Response Surface Approach Research Articles

Photo‐Alternating Current‐Electro‐Fenton Process for Pollutant Removal and Energy Usage from Industrial Wastewater: Response Surface Approach Optimization of Operational Parameters

AbstractDuring the last two decades, there has been an increase in interest the use of electrochemical and advanced oxidation technologies for treatment of industrial wastewater. Efficacy of several techniques for treating distilling industry wastewater (DIW), UV light, H2O2, combination of UV and H2O2, direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC)‐electro‐Fenton (EF), and UV combined with DC/AC+EF (UV+DC/AC+EF) processes were all examined. The findings revealed that compared to the UV, H2O2, UV/H2O2, DC/AC+EF, and UV+DC+EF technologies, the UV+AC+EF process resulted total color of 100 % and COD of 100 % elimination efficiency with low energy use 4 kWhr m−3. A response surface methodology (RSM) approach that relies on central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the UV+AC+EF technology‘s parameters for treating DIW. Optimal conditions were obtained by utilizing mathematical and statistical methods in order to maximize COD elimination (89.50 %) and minimize energy consumption (2.775 kWhr m−3). The parameters for this experiment were as follows: UV power: 32 W, H2O2: 320 mg L−1, COD: 2400 mg L−1, CD: 0.2 A dm−2, and duration: 111 min. The combined efficiency of removing % COD using the UV, AC+EF, and UV+AC+EF processes was used to determine the synergistic effect, which was 13.65 %. As a consequence of this, treating industrial wastewater with a hybrid UV+AC+EF technique is significantly more successful.

Evaluating the performance of alkali activated concrete with fly ash, lime and GGBS

AbstractAlkali Activated Concrete (AAC) is a moderately new form of concrete that has gotten a lot of interest in recent decades owing to its environmental advantages and features. However, further research into the effects of various proportions of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and lime on the characteristics of calcium-based AAC is still needed. This work aims to provide detailed information about the characteristics of AAC with various concentrations of fly ash, GGBS, and lime in order to produce the best combinations for engineering applications. The alkali activators in this investigation are sodium hydroxide and calcium silicate. All concrete mixes are examined for workability, strength, and durability for knowing the impact of fly ash, GGBS, and lime on AAC performance. The results specify that the increase in dosage of GGBBS diminishes the workability. The accumulation of only lime and GGBS shows optimum strength and durability results. In this study further regression analysis has been carried out for predicting the strength of the AAC. The regression equation was developed using the response surface approach for reliably predicting experimental outcomes with an acceptable margin of error.

DFT theoretical analysis and experimental approach combination to understand the toxic dye's adsorption mechanism on the corncob-activated carbon surface

The textile industry generates high liquid effluent volume that disrupts economic growth and ecological security. This research article aims to prepare corncob-activated carbon (CC-AC) for Acid Green 50 (AG50) toxic dye effective removal and to characterize the adsorbent by FTIR, SEM-EDX, TGA/DTG, pHpzc, and Boehm surface functions. The maximum amount of adsorption, according to kinetic studies, was about 47.9 mg g−1 under the adsorbent dose 1 g L−1, [AG50]=50 mg L−1, and pH 6.8. The experimental results of anionic dye AG50 adsorption on the CC-AC surface were in agreement with the response surface approach predicted values and resulted in an optimum removal rate of 95.03% at an adsorbent dose of 1 g L−1, dye concentration of 10 mg L−1, and pH 2. Density function theory (DFT) was used to perform quantum chemistry B3LYP6–31 G (d,p) computations to bind their electrical characteristics with the experimental results. The acidic form of AG50 has a higher HOMO energy than the basic form, indicating that it is more reactive to transfer an electron from the last filled orbital to an empty orbital. Cost analysis, regeneration, and germination tests demonstrate that CC-AC is non toxic, inexpensive ($ 1.15 per 1 g), and environmentally friendly.

