Response Of Broiler Chickens Research Articles

Comparison of responses to dietary protein and lysine in broiler chicks reared before and after 2000 via neural network models

SUMMARYThe current study was conducted to compare the responses of broiler chicks (average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE)) raised before and after 2000 to dietary protein and lysine through neural networks (NN). The available lysine dose-response data were extracted from the literature and arbitrarily divided into two sets of before and after 2000. The training and testing data sets derived from each group were used to develop the NN models. The developed models were subjected to a sensitivity analysis test to assess the relative importance of dietary protein and lysine on chicks’ responses. An optimization algorithm was used to find the dietary protein and lysine required for maximum ADG and FE, based on each dataset. The results showed that the NN models developed could predict ADG and FE efficiently in broiler chicks of before and after 2000, and the higher accuracies of prediction were attained by these models compared to those of regression models. Sensitivity analysis indicated that ADG and FE were more sensitive to dietary lysine, compared to protein, in both time periods. Based on the optimization results, the protein and lysine requirements for maximum ADG or FE for birds reared after 2000 were lower and higher, respectively, compared to those reared before 2000. The protein requirements for maximum ADG and FE for birds reared before 2000 were 241·3 and 247·0 g/kg diet and for lysine 10·76 and 11·18 g/kg diet, respectively. In birds reared after 2000, maximum ADG was obtained when the diet contained 224·30 g protein/kg diet and 11·75 g lysine/kg diet, whereas maximum FE was achieved with a diet containing 228·3 g protein and 13·1 g lysine.

Physiological implications and Haematological indices of Chicks fed on Feed based on Biodegraded Agrowastes

The long‐term benefits of using agrowaste residues as feedstocks will include, reduced potential for water, air, and soil pollution. The study was designed to find out the response of broiler chicks to agrowastes based formulated feed.Aboria sawdust was biodegraded using mixed Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum culture. Poultry feed was formulated by replacing 25% (Group A), 50% (Group B), 75% (Group C ) and 100% (Group D)maize in conventional feed with degraded sawdust. The grouping of birds followed the standard procedure for animal care. Feeding was for 28 days, the body weight of chicks was monitored and blood analysis was done.The body weight showed no statistical difference in entire Group. Also, no significant difference in the glucose, Hb, WBC, differential blood count, and PCV (p<0.05) in all the groups as compared to the control. However, there was significant difference in ESR (p<0.05) of Group B and D and no significant difference in Group A and C when compared with the control. There was statistical significant difference in the triglycerides of all the groups except Group D when compared with the control. Cholesterol showed, no statistical significant difference in Group A and B, however, there was a high statistical significant difference in Group C and D. The result indicated the prospect of biodegraded agrowastes utilization for poultry feed formulation.

Immune responses to genestein in male broiler chicks

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary genistein (Gn) on broiler immune system. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with five genistein levels (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg of Gn/kg) in a completely randomised design with 5 replicates of 10 birds. Dietary control treatments were included the negative control diet with no feed additive supplementation and two positive control groups supplemented with either virginiamycin or zinc bacitracin. Three hundred and fifty day-old male broiler chicks were fed with the experimental diets from 1 to 42 days of age. On days 13 and 23, chicks were vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus disease (IBV), respectively. The 10 chicks from each dietary treatment (two per pen replicate) were bled on day 6 and 12 after vaccinations. Sera samples were use in hemagglutination inhibition test for NDV and ELISA test for IBV. Dietary supplementation with 20 mg/kg Gn caused increases (p<0.01) in antibody titres against Newcastle and infectious bronchitis diseases viruses at day 12 after vaccine administration. However, diet modifications had no significant effect on blood leukocyte sub-populations and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. The present results suggest that dietary supplementation with genistein especially at the levels of 20 and 40 mg/kg can improve immunological responses of broiler chicks.

