in the BLA was increased in all three groups (CS+, CS-, Shift Alone) by the initial context shift into the extinction learning chamber, but returned more rapidly to baseline levels in the Shift Alone group (no CS+). In contrast, in the group exposed to the CS+, ACH efflux in the BLA remained elevated during continued presentation of conditioned cues and returned to baseline more slowly, leading to an overall increase in ACH efflux compared with the Shift Alone group. Based on the very dense staining in the BLA for acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), Experiment 2 examined if individual differences in fear extinction were associated with differences in cholinesterase enzyme activity (CHE) in the BLA and/or plasma with a separate cohort of animals. Cholinesterase activity (post-testing) in both the BLA and plasma was higher in extinction competent rats versus rats resistant to extinction learning. There was also a significant negative correlation between BLA CHE activity and freezing during extinction learning. Taken together, our results support a role for ACH efflux in the BLA during cued fear extinction that may be modulated by individual differences in ACHE activity, and are associated with behavioral responses during fear extinction. These findings implicate individual differences in cholinergic regulation in the susceptibility to disorders with dysregulation of extinction learning, such post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in humans.

Marine plankton show threshold extinction response to Neogene climate change

Ongoing climate change is predicted to trigger major shifts in the geographic distribution of marine plankton species. However, it remains unclear whether species will successfully track optimal habitats to new regions, or face extinction. Here we show that one significant zooplankton group, the radiolaria, underwent a severe decline in high latitude species richness presaged by ecologic reorganization during the late Neogene, a time of amplified polar cooling. We find that the majority (71%) of affected species did not relocate to the warmer low latitudes, but went extinct. This indicates that some plankton species cannot track optimal temperatures on a global scale as assumed by ecologic models; instead, assemblages undergo restructuring and extinction once local environmental thresholds are exceeded. This pattern forewarns profound diversity loss of high latitude radiolaria in the near future, which may have cascading effects on the ocean food web and carbon cycle.

Dual-Mode Infrared Absorption by Segregating Dopants within Plasmonic Semiconductor Nanocrystals

When aliovalent dopants are sufficiently segregated to the core or near the surface of semiconductor nanocrystals, charge carriers donated by the dopants are also segregated to the core or near the surface, respectively. In Sn-doped indium oxide nanocrystals, we find that this contrast in free charge carrier concentration creates a core and shell with differing dielectric properties and results in two distinctly observable plasmonic extinction peaks. The trends in this dual-mode optical response with shell growth differ from core/shell nanoparticles composed of traditional plasmonic metals such as Au and Ag. We developed a model employing a core/shell effective medium approximation that can fit the dual-mode spectra and explain the trends in the extinction response. Lastly, we show that dopant segregation can improve sensitivity of plasmon spectra to changes in refractive index of the surrounding environment.

Local Extinction and Educational Response for Rural Areas in Japan

Local Extinction and Educational Response for Rural Areas in Japan