Optimization of eucalyptus cellulose fiber using response surface methodology: Effects of sulfur content and refining time on the mechanical characteristics of paper pulp

The purpose of this study was to examine the delignification of Eucalyptus camaldulensis fibers by the kraft chemical process using sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide as fillers. To optimize the levels of factors influencing pulp yield and pulp content, a response surface approach with a central composite plane was used. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the structure and thermal properties of cellulose fiber. Then, a dynamometer, a dechirometer, and an eclatometer adamel were used to evaluate the physico-mechanical properties (breaking length, tear resistance, and resistance to burst) of the paste. The results show that FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the structure of the cellulose fiber; the crystallinity index is 76.35%, the maximum degradation temperature is 368 °C and the kinetic energy of activation (75.45 kJ.mol-1) according to thermogravimetric studies. Subsequently, for the predicted optimal pulping conditions, the concentration of NaOH was 18.8% and 13.40% Na2S at 105 °C for 45 min. Finally, the results obtained for the evaluation of the papermaking properties of fibers during refining showed that the breaking length is 34% (2975 m–1958 m) with a sulfide concentration of 0%–30%, respectively, and that when the refining intensity is increased to 45°SR, the rupture length (5997-4088 m) decreases by approximately 31% under the same conditions. Then, the tear strength is 37.5% (53-33.1), the sulfide concentration is 0%–30%, and the refining intensity is 20°SR; the increase in the latter leads to a reduction in the tear index of approximately 19% (50-40.6) under the same conditions. Finally, the bursting index is 38.5% (18.4-11.3) at identical sulphide concentration and refining intensity, but the increase in the latter leads to a slight decrease in the burst index (37.7-23.6) which is about 37.40%. The results suggest that the valorization of Eucalyptus fibers for the production of well-delignified, high-yield, and resistant pulp is a promising approach. This research qualifies eucalyptus fiber as a potential reinforcement in composite materials.

Modeling and optimization of a CI engine running on producer gas fortified with oxyhydrogen

Biomass gasification is a key enabler in achieving sustainable development goals. The producer gas derived through the thermochemical processing of waste biomass is an intriguing alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. However, because of their poor energy density, gas-powered engines suffer from power derating. The current work is an attempt to address this issue by utilizing a low-cost device, namely an oxyhydrogen generator. Port injection of oxyhydrogen-enhanced producer gas is used, with a benign quantity of diesel used as pilot fuel. The influence of engine load, gaseous fuel flow rate, and injection advance on the combustion parameters of a diesel engine are investigated and optimized. Box-Behnken design was employed to restrict the number of experiments. Analysis of variance was used to generate new correlations for each parameter. Desirability-based optimization yielded the ideal parameters for engine operation as 29° crank angle advance, 4.88 bar brake mean effective pressure, and 0.825 L per minute oxyhydrogen flow rate. At optimal operating settings, the engine's performance and combustion output were 21.34% brake thermal efficiency, 3.78 MJ/kWh brake specific energy consumption, 65.76% diesel savings, 84.37 ppm carbon monoxide, 101.7 ppm hydrocarbon and 303 ppm oxides of nitrogen (NOx). The usage of oxyhydrogen improved combustion, resulting in fewer total engine emissions. Except for NOx, the use of oxyhydrogen improved combustion and reduced engine emissions. The application of the response surface approach aided in the identification of optimal orating parameters, the formation of correlations, and optimization.

Characterisation of emission-performance paradigm of a reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine using artificial intelligent based multi-objective response surface methodology model fuelled with ternary fuel

Petroleum reserves all over the world have been severe to the point of depletion in the previous several decades. Modern transportation and industry employ diesel-fuelled engines because of their higher thermal efficiency. This study investigates the reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine characteristics utilising n-octanol and Moringa oleifera oil blended with diesel. Tests are carried out at maximum load with different bowl geometries to examine the influence of operating parameters, namely injection pressure (500–1000 bar) and static injection timing (23–27°bTDC). Box–Behnken Forecasting input variables like injection pressure and timing with different piston bowls is done using the response surface approach. Maximum brake thermal efficiency and brake power are achieved with this ideal model, and the emission of unburned HC and NO x is decreased. The effects of several variables, including piston bowls, fuel injection timing (FIT) and fuel injection pressure, are examined for an reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine running on Moringa oleifera oil/1-octanol fuel using an L27 orthogonal array. Various models were created and verified using experiment findings as the basis.