Evaluation of dried powder of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitution on performance, carcass traits and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) in comparison with an antibiotic growth promoter (flavophospholipol) on performance, carcass characteristics and immune responses of broiler chicks. In these trial 180 nine day old mix sexes broiler chicks (Ross 308) were weighed and randomly allocated to 1 of 6 experimental treatments. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 10 birds. The 6 treatments were as follow: Basal diet (control); Basal diet + antibiotic (4.5 mg flavophospholipol/kg diet); and basal diet supplemented with either levels of 5, 10, 20 or 30 g of dried mushroom/kg of feed. Body weights (BW) of broilers were determined at day 9, 21, and 45, feed intake was determined at the same periods, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated accordingly. At day 45, two birds per replicate were slaughtered for determination of carcass and organ weights. Antibody titers against Newcastle (NDV), and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were determined. The results showed that the use of 30 g mushroom/kg diet led to the highest antibody titers against SRBC (p 0.05). Broilers receiving flavophospholipol had lower FCR compared to broilers receiving 10 or 20 g mushroom/kg during total period of trial (P < 0.05) but it was not different from broilers fed the basal diet or basal diet supplemented with 5 or 30 g mushroom/kg. FCR of broilers in other periods was not affected. Internal organ weights and carcass traits were not influenced by the dietary treatments at day 45. In conclusion, the results indicated that supplementing broiler diet with 30 g mushroom/kg could induce favorable influences on immune responses of broilers without any adverse effects on performance criteria. Key words: Agaricus bisporus, broilers, carcass characteristics, immune responses, mushroom, performance.

Effect of recycled litter on immune cells in the cecal tonsils of chickens ,

This experiment was conducted to study selected aspects of the gut immune response in broiler chicks reared on fresh or recycled litter that were fed diets with and without subtherapeutic antibiotic supplementation. All of the chicks were reared in pens that contained either fresh pine shavings (fresh litter) or litter that was recycled for 3 consecutive flocks (recycled litter). The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 4 replicate pens (n = 4) per treatment. At 10 and 35 d of age, the cecal tonsils were analyzed for intestinal immune measurements. The cecal tonsils of birds reared on recycled litter had increased IL-1 mRNA (P < 0.01) and a lower percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells at 10 and 35 d of age when compared with those of chicks reared on fresh litter. Birds fed diets supplemented with bacitracin had a reduction in CD4(+) cells (P = 0.01) at 10 d of age when compared with that of chicks that were not fed the antibiotic. The combination of bacitracin supplementation and fresh litter resulted in an approximate 10-fold increase in IL-10 mRNA (P = 0.01) at 10 d of age when compared with that of the unsupplemented chicks in fresh litter. Among those chicks that were not supplemented with bacitracin, the recycled-litter treatment resulted in 25-fold (P = 0.01) and 39-fold (P = 0.02) higher IL-4 mRNA levels at 10 and 35 d of age, respectively, when compared with those of the chicks reared on fresh litter. In conclusion, the intestinal immune response of birds reared on recycled litter is skewed toward an inflammatory response, whereas the fresh litter treatment was skewed toward an anti-inflammatory response. Bacitracin supplementation did not interact with the litter type to alter IL-1 mRNA levels in cecal tonsils, suggesting the low efficiency of bacitracin in alleviating the inflammatory response induced by recycled litter.

Effect of yeast culture supplementation on carcass yield and humoral immune response of broiler chicks

Aim: A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental yeast culture (Diamond V XPC Yeast Culture; YC) in broiler diets on carcass characteristics and humoral immune response. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to four YC dietary treatments of 60 birds each. The dietary treatments were 0 (control), 1, 1.25 and 1.5 g YC/kg diet over 42 d. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that the birds fed yeast cultures had statistically increased (P < 0.05) body weight from control birds only at 5-6 weeks of age. The highest inclusion level (1.5g/kg) recorded the best weight. The broiler chicks fed a diet supplemented with 1.25g/kg had the lowest mortality rate over the whole period of the experiment. The birds given the highest level of yeast (1.5g/kg) had significantly (P < 0.05) higher percentage of major and minor breast muscles compared with the others that fed a basal diet. A significantly (P < 0.01) increase in IgM titer was noticed in birds fed diet containing YC levels more than 1g/kg at 7 days post-injection with sheep red blood cells. Likewise, broilers fed a diet containing 1.25g/kg exhibited a higher level of antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus at latter age (on d 42) compared with the other groups. Conclusion: The data suggest improvement in growth performance, carcass yield and humoral immunity of broilers fed yeast culture supplementation diet.

육계에서 구멍갈파래의 항산화 및 면역조절 효과

Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, KoreaABSTRACTThis study was conducted to test the efficacy of Ulva pertusa kjellman as immunomodulators under lipopolysaccharide(LPS) challenge in broilers by investigating their effects on serum superoxide dismutase(SOD) like ability, immunoglobulin concentration, and splenic cytokine mRNA expression. A total of ninety six1-d-old male broiler chicks(Ross 308) were divided into 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates of 3 birds in each group. NC(negative control, no immune substances), PC(positive control, β-glucan 25 ppm), Ulva P(Ulva pertusa kjellman Powder 3%), and Ulva E(Extract form Ulva pertusa kjellman 0.3%) were added in feed with respective substance. Heparinized venous blood and spleens were collected from five birds per dietary treatment at 5 wk of age. The SOD like activities in Ulva P and Ulva E were significantly increased in comparison with other groups(P<0.05). The immunoglobulin M content was lower in the Ulva E than other groups(P<0.05). Expression patterns of splenic cytokine mRNA in the IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6 were similar. Expression rate of IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6 in Ulva pertusa kjellman(Ulva P, Ulva E) were decreased(P<0.05) in comparison to other groups. Expression rate of IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6 were significantly lower in groups treated with Ulva E than Ulva P. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Ulva pertusa kjellman improved SOD like activity and affect immune system by inhibiting inflammatory response in broiler chicks. In addition, it is more effective to use Ulva pertusa kjellman extract than powder for immunomodulatory function. These results suggest the possibility that Ulva pertusa kjellman could be used as the immunomodulator for inflammatory response in broiler chicks.(Key words : Chicken, Ulva pertusa kjellman, SOD, Immunoglobulin, Cytokine)

Effect of wheat germ oil and ascorbic acid supplementation on the immune response of broiler chicks to ND vaccines

Effect of wheat germ oil and ascorbic acid supplementation on the immune response of broiler chicks to ND vaccines