Implementing an advanced data-driven response surface approach to estimate global solar radiation based on multiple inputs

Implementing an advanced data-driven response surface approach to estimate global solar radiation based on multiple inputs

Application of response surface approach to optimize CI engine parameters fuelled by newly developed waste cooking biodiesel infused with Al2O3 nanoparticle

AbstractIn the present study, newly developed waste cooking biodiesel (B20) with nanoparticles (Al2O3) was tested to optimize the response of a CRDI single‐cylinder four‐stroke VCR engine at various input parameters. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the impact of various input parameters, such as injection pressure (IP), load, compression ratio (CR), and nanoparticle concentration as fuel additives on engine responses, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC), carbon dioxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and oxide of nitrogen (NOX) emissions. The RSM found the best suitable value of all input parameters at which the engine produced maximum performance and minimum emissions. Accordingly, the optimal setting of all input parameters was identified as a nano biofuel blend ratio of 1.10, IP of 656 bar, CR of 18.50, and a load of 7.10 kg. At this combination of input parameters, the optimal BTE, SFC, CO, HC, and NOx are 23.6%, 0.3461 kg/kWh, 0.0281%, 25.3756 ppm, and 536.41 ppm respectively. The predicted optimum value from RSM is compared with the experimental value for validity and found a fair agreement.

Comparison of physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides from wine grapes

In this study, an efficient ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was used for the extraction and optimization of four wine grape polysaccharides. A three-level, three-factor Box Behnken Design combined with the response surface approach was used to optimize the extraction conditions. Their physicochemical properties, molecular structure, antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory activity and hepatoprotective effects were examined and compared. These findings suggest that the four wine grape polysaccharides share similar basic structural features and monosaccharide composition. Furthermore, four wine grape polysaccharides exhibited antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities in a concentration-dependent manner. Moldova (MD) polysaccharide displayed better antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory ability. Furthermore, MD polysaccharide has a significant therapeutic effect on CCl4-induced rat liver injury by improving the antioxidant defense system and inhibiting oxidative stress, indicating that MD has a hepatoprotective effect. Taken together, the MD wine grape polysaccharide may have potential applications in prevention of liver disease in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

Optimization of process parameters of ultrasonic metal welding for multi layers foil of AL8011 material

When working with thin layers of comparable and/or different metals, resistance welding and conventional welding each have their own set of limits that they must overcome. When the input parameters include a high-frequency vibration, proper weld duration and pressure, ultrasonic metal welding performs at its highest level of efficiency. Ultrasonic welding uses a lot of power, force and energy, and if the right input parameters aren’t chosen, the quality of the weld and its durability suffer. This study takes into account the relationships between the input process parameters of welding pressure, welding time and vibration amplitude and the output responses of power, force and energy in ultrasonic metal welding (UMW). For multilayer AL-8011 foils, the author utilized UMW has experimented with central composite design by design professionals. The response surface approach, often known as RSM, has been used to improve the process parameters to get the best possible welding connections.

Preparation and Application of Directed Vat Set Indigenous Freeze-Drying Lentilactobacillus hilgardii Q19 Starter in Winemaking

In order to prepare a better direct vat set for malolactic fermentation (MLF) in high ethanol and low pH wines, the high-ethanol- and low-temperature-tolerant strain Lentilactobacillus hilgardii Q19, which was isolated from the eastern foothill of the Helan Mountain wine region in China, was used to prepare a direct vat set by vacuum freeze-drying. A superior freeze-dried lyoprotectant was obtained to create the starting culture by selecting, combining, and optimizing numerous lyoprotectants with higher protection for Q19 by using a single-factor experiment and response surface approach. Finally, the Lentilactobacillus hilgardii Q19 direct vat set was inoculated in Cabernet Sauvignon wine to carry out MLF on a pilot scale, with commercial starter culture Oeno1 as control. The volatile compounds, biogenic amines, and ethyl carbamate content were analyzed. The results showed that a combination of 8.5 g/100 mL skimmed milk powder, 14.5 g/100 mL yeast extract powder, and 6.0 g/100 mL sodium hydrogen glutamate offered better protection; with this lyoprotectant, there were (4.36 ± 0.34) × 1011 CFU/g cells after freeze-drying, and it showed an excellent ability to degrade L-malic acid and could successfully finish MLF. In addition, in terms of aroma and wine safety, compared with Oeno1, the quantity and complexity of volatile compounds were increased after MLF, and biogenic amines and ethyl carbamate were produced less during MLF. We conclude that the Lentilactobacillus hilgardii Q19 direct vat set could be applied as a new MLF starter culture in high-ethanol wines.

Selective Recovery of Ethyl Acetate by Air-Sparged Membrane Distillation Using Carbon Nanotube-Immobilized Membranes and Process Optimization via a Response Surface Approach

Ethyl acetate (EA) is an extensively used industrial solvent, and typically, aqueous mixtures containing EA are discarded as hazardous waste. The recovery of EA from wastewater streams would have significant environmental benefits and be a circular economy approach to solvent recycling. However, with a relatively high water solubility (8.3% w/v at room temperature), it remains a challenge. In this paper, we report the recovery of EA from water using air-sparged sweep gas membrane distillation (AS-SGMD) with carbon nanotube-immobilized membranes. A central composite rotatable design was used to study the effect of process parameters on flux and selectivity via conventional SGMD and AS-SGMD. The experiments were run at different operating conditions of temperature, concentration, and flow rate. The flux reached as high as 1.41 kg/m2 h–1, and selectivity as high as 10.8 was obtained. The introduction of air sparging improved the flux by as much as 12% and the selectivity by 17%. The response surfaces of flux and selectivity as a function of operating variables were studied, and regression models were developed. For both regular SGMD and AS-SGMD, the selectivity of EA recovery followed a quadratic model, while the flux showed a linear response. The predicted and experimental responses were in agreement with a R2 value of 0.94. The optimization efforts showed that relatively low temperatures, higher concentrations, and high flow rates favored higher selectivity.

Optimization of Cutting Parameters using the RSMDesirability Approach in the MQL-Assisted Turning of AISI 4130

In this study, the main task is to identify the best cutting parameters to improve the machining performance during MQL-turning with various cutting fluids like coconut oil, ground nut oil, sunflower oil, soyabean oil, and blassocut oil. Cutting temperature and surface roughness were used as performance metrics, with the goal of minimizing these responses. To construct an experimental plan for turning AISI4130 with uncoated brazed carbide, full factorial design for three levels and three factors (33) design of experiments was used. The optimalcutting parameter was identified using the response surface approach. Aiming to discover the optimum possible cutting settings, the desirability function method was utilized. It was discovered that the best cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate for minimizing the temperature and surface roughness are 72.38 m/min, 0.5 mm, and 0.35 mm/rev respectively. According to the ANOVA findings, the feed and depth of cut have a substantial impact on the tool temperature for MQL-soyabean oil.

Modeling of Physical and Compressive Test Properties of Tigernut Using Response Surface Approach