매실과 홍삼 부산물이 스트레스에 대한 육계 생체 반응에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 매실박과 홍삼박을 사료에 첨가하여 육계 체내 생리활성 효과를 구명하고자 실시하였으며, 이를 위해 고온 스트레스 자극과 LPS 염증 반응을 유도하여 스트레스에 대한 반응을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 고온 스트레스 자극에 따른 생산성 및 혈액생화학 변화를 조사하였으며, LPS로 염증 반응이 유도된 육계에서 immunoglobulin 농도 및 비장 조직내 cytokine mRNA 발현을 조사하였다. 공시계로는 1일령 Ross종 육계수컷 192수를 선별하여 고온 환경(96수)과 일반 환경(96수)으로 구분하였다. 고온 환경은 불쾌지수 86(<TEX>$33^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 75%)의 고온 스트레스를 자극하여 5주간의 사양 시험을 실시하였으며, 일반 환경은 5주간의 사양 시험 종료 후 LPS를 주입하였다. 환경에 따라 각각 처리당 24수(3수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>8반복)씩 4처리구에 총 96수를 임의 배치하여 실시하였다. 시험구 배치는 무첨가구(negative control; C), 시판 면역 증강제 첨가구(positive control: PC, 25 ppm <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-glucan), 매실 부산물 1% 첨가구(PM: plum marc), 홍삼 부산물 3%(RGM: red gingeng marc)로 배치하였다. 고온 스트레스에 대한 혈액생화학 조성에서 매실박 첨가구는 Mg 농도를 높게 유지하여 Ca/Mg 비율을 무첨가구보다 낮게 유지하였으며, 홍삼박 첨가구는 Mg 농도가 무첨가구와 같았지만, Ca 농도를 높여 Ca/Mg 비율을 무첨가구보다 낮게 유지하였다(P<0.05). 따라서 매실박과 홍삼박 첨가구는 고온 환경에서 무첨가구보다 C a/Mg 비율을 낮게 유지하여, Ca/Mg 비율과 정의 상관관계에 있는 cholesterol 수준을 낮추는데 긍정적으로 작용할 것이라 사료된다. LPS 접종 후 IgM 농도는 매실박 첨가구가 무첨가구에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 수준을 나타내었으며(P<0.05), 홍삼박 첨가구는 무첨가구에 비해 낮은 경향을 나타냈지만 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 또한 비장 조직 내 cytokine mRNA 발현에서 홍삼박 첨가구의 경우 공통적으로 IL-1, IL-2 및 IL-6의 mRNA 발현 비율이 무첨가구에 비해 유의적으로 낮았으며, 매실박 첨가구도 IL-1, IL-2에서 무첨가구와 베타글루칸 첨가구보다 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 따라서 육계에서 매실박은 LPS 감염 시 IL-1, IL-2 같은 친염증 사이토카인의 발현을 감소시킴으로 염증 반응을 줄여 IgM 상승을 억제하는 것으로 사료된다. 홍삼박 첨가구의 경우 친염증성 사이토카인 억제 효과가 높았지만 항체 농도는 무첨가구와 같은 수준으로 상승하였는데, 생산성, 면역 반응을 개선할 수 있는 첨가 수준에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 또한 이 실험에서 양성 대조군으로 활용한 <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-glucan 전체적으로 긍정적인 효과를 보이지 않았는데, 양성 대조군 활용 시 첨가 수준에 대한 세밀한 검토가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 결론적으로 매실박과 홍삼박은 고온 스트레스와 외부 병원성 물질 자극에 대한 반응을 최소화하는데 긍적적으로 작용하는 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to test the efficacy of plum (Prunus mume) and red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A Meyer) marc as stress inhibitors under heat stress and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in broilers by investigating their effects on blood biochemical parameters, immunoglobulin concentration and splenic cytokine mRNA expressions. A total of one hundred ninety-two 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into 2 stress conditions (heat and LPS) experiments. Each experiment was divided into 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates of 3 birds in each group. NC (negative control, no immune substances), PC (positive control, 25 ppm <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-glucan), PM (1% plum marc) and RGM (3% red ginseng marc) treatments were administered with respective substance through water supplementation. During heat stress, The Ca/Mg ratio in PM and RGM was significantly decreased in comparison with that of NC (P<0.05). The immunoglobulin M was significantly lower in PM than in NC (P<0.05). Expression patterns of splenic cytokine mRNAs (IL-1, IL-2 and IL-6) were similar over the treatment. Expression rates of IL-1 and IL-2 in PM were significantly decreased in comparison with NC. Also, expression rates of IL-1, IL-2 and IL-6 were significantly lower in RGM than in NC (P<0.05). In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of plum and red ginseng marc improved coping ability to heat stress by preventing Ca/Mg ratio increment and by inhibiting inflammatory response in broiler chicks. However, it is necessary to determine optimal dietary level of red ginseng marc for improving growth performances in broiler chickens. These results suggest the possibility that plum and red ginseng marc could be used as the stress inhibitor under heat stress and inflammatory response in broiler chicks.

English

The objective of the present study was to compare short and long term application of Echinacea purpurea root powder on growth performance and immunity response of broiler chicks. Three replicate trials involving a total of 600 day-old Ross chicks were used in this study. In each trial, a total of 200 chicks were randomly allocated into 5 groups. Each group consisted of 4 pens with 10 chicks in each pen. The birds in group A received control mash diet during the experiment, but those in groups B and C were given control diet supplemented with 0.1% (w/w) and 0.5% (w/w) E. purpurea root powder, respectively. The chicks in groups D and E received control diet supplemented with 0.1% (w/w) and 0.5% (w/w) E. purpurea root powder, respectively, just for one week and fed control diet afterwards. The results showed that E. purpurea consumption for six weeks changed the total counts of white blood cells (WBCs), number of lymphocytes and heterophils, feed conversation ratio, and antibody titers against newcastle and avian influenza diseases (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this result suggests that feeding E. purpurea , particularly for long time, may improve feed conversion, change blood cells number and enhance immunity response in broilers. Key words: Echinacea purpurea, broilers, feed conversion, immunity response.

Evaluation of growth performance and haematological response of broiler chicks to raw and boiled Garcinia kola seed diet

This study was set to evaluate the effect of raw and boiled (1000C) Garcinia kola seed diet on growth performance and haematological response of broiler chicks. A total 18 broiler chicks assigned into three treatment groups of six birds each were used for this study. Treatment one (control) received 0% inclusion of Garcinia kola seed. Treatment group two received 10% boiled Garcinia kola seed, while group three received 10% raw Garcinia kola seed in addition to basal feed (Vital starter and finisher rations).The growth performance indices of feed consumption, live body mass were taken on weekly basis whereas uncoagulated blood samples were collected 24 hours after administering the last treatment to the groups. The haematological indices of erythrocytic function were determined. The result obtained showed a significant (P0.05) affected by heat treatment at 1000C. This finding lends credence to the popular report in literature that heat treatment above 800C is one of the methods of removing or deactivating anti nutritional factors present in plant food for animal nutrition.

Response surface and neural network models for performance of broiler chicks fed diets varying in digestible protein and critical amino acids from 11 to 17 days of age

Central composite design (CCD; 5 levels and 4 factors), response surface methodology (RSM), and artificial neural network-genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) were used to evaluate the response of broiler chicks [ADG and feed conversion ratio (FCR)] to dietary standardized ileal digestible protein (dP), lysine (dLys), total sulfur amino acids (dTSAA), and threonine (dThr). A total of 84 battery brooder units of 5 birds each were assigned to 28 diets of CCD containing 5 levels of dP (18-22%), dLys (1.06-1.30%), dTSAA (0.81-1.01%), and dThr (0.66-0.86%) from 11 to 17 d of age. The experimental results of CCD were fitted with the quadratic and artificial neural network models. A ridge analysis (for RSM models) and a genetic algorithm (for ANN-GA models) were used to compute the optimal response for ADG and FCR. For both ADG and FCR, the goodness of fit in terms of R(2) and MS error corresponding to ANN-GA and RSM models showed a substantially higher accuracy of prediction for ANN models (ADG model: R(2) = 0.99; FCR model: R(2) = 0.97) compared with RSM models (ADG model: R(2) = 0.70; FCR model: R(2) = 0.71). The ridge maximum analysis on ADG and minimum analysis on FCR models revealed that the maximum ADG may be obtained with 18.5, 1.10, 0.89, and 0.73% dP, dLys, dTSAA, and dThr, respectively, in diet, and minimum FCR may be obtained with 19.44, 1.18, 0.90, and 0.75% of dP, dLys, dTSAA, and dThr, respectively, in diet. The optimization results of ANN-GA models showed the maximum ADG may be achieved with 19.93, 1.06, 0.90, and 0.76% of dP, dLys, dTSAA, and dThr, respectively, in diet, and minimum FCR may be achieved with 18.63, 1.26, 0.84, and 0.69% of dP, dLys, dTSAA, and dThr, respectively, in diet. The results of this study revealed that the platform of CCD (for conducting growth trials with minimum treatments), RSM model, and ANN-GA (for experimental data modeling and optimization) may be used to describe the relationship between dietary nutrient concentrations and broiler performance to achieve the optimal target.

The effects of Echinacea purpurea L. (purple coneflower) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitution on performance, carcass characteristics and humoral immune response in broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of using different forms and levels ofEchinacea purpurea L. (EP) in comparison with an antibiotic growth promoter (flavophospholipol) on performance, carcass characteristics and immune responses of broiler chicks. In this trial, 336 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were weighted and randomly assigned to the 7 treatment groups, each with 4 replicates and with 12 broilers in each replicate. The 7 treatments were as follows: Basal diet (control), Basal diet + antibiotic (4.5 mg flavophospholipol/kg diet), Basal diet + dried aerial part powder of EP continuously (5 g/kg diet), Basal diet + the dried aerial part powder of EP continuously (10 g/kg diet), Basal diet + the ethanolic extract continuously (0.25 gr/kg diet), Basal diet + the dried aerial part powder of EP with 3-days application followed by 11 application free days intermittently (5 g/kg diet), and Basal diet + the dried aerial part powder of EP with 3-days application followed by 11 application free days intermittently (10 g/kg diet). The contents of flavonol-o-glycosides as quescetin in the Echinacea dried aerial part and the ethanolic extract were determined, and the amount of flavonol-o- glycosides as quescetin in the 5 g/kg diet EP continuously to the ethanolic extract was equal. At the 28th and 31st day, blood samples were taken and analyzed for immune responses. The results showed that the use of the 5 g/kg diet EP continuously led to the highest DFI, DWG and antibody titres against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) and Newcastle virus when compared to other groups. The intermittent application of 10 g/kg diet EP had significant effect in the grower period on DWG, FCR and immune responses against SRBC (p<0.05). DFI and DWG were increased by 5 g/kg diet EP continuously than the ethanolic extract significantly (p<0.05). The percentage weight of carcass traits were not affected by dietary treatments except for the percentage of the small intestine that decreased in the intermittent groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, performance and immune responses of broiler chicks were improved by continuous application of 5 g/kg diet EP. Key words: Broilers, Echinacea purpurea L., performance, immune responses, carcass characteristics.