The Engineering data of tiger nut cultivated in Africa is of high importance in facilitating the design of machineries for its effective and efficient cultivation, processing, handling, storage, and postharvest activities in general. This study is aimed at determining and modeling of the physical and compressive test properties of tiger nuts as influenced by size, moisture level and loading pattern. Applying Standard procedures and a 3,4,3 response surface factorial design, the Tiger nuts were cleaned of all foreign materials and sorted into three different sizes of 6mm, 9mm and 12mm, and conditioned into four different moisture levels of 7%, 10%, 13% and 16% respectively. The results shows that the arithmetic mean diameter (AMD) ranged from 7-14.867 (mm), geometric mean diameter (GMD) ranged from 6.982-14.853 (mm), sphericity (S) ranged from 0.931-1.011, surface area (SA) ranged from 153.216 -693.382 (mm2) and the aspect ratio (AR) ranged from 0.926-1.106. The mass (M) of 1000 tiger nut ranged from 201-1061 (g), volume (V) ranged from 25-96 (cm3), bulk density (BD) ranged from 0.634-0.979 (g/cm3), solid density (SD) ranged from 0.712-0.989 (g/cm3) and porosity (P) ranged from 11.08-21.45. The angle of repose ranged (AOR) from 20.58o-28.85o while the coefficient of friction (CF) on galvanized steel and stainless-steel surfaces ranged from 0.222-0.352 and 0.201-0.02 respectively. It was observed that, as sizes and moisture level increases, AMD, GMD, S, SA, AR, M, V, BD, SD and CF all increases respectively while both P and AOR decreases as the size and moisture level increases. It was revealed that the maximum compressive stress ranged from 0.26392-2.12026 (MPa), compressive strain at maximum compressive stress ranged from 1.20168-4.58292 (mm/mm). Energy at maximum compressive stress ranged from 0.02298-0.50274 (J), the compressive load at maximum compression stress ranged from 27.5937-232.257 (N), the extension at maximum compressive stress ranged from 0.30271-4.01056 (mm). The compressive stress at break ranged from 0.20376-1.75422 (MPa). The compressive load at break ranged from 25.2221-200.257 (N). The compressive strain at break ranged from 1.39935-5.79384 (mm/mm). The compressive extension at break ranged from 0.24417-3.55188 (mm). The energy at break ranged from 0.02113-0.33018 (J). The compressive stress at yield ranged from 0.24918-2.37054 (MPa) while the compressive load at yield ranged from 15.9373-210.693 (N). ANOVA result reveals that moisture level and tiger nut sizes have significant effects on the physical properties of tiger nut measured except on sphericity. Moisture level, tiger nut sizes and loading pattern have significant effects on the compressive test properties of tiger nut tested at 95% confidence level except for Energy at maximum compressive stress and Energy at break where loading have no significant effect at 95% confidence level. Empirical models were developed for the measured Engineering properties. The experimental data generated from this study serves as strong tools for the design and development of tiger nut postharvest machineries such as an oil and milk extractor among others.

Optimizing the ECAP processing parameters of pure Cu through experimental, finite element, and response surface approaches

Abstract The main aim of the current work is to investigate the effect of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) processing parameters, namely, number of passes, ECAP die angle, route type, and processing temperature on the mechanical and electrical properties of pure copper (Cu). The finite element method was used to simulate the homogeneity of stress and plastic strain distribution during ECAP processing. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to identify the optimum ECAP processing parameters by analyzing the impact of ECAP conditions on responses. A second-order regression model and analysis of variance were created to analyze the ECAP condition of optimum responses. A genetic algorithm (GA) was also applied to optimize the ECAP condition. Finally, a hybrid RSM–GA was created to improve the optimization of ECAP responses and corresponding conditions evaluated using GA. The developed models were validated and compared with the experimental findings to prove that they are reliable as predictive tools. The optimization findings revealed that route Bc was more effective in improving the hardness, yield stress, ductility, and impact energy whereas route A was more effective in improving the ultimate tensile strength and the electrical conductivity of the Cu billets. Furthermore, the optimum die angle, number of passes, and processing temperature for the mechanical and electrical properties were also identified individually.

Encapsulation of plum biowaste extract: design of alginate beads by response surface approach

Encapsulation of plum biowaste extract: design of alginate beads by response surface approach

Comparative investigation of artificial neural network and response surface approach in the optimization of indium recovery from discarded LCD screen with the presence of ionic liquids

This paper aimed to predict the solvent extraction conditions to maximize indium recovery from discarded LCD screens. Two approaches, including the response surface methodology (RSM) and the artificial neural network (ANN), were utilized to predict the efficiency of indium recovery. The main parameters, such as aqueous phase acidity (A), indium concentration (B), ionic liquid concentration (C), and aqueous to organic phase ratio (D), were investigated by using CyphosIL 101 diluted in kerosene as the organic phase. The experimental results were used to train a multilayer perceptron for creating an ANN model with the structure of one, eight, and three for input, hidden, and output layers, respectively. The optimum conditions by the RSM approach to provide the maximum efficiency of indium recovery were.4 mol/L A, 197.79 ppm of B, 0.009 mol/L of C, and 1.58 mol/L of D. By contrast, the ANN approaches illustrated the optimal A, B, C and D equal to 4.2, 194.32, 0.0085, and 1.52 %, respectively. Two statistical approaches described the satisfactory data, and the superior data was obtained with the ANN approaches. The use of two ionic liquids verified the indium recovery from the discarded LCD screen, and 99.7 % of indium ions were separated and extracted into the stripping solution.