Assessment of growth performance, immune responses, serum metabolites, and prevalence of leg weakness in broiler chicks submitted to early-age water restriction

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two methods of early-age water restriction on performance, some immune responses, serum metabolites, and prevalence of leg weakness in broiler chicks. One-hundred-eighty-seven-day-old chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to three treatments with four replicates based on a completely randomized design. Treatments included the control group, where birds had free access to water, and water-restricted groups, where access to water was limited to three 2-h periods (WRT1) or a 12-h period (WRT2) per day from days 7 to 17. Chicks in the control group were significantly heavier (P < 0.05) at 17 and 46 days of age compared to the restricted birds. In the WRT2 group, feed intake decreased significantly over the 17- to 28-day period while feed conversion ratio was poorer during water restriction (P < 0.05). Antibody titers against Newcastle and SRBC were higher (P < 0.05) for chicks with ad libitum access to water. Birds in the restricted groups exhibited a higher heterophil to lymphocyte ratio compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The treatments had no significant impact on serum metabolites including protein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations. Walking ability, tibial dyschondroplasia, foot pad, hock burn, and valgus/varus angulation were not significantly influenced by water restriction. In conclusion, the current results indicate that early-age water restriction negatively influenced productive traits and immunological responses of broiler chicks and failed to have any favorable impacts on leg health.

Gut morphology and nutrient retention responses of broiler chicks and White Pekin ducklings to dietary threonine deciency

Growth performance, villi length and width, nutrient digestibility, basal short-circuit current, and glutamine transport were investigated in male broilers and White Pekin ducklings offered diets containing 3.3, 5.8, or 8.2 g of threonine (Thr) kg-1 in four studies. Seventy-two birds of each species were fed a standard broiler starter diet from 1 to 14 d of age followed by assignment to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design for a 7-d feeding trial in exp. 1 (broilers) and exp. 2 (ducklings). The dietary treatments consisted of an isonitrogenous, corn-soybean-meal-based diet with the addition of crystalline amino acids and graded levels of Thr. Dietary formulation and experimental design for exp. 3 (broilers) and exp. 4 (ducklings) were similar to exps. 1 and 2 except that birds were fed 3.3 or 8.2 g Thr kg-1 for a duration of 14 d. Chromic oxide was added to the dietary treatments as an indigestible marker. Excreta were collected on day 19 to 21 of age for exps. 1 and 2, and from day 26 to 28 of age for exps. 3 and 4. For chicks, there was no effect of dietary treatment on gain for birds fed treatments for 7 d, whereas gain increased (P &lt; 0.001) as dietary Thr increased in birds fed dietary treatments for 14 d. Dry-matter retention increased (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary Thr increased in chicks fed for 7 and 14 d. Threonine increased P retention (P = 0.02), but not Ca or N retention in chicks fed dietary treatments for 14 d. Increasing dietary Thr increased gain (P &lt; 0.05) for ducklings fed dietary treatments for 7 and 14 d. Furthermore, DM retention increased (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary Thr increased for ducklings fed dietary treatments for 7 and 14 d. Nitrogen retention increased (P = 0.04) as dietary Thr increased in ducklings fed dietary treatments for 14 d, but there was no effect of dietary treatment on P or Ca retention. There was no effect of dietary treatment on villi characteristics, basal short-circuit current, or glutamine transport in chicks or ducklings. The data established a link between dietary Thr and nutrient retention in broiler chicks and ducklings, although villi characteristics and permeability measurements were not altered.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell wall Effects on Immunological Response Of Broiler Chicks that Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

The objects of this study were to determine the effect of Saccharomycescerevisiae cell wall (SCCW) to induce immunological response of Broiler chicks thatinfected with Listeria monocytogenes . SCCW was administrated to chicks by adding30 gm / 100 kg feed. A 30 broiler chicks were distributed into 3 treatments ( 10chicks/ treatment) which were:T1 : control group for both experiment fed on (SCCW). T2 : chicks fed 30 gm / 100 kgfeed (SCCW) and experimentally infected orally by Listeria monocytogenes 0.1 mlof 1 × 109 CFU /ml. T3 : chicks were experimentally infected orally by Listeriamonocytogenes 0.1 ml of 1 × 109 CFU /ml. and study some immunological parameterincludes the concentration of  - globulin, albumin, transfferin, H/L ratio, singlediffusion test, delayed hypersensitivity reaction (DWR). The result obtained revealedthat using (SCCW).increased immune response (cellular and humeral immunity)through increased of lymphocyte and decreased H/L ratio and positive reaction ofdelayed hypersensitivity also increase the percentage of  - globulin, albumincompared with infected group (T3).

Effect of dietary protein and lysine levels on growth performance and immune response in broiler chicks

The present worle was carried out to study the effect of decreasing the dietary pro­ tein content by 10% (LCP- diet) with supplementation of lysine (0, 0.2, and 0.4%) over the recommended level in broiler diets on growth performance, carcass traits, blood me­ tabolites, immune response. One day old Cobb chicks (120) were used. The chicks were distributed randomly into 4 groups and fed 23% or 20.7% CPfor the starter diets,20 or 18.2% CP for the grower and 18 or 16.2% CPfor thefmisher diets with different dietary lysine level (1.1, 1.29 or 1.48%)jor starter diets, 1, 1.22 or 1.4%jor the grower diet and 0.85, 1.05 or 1.25%for thefmisher diets, respectively and 3200 Kcal ME/Kg. The chicles were vaccinated against Avian influenza. Newcastle and Gumboro diseases at proper time. The growth performance indices (body weight,jeed intake andjeed con­ version ratio) were measured. Blood samples were collectedjrom the broilers at 14, 21 and 28 days of age without anticoagulant for separation of sera to detect titer of anti­ bodies against Newcastle disease vaccine using haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) as indicative of birds immune response in the different experimental groups and also at 42 days of age, blood samples collected for determination of serum metabolites. At the end of the experiment, 5 chicles from each group were slaughtered to obtain some of the carcass traits. The results revealed that body weight and feed conversion ratio of the broiler fed 10% LCP-diet supplemented with 0.4% lysine above that recommendedfor the broilers significantly improved on comparison to those fed the LCP diets supplemented with 0, 0.2% lysine. Feeding the.broiler chicks the LCP-diet decreased the body weight gain and increased the feed conversion ratio. The abdominal fat % in the carcass of the broiler chicles fed LCP-diet supplemented with 0.4% lysine were lower than those jed on the diets supplemented with 0, 0.2% lysine. Feeding LCP-diet supplemented with 0.4% lysine increased serum total protein, albumin, and globulin and decreased serum total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and high density lipopro­ tein. It can be concluded that feeding the broiler chicks on LCP-diet supplemented with 0.4% lysine diet resulted in better growth performance, lower total lipids, cholesterol