Optimization of dissimilar AA5052-H32 and AA5083-H111 aluminium FSW joints with scandium interfacial layer

ABSTRACT This study examines the influence of friction stir welding (FSW) on the mechanical and metallurgical characteristics of scandium interfacial layered dissimilar AA5052-H32 and AA5083-H111 aluminium alloy FSW joints. The ultimate tensile strength and microhardness are found to be most affected by the welding speed, tool rotating speed, and axial load. During experimental trials based on the central composite design, the input welding parameters were optimized using the response surface approach. Peak ultimate tensile strength (234.07 MPa) and microhardness (95 HV) were measured for ideal parameters of tool rotation speed = 1000 rpm, welding speed = 28 mm/min, and axial load = 10 kN. The presence of scandium interfacial layer and optimized parameters enhanced the mechanical properties of the joint and generated a fine-grained microstructure. The current work is unique in that it uses this alloy combination to do parametric optimization of the scandium interfacial layered dissimilar aluminium alloy FSW joint.

Optimization of air inlet features of an active indirect mode solar dryer: A response surface approach

The effect of air flowing into an in an active indirect mode solar dryer was studied. The study aimed at optimizing the airflow features of a solar dryer of active indirect feature using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The factors of the experiment included the product slice thickness of the experimental product and the air vent of the dryer. The two factors were considered at five levels and a total of 13 experimental runs derived. The air vent was based on the following shape orientations: square, rectangular, circular, and triangular. The thickness of the product was considered at five levels of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mm. The responses from the experimental set up were the air flow rate and drag force, which were determined using established equations. The optimum values for the air flow rate and drag force were 0.0275 m3/s and 0.0476N, respectively. The corresponding optimal conditions which gave the optimum responses were 100 cm2 - square inlet and product slice thickness of 20 mm for air flow rate and 80 cm2 -rectangular inlet and product slice thickness of 20 mm for drag force, respectively. The models for predicting the responses were adequate, with r-square values 0.9463 and 0.9376 and desirabilities of 99.2 and 95.0% for air flow rate and drag force respectively. The experiment was repeated using the optimal conditions to validate the optimum responses. The variation between the predicted and experimental data was less than 8%.

Ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment of Parthenium hysterophorus for fermentable sugar production using a response surface approach

Parthenium hysterophorus is a lignocellulosic material with a high potential for fermentable sugar production due to its high availability and adaptability. The current investigation aims at studying the effectiveness of KOH-assisted ultrasonication on the pretreatment of P. hysterophorus biomass. Ultrasonication is a new hydrolysis technology that can provide a higher fermentable sugar yield in less time and at a lower temperature while using less alkali. The combination of KOH and ultrasound has been applied with a detailed study into the effects of various parameters such as sonication time (operating range of 10–50 min), KOH concentration (0.5–2.5%), and temperature (20–50 °C). A higher reducing sugar yield (128.15±0.06 mg/g) was obtained in US-KOH-pretreated biomass as compared with that of the KOH-pretreated biomass. The optimised pretreatment (using a 1:10 bath ratio, 1% (w/v) KOH, and 15-min sonication times) reduced lignin content (delignification) by 58.72% (w/w) and increased the available cellulose content (27.97% w/w) over untreated biomass, which was confirmed by compositional analysis of treated biomass. Further US-KOH-pretreatment was investigated for the liberation of maximum reducing sugar (325.51 mg/g) using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Following statistical optimization using response surface methodology, the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis was increased by 3.2-fold compared to the control. According to the investigations, P. hysterophorus can be used as a promising and affordable biomass source for the production of commercial bioethanol.