콜로이드 은과 희토류 원소의 첨가가 육계 생산성에 미치는 영향

Department of Animal Products & Food Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, KoreaABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of rare earth, individually and in combination with colloidal silver on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and immune response in broiler chicks. A total of 3,872 day-old chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were four pens per treatment and 242 chicks per pen. The dietary treatments were T1) CON (control diet), T2) colloidal silver (control diet20 ppb colloidal silver), T3) rare earth elements (control diet500 ppm rare earth), T4) colloidal silverrare earth elements (control diet20 ppb colloidal silver500 ppm rare earth). There were no significant differences in feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among dietary treatments during the whole experimental period (0 to 5 weeks). Body weight gain was greatest in birds fed T3 and T4 diets (p<0.01). Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and calcium were greatest in birds fed T4 diet (p<0.05), while apparent digestibility of phosphorus was lowest in birds fed T3 diet (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in bone strength, carcass characteristics and immune response among dietary treatments. Dry matter content of bone was greatest in birds fed T4 diet (p<0.05), and phosphorus content of bone was greater in birds fed T3 diet than in birds fed T2 and T4 diets (p<0.05). Thus, the results of this study suggest that rare earth elements supplementation, individually and in combination with colloidal silver could improve performance of broilers.(Key words : rare earth elements, colloidal silver, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, broilers)To whom correspondence should be addressed : bjchae@kangwon.ac.kr

Response of broiler chicks to diets with bambaranut (Voandzeia subterranea) as a protein source

The effects of raw and toasted bambaranut as a protein source for broiler chicks were investigated using 45 broiler chicks, randomly divided into three groups of 15 birds each. The test diets were formulated such that bambaranut constituted 25% of the diets. Treatment 1 (control) contained no bambaranut, treatment 2 contained raw bambaranut and treatment 3 toasted bambaranut. The study lasted for 6 weeks during which weight gain and feed consumption were measured. The performance of the various groups was evaluated using weight gain, feed conversion ratio and cost per kg weight gain. At slaughter, various internal organs were excised, evaluated for gross lesions and weighed. The results of the study showed that the control group had superior feed conversion ratio and weight gain, while the raw bambaranut group was superior to the toasted bambaranut group. Cost per kg weight gain was higher in the toasted bambaranut groups. There were neither statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in the organ weights nor observable abdominal fat and gross pathology of the internal organs.

Effects of dietary egg yolk antibody powder on growth performance, intestinal Escherichia coli colonization, and immunocompetence of challenged broiler chicks

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of different levels of specific IgY (sIgY) and nonspecific IgY (nsIgY) egg yolk antibody powder on growth performance, immune functions, and intestinal morphology of Escherichia coli O78:K80-challenged broiler chicks. Lyophilized antibody isolated by the water-dilution method was obtained from the eggs of laying hens hyperimmunized with E. coli O78:K80. A total of 392 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments with 4 replicates of 14 chicks (7 males and 7 females) each. Before offering the experimental diets, 7-d-old broiler chicks (except the negative control) were challenged orally with 0.5 mL (10(9) cfu/mL) of E. coli O78:K80 suspension. The challenge was continued for an additional 7 d from d 14 to 21 with 1.0 mL of a late log phase culture (10(9) cfu/mL) until the level of E. coli in feces reached 10(5) cfu/g. The 6 challenged groups received a basal diet supplemented with 0 (as positive control), 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4% (wt/wt) sIgY from eggs of immunized hens or levels of 0.2 or 0.4% (wt/wt) nsIgY from eggs laid by the nonimmunized hens. The negative control group was fed with the same unsupplemented diet. Oral infection caused an increase in ileal E. coli enumeration, total blood leukocytes, heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, the concentration of serum and intestinal secretory IgA, and the numbers of jejunal goblet cells and lamina propria lymphatic follicles. After 3 wk of feeding, the levels of 0.2 and 0.4% sIgY and 0.4% nsIgY had the most suppressive effects (P < 0.01) on the ileal E. coli enumeration and secretory IgA concentration. However, serum IgA concentration was slightly decreased only at the presence of 0.4% sIgY and nsIgY. Dietary supplementation with at least 0.2% sIgY decreased (P < 0.05) the circulating heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. Inclusion of both sIgY and nsIgY increased the villus height:crypt depth ratio and decreased the jejunal goblet cells and lamina propria lymphatic follicle numbers, with the most pronounced effects assigned to sIgY-supplemented groups. The best feed conversion ratio was obtained when the dietary inclusion of at least 0.2% sIgY continued for 3 wk. The present results indicate that dietary administration of at least 0.2% sIgY for 3 wk improved the intestinal health indices and immunological responses of broiler chicks orally challenged by E. coli O78:K